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| 1 | 影响卒中死亡率下降的因素美国心脏协会/美国卒中协会的科学声明显示文摘背景和目的 美国的卒中死亡率自20世纪初以来一直呈下降趋势,尽管这种“下降”很受欢迎,但其原因尚不完全清楚.由于近年来卒中死亡率呈现出更为显著的加速下降趋势,卒中已从美国的第3位死亡原因下降至第4位.这促使人们对影响卒中发病风险和死亡率变化的相关因素进行详细评估.这份声明对有关卒中死亡率下降趋势的促进因素的研究证据进行回顾,并讨论了将来如何利用这些因素在卒中这一重大公共卫生问题的干预研究中发挥作用.方法 写作组成员由委员会主席和副主席根据其以前在相关领域的研究成果提名,并通过美国心脏协会(American Heart Association,AHA)卒中委员会的科学声明监督委员会和美国心脏协会手稿监督委员会批准.作者利用系统文献综述,参考公开发表的临床和流行病学研究、发病率和死亡率报告、临床与公共卫生指南、权威声明、个人文件以及专家意见,对相关证据进行总结并指出与当前知识水平的差距.所有写作组成员均有机会评论这份声明并批准其最终版本.这份声明经过AHA内部的广泛同行评议以及卒中委员会领导阶层和科学声明监督委员会的审查,然后获得AHA科学顾问与协调委员会的批准.结果 过去数十年间,在不同性别、所有种族/民族以及各个年龄组人群中都观察到卒中死亡率的下降,这体现出人群健康的重大进展.除了卒中对于总体寿命损失的影响减少外,在65岁以下人群中观察到的卒中死亡率显著下降体现了其所致潜在寿命损失年的减少.卒中死亡率的下降要归功于卒中发病率和病死率的降低.这些卒中转归的显著改善与心血管危险因素的控制和干预相一致.虽然很难计算出具体的归因危险度估计值,但始于20世纪70年代的血压控制措施似乎已对卒中死亡率的加速下降产生了最实质性的影响.尽管实施较晚,但糖尿病和血脂异常控制以及戒烟计划,特别是联合降压治疗,似乎同样促进了卒中死亡率的下降.远程医疗和卒中医疗体系也似乎具有强烈的潜在作用,但尚需足够长的时间来证明其对卒中死亡率下降的影响.其他因素也可能产生影响,但需要更多的研究来确定它们的作用.结论 卒中死亡率的下降是真实存在的,代表着公共卫生以及临床医学的巨大成功.卒中从第3位死亡原因下降至第4位是死亡率真实下降的结果,而并非由于慢性肺病死亡率上升所致,后者是目前在美国是第3位的死亡原因.有强烈的证据表明,卒中死亡率的下降可归功于以科学发现为基础、旨在降低卒中风险而执行的联合干预措施和项目,其中最有可能的是对高血压控制的改善.因此,对正在开展的干预项目进行的研究及其成果的应用已改善了人群健康.对一些积极的循证公共卫生项目以及临床干预措施的持续应用预期会进一步降低卒中死亡率. | Daniel T.Lackland Edward J.Roccella Anne F.Deutsch Myriam Fornage Mary G.George George Howard Brett M.Kissela Steven J.Kittner Judith H.Lichtman Lynda D. Lisabeth Lee H. Schwamm Eric E. Smith 高一鹭 陈政弘 王文志 | 2014 | 国际脑血管病杂志2014，22，5： | 41 |
| 2 | Synthesis, properties, and applications of graphene oxide/reduced graphene oxide and their nanocomposites显示文摘Thanks to their remarkable mechanical, electrical, thermal, and barrier properties, graphene-based nanocomposites have been a hot area of research in the past decade. Because of their simple top-down synthesis, graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) have opened new possibilities for gas barrier, membrane separation, and stimuli-response characteristics in nanocomposites. Herein, we review the synthesis techniques most commonly used to produce these graphene derivatives, discuss how synthesis affects their key material properties, and highlight some examples of nanocomposites with unique and impressive properties. We specifically highlight their performances in separation applications, stimuli-responsive materials, anti-corrosion coatings, and energy storage. Finally, we discuss the outlook and remaining challenges in the field of practical industrial-scale production and use of graphene-derivative-based polymer nanocomposites. | Andrew T. Smith Anna Marie LaChance Songshan Zeng Bin Liu Luyi Sun | 2019 | Nano Materials Science2019，1，1： | 33 |
| 3 | 标准·方案·指南——2014年美国癌症学会最新宫颈癌筛查指南及筛查中存在的问题显示文摘美国癌症学会(ACS)每年都会发布有关癌症早期检测、癌症筛查率数据与趋势报告及相关问题的指南,并会持续关注可能需要在癌症筛查指南中做出相应改变与更新的医学科学文献中出现的新证据以及需要传达给临床工作者与公众的筛查相关信息。在制定新指南的过程中,ACS至少每5年对指南更新1次,如有重要新证据出现,则更新间隔时间会更短。本期就2014年ACS关于宫颈癌筛查的最新指南报道如下。 | Robert A Smith Deana Manassaram-Baptiste Durado Brooks Vilma Cokkinides Mary Doroshenk Debbie Saslow Richard C Wender Otis W Brawley 王静 | 2014 | 中国全科医学2014，17，27： | 16 |
| 4 | 1990—2017年中国伤害负担:2017年全球疾病负担研究结果(摘译)显示文摘伤害是全球性的公共卫生挑战,涉及各年龄组和不同性别的人群。过去三十年来,中国经济快速发展,人口老龄化趋势加重,社会呈现出城镇化、机动化和老龄化等特征。随着人们生活环境和生活方式的改变,伤害已跃居人群致死原因第五位,仅排在恶性肿瘤、心脑血管疾病、呼吸系统疾病和心肌梗死之后。据估计,中国每年在伤害方面消耗的直接医疗费用约为650亿元人民币. | 林泽婷(译) 吕来文(译) 黄晓晴(译) 李丽萍(审校) Duan Leilei Ye Pengpeng Juanita A Haagsma Jin Ye Wang Yuan Er Yuliang Deng Xiao Gao Xin Ji Cuirong Wang Linhong Marlena S Bannick W Cli Mountjoy-Venning Caitlin N Hawley Zichen Liu Mari Smith Spencer L James Theo Vos Christopher J L Murray | 2020 | 伤害医学(电子版)2020，9，2： | 15 |
| 5 | miR-200 family expression is downregulated upon neoplastic progression of Barrett's esophagus显示文摘AIM: To investigate miR-200 family expression in Barrett's epithelium, gastric and duodenal epithelia, and esophageal adenocarcinoma. METHODS: Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was used to measure miR-200, ZEB1 and ZEB2 expression. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of miR-200 targets was used to predict biological outcomes. RESULTS: Barrett's epithelium expressed lower levels of miR-141 and miR-200c than did gastric and duodenal epithelia (P < 0.001). In silico analysis indicated roles for the miR-200 family in molecular pathways that distinguish Barrett's epithelium from gastric and duodenalepithelia, and which control apoptosis and proliferation. All miR-200 members were downregulated in adenocarcinoma (P < 0.02), and miR-200c expression was also downregulated in non-invasive epithelium adjacent to adenocarcinoma (P < 0.02). The expression of all miR-200 members was lower in Barrett's epithelium derived high-grade dysplastic cell lines than in a cell line derived from benign Barrett's epithelium. We observed signif icant inverse correlations between miR-200 family expression and ZEB1 and ZEB2 expression in Barrett's epithelium and esophageal adenocarcinoma (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: miR-200 expression might contribute to the anti-apoptotic and proliferative phenotype of Barrett's epithelium and regulate key neoplastic processes in this epithelium. | Cameron M Smith David I Watson Mary P Leong George C Mayne Michael Z Michael Bas PL Wijnhoven Damian J Hussey | 2011 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2011，17，8： | 13 |
| 6 | Sieving characteristics of cytokine-and peroxide-induced epithelial barrier leak:Inhibition by berberine显示文摘AIM:To study whether the inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)colon which exhibits varying severity and cytokine levels across its mucosa create varying types of transepithelial leak.METHODS:We examined the effects of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interferon-γ(IFN-γ),interleukin-1-β(IL1β)and hydrogen peroxide(H_2O_2)-singly and in combinations-on barrier function of CACO-2 cell layers.Our focus was on the type(not simply the magnitude)of transepithelial leak generated by these agents as measured by transepithelial electrical resistance(TER)and transepithelial flux of ^(14)C-D-mannitol,3H-Lactulose and ^(14)C-Polyethylene glycol as radiolabeled probe molecules.The isoquinoline alkaloid,berberine,was then examined for its ability to reduce specific types of transepithelial leak.RESULTS:Exposure to TNF-α alone(200 ng/mL;48 h)induced a 50% decrease in TER,i.e.,increased leak of Na^+ and Cl--with only a marginal but statistically significant increase in transepithelial leak of ^(14)C-mannitol(Jm).Exposure to TNF-α + IFN-γ(200 ng/mL;48 h)+ IL1β(50 ng/mL;48 h)did not increase the TER change(from TNF-α alone),but there was now a 100% increase in J_m.There however was no increase in transepithelial leak of two larger probe molecules,~3H-lactulose and ^(14)C-polyethylene glycol(PEG).However,exposure to TNF-α + IFN-γ + IL1β followed by a 5 h exposure to2 mmol/L H_2O_2 resulted in a 500% increase in ^(14)C-PEG leak as well as leak to the luminal mitogen,epidermal growth factor.CONCLUSION:This model of graded transepithelial leak is useful in evaluating therapeutic agents reducing IBD morbidity by reducing barrier leak to various luminal substances. | Katherine M DiGuilio Christina M Mercogliano Jillian Born Brendan Ferraro Julie To Brittany Mixson Allison Smith Mary Carmen Valenzano James M Mullin | 2016 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology2016，7，2： | 6 |
| 7 | Molecular detection of Helicobacter pylori antibiotic resistance in stool vs biopsy samples显示文摘AIM To compare(1) demographics in urea breath test(UBT) vs endoscopy patients; and(2) the molecular detection of antibiotic resistance in stool vs biopsy samples.METHODS Six hundred and sixteen adult patients undergoing endoscopy or a UBT were prospectively recruited to the study. The Geno Type Helico DR assay was used to detect Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) and antibiotic resistance using biopsy and/or stool samples from CLOpositive endoscopy patients and stool samples from UBT-positive patients. RESULTS Infection rates were significantly higher in patients referred for a UBT than endoscopy(overall rates: 33% vs 19%; treatment-na?ve patients: 33% vs 14.7%, respectively). H. pylori-infected UBT patients were younger than H. pylori-infected endoscopy patients(41.4 vs 48.4 years, respectively, P < 0.005), with a higher percentage of H. pylori-infected males in the endoscopy-compared to the UBT-cohort(52.6% vs 33.3%, P = 0.03). The Geno Type Helico DR assay was more accurate at detecting H. pylori infection using biopsy samples than stool samples [98.2%(n = 54/55) vs 80.3%(n =53/66), P < 0.005]. Subset analysis using stool and biopsy samples from CLO-positive endoscopy patients revealed a higher detection rate ofresistance-associated mutations using stool samples compared to biopsies. The concordance rates between stool and biopsy samples for the detection of H. pylori DNA, clarithromycin and fluoroquinolone resistance were just 85%, 53% and 35%, respectively. CONCLUSION Differences between endoscopy and UBT patients provide a rationale for non-invasive detection of H. pylori antibiotic resistance. However, the Geno Type Helico DR assay is an unsuitable approach. | Denise E Brennan Joseph Omorogbe Mary Hussey Donal Tighe Grainne Holleran Colm O'Morain Sinéad M Smith Deirdre McNamara | 2016 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2016，22，41： | 6 |
| 8 | Assessment of serum angiogenic factors as a diagnostic aid for small bowel angiodysplasia in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding and anaemia显示文摘AIM To assess the use of serum levels of angiopoietin-1(Ang1), Ang2 and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNFα) as predictive factors for small bowel angiodysplasia(SBA).METHODS Serum samples were collected from patients undergoing capsule endoscopy for any cause of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding(OGIB) or anaemia. Based on small bowel findings patients were divided into 3 groups:(1) SBA;(2) other bleeding causes; and(3) normal, according to diagnosis. Using ELISA technique we measured serum levels of Ang1, Ang2 and TNFα and compared mean and median levels between the groups based on small bowel diagnosis. Using receiver operator curve analysis we determined whether any of the factors were predictive of SBA.RESULTS Serum samples were collected from a total of 120 patients undergoing capsule endoscopy for OGIB or anaemia: 40 with SBA, 40 with other causes of small bowel bleeding, and 40 with normal small bowel findings. Mean and median serum levels were measured and compared between groups; patients with SBA had significantly higher median serum levels of Ang2(3759 pg/mL) compared to both other groups, with no significant differences in levels of Ang1 or TNFα based on diagnosis. There were no differences in Ang2 levels between the other bleeding causes(2261 pg/mL) and normal(2620pg/mL) groups. Using Receiver Operator Curve analysis, an Ang2 level of > 2600 pg/mL was found to be predictive of SBA, with an area under the curve of 0.7. Neither Ang1 or TNFα were useful as predictive markers.CONCLUSION Elevations in serum Ang2 are specific for SBA and not driven by other causes of bleeding and anaemia. Further work will determine whether Ang2 is useful as a diagnostic or prognostic marker for SBA. | Grainne Holleran Mary Hussey Sinead Smith Deirdre McNamara | 2017 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology2017，8，3： | 3 |
| 9 | Neo- and Paleopolyploidy contribute to the species diversity of Asplenium the most species-rich genus of ferns显示文摘Polyploidy 广泛地在植物的进化被看作一个主要过程,但是多倍体种类差异的累积仍然是争论的。一些最近的研究与他们的双祖先相比在 neopolyploids 建议了增加的扑灭风险。多倍体蕨纲植物的高比例被期望主要被 neopolyploids 形成,而 paleopolyploid 种类被预言在整个染色体复制成立的 clades 被聚类。这里,我们由在导出的蕨纲植物家庭 Aspleniaceae 探索 polyploidy 的进化测试这预言。家庭有全球分布并且在所有蕨纲植物之中显示出多倍体 taxa 的最高的频率。测试假设,我们用代表 292 种类的 883 个标本的叶绿体 DNA 序列获得了全面发展史。所有出版染色体计数被印射到这个种系发生的框架上以便探索多倍体的进化。我们 Aspleniaceae 的历史上为几整个染色体复制恢复了证据。超过 tetraploid 水平的多倍体的种系发生的关系建议那 tetraploid Asplenium 种可能在这个家庭的某 clades 作为主要进化播放器代替了他们的双祖先。 | Harald Schneider Hong-Mei Liu Yan-Fen Chang Daniel Ohlsen Leon R. Perrie Lara Shepherd Michael Kessler Dirk N. Karger Sabine Hennequin Jeannine Marquardt Stephen Russell Stephen Ansell Ngan Thi Lu Peris Kamau Josmaily Loriga Ledis Regalado Jochen Heinrichs Atsushi Ebihara Alan R. Smith Mary Gibby | 2017 | Journal of Systematics and Evolution2017，55，4： | 2 |
| 10 | Cancer screening in the United States, 2014: A review of current American Cancer Society guidelines and current issues in cancer screening显示文摘 | Robert A. Smith Deana Manassaram-Baptiste Durado Brooks Vilma Cokkinides Mary Doroshenk Debbie Saslow Richard C. Wender Otis W. Brawley | 2014 | CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians2014，，： | 2 |
| 11 | Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, Fibrosis, and Prognosis in Dilated Cardiomyopathy显示文摘 | Ravi G. Assomull Sanjay K. Prasad Jonathan Lyne Gillian Smith Elizabeth D. Burman Mohammed Khan Mary N. Sheppard Philip A. Poole-Wilson Dudley J. Pennell | 2006 | Journal of the American College of Cardiology2006，，： | 2 |
| 12 | Effect of donor–recipient HLA matching at HLA A, B, C, and DRB1 on outcomes after umbilical-cord blood transplantation for leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndrome: a retrospective analysis显示文摘 | Mary Eapen John P Klein Guillermo F Sanz Stephen Spellman Annalisa Ruggeri Claudio Anasetti Maria Brown Richard E Champlin Joan Garcia-Lopez Gareth Hattersely Gesine Koegler Mary J Laughlin Gerard Michel Samir K Nabhan Franklin O Smith Mary M Horowitz Eli | 2011 | Lancet Oncology2011，，13： | 2 |
| 13 | Suboptimal Inhibition of Platelet Cyclooxygenase-1 by Aspirin in Metabolic Syndrome显示文摘 | James P. Smith Elias V. Haddad Mary B. Taylor Denise Oram Dana Blakemore Qingxia Chen Olivier Boutaud John A. Oates | 2012 | Hypertension2012，，3： | 1 |
| 14 | A biolistic approach for the transfer and expression of a gusA. reporter gene in embryogenic cultures of Pinus radiata显示文摘 | Christian Walter Dale R. Smith Marie B. Connett Lynette Grace Derek W. R. White | 1994 | Plant Cell Reports (-)1994，，2： | 1 |
| 15 | 2007 Focused Update of the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction显示文摘 | Elliott M. Antman Mary Hand Paul W. Armstrong Eric R. Bates Lee A. Green Lakshmi K. Halasyamani Judith S. Hochman Harlan M. Krumholz Gervasio A. Lamas Charles J. Mullany David L. Pearle Michael A. Sloan Sidney C. Smith | 2008 | Journal of the American College of Cardiology2008，，2： | 1 |
| 16 | Undiagnosed hypertension among young adults with regular primary care use显示文摘 | Heather M. Johnson Carolyn T. Thorpe Christie M. Bartels Jessica R. Schumacher Mari Palta Nancy Pandhi Ann M. Sheehy Maureen A. Smith | 2014 | Journal of Hypertension2014，，1： | 1 |
| 17 | Reperfusion hyperoxia in Brain after Circulatory arrest in humans显示文摘 | Smith DS Levy W Maris M | 1990 | Aesthesiology1990，73，： | 1 |
| 18 | 2009 Focused Updates:ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (updating the 2004 guideline and 2007 focused update) and ACC/AHA/SCAI guidelines on percutaneous coronary intervention (updating the 2005 guide line and 2007 focused update) a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation /American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines显示文摘 | Frederick G Kushner Mary Hand Sidney C Smith | 2009 | Circulation2009，，120： | 1 |
| 19 | 2009 Focused Updates: ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (Updating the 2004 Guideline and 2007 Focused Update) and ACC/AHA/SCAI Guidelines on Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (Updating the 2005 Guid显示文摘 | Frederick G. Kushner Mary Hand Sidney C. Smith Spencer B. King Jeffrey L. Anderson Elliott M. Antman Steven R. Bailey Eric R. Bates James C. Blankenship Donald E. Casey Lee A. Green Judith S. Hochman Alice K. Jacobs Harlan M. Krumholz Douglass A. Morrison | 2009 | Circulation2009，，22： | 1 |
| 20 | A Novel Mutation of LAMB2 in a Multigenerational Mennonite Family Reveals a New Phenotypic Variant of Pierson Syndrome显示文摘 | Brian G. Mohney Jose S. Pulido Noralane M. Lindor Marie C. Hogan Mark B. Consugar Justin Peters V. Shane Pankratz Samih H. Nasr Stephen J. Smith James Gloor Vickie Kubly Dorothy Spencer Rebecca Nielson Erik G. Puffenberger Kevin A. Strauss D. Holmes Morto | 2011 | Ophthalmology2011，，6： | 1 |
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