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| 1 | GRADE指南:Ⅰ.导论--GRADE证据概要表和结果总结表显示文摘本文是GRADE(Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development,and Evaluation)系列文章的导论。该系列文章为使用GRADE系统提供指导,介绍如何将该系统用于系统评价、卫生技术评估(HTAs)及临床实践指南中备选方案的证据质量评价和推荐强度评级。GRADE方法始于提出一个明晰的问题,包括对所有重要结果的详细说明。证据被收集和汇总后,GRADE提供了明确的标准来评价其质量,包括研究设计、偏倚风险、不精确性、不一致性、间接性及效应量大小。根据支撑证据质量及备选方案带来的预期和非预期结果间的平衡情况,推荐强度以强/弱(或表述为'有条件的'/'任意的')作为特征。GRADE建议用简洁、透明、信息量丰富的结果总结表来汇总证据(以显示证据质量及每一重要结果的相对效应量和绝对效应量),和(或)以证据概要表形式额外提供证据质量评价理由的详细信息。本系列的后续文章涉及如何采用GRADE方法明确构建问题、评价证据质量及形成推荐意见。 | Gordon Guyatt Andrew D.Oxman Elie Akl Regina Kunz Gunn Vist Jan Brozek Susan Norris Yngve Falck-Ytter Paul Glasziou Hans deBeer Roman Jaeschke David Rind Joerg Meerpohl Philipp Dahm Holger J.Schünemann GRADE工作组 李幼平 杨晓妍 蒋兰慧 沈建通 | 2011 | 中国循证医学杂志2011，11，4： | 205 |
| 2 | GRADE指南:Ⅴ.证据质量评价--发表偏倚显示文摘GRADE方法中,随机试验起评即为高质量证据,观察性研究起评即为低质量证据;但若证据本身存在高发表偏倚风险,则两者证据质量级别都应降低。即使最佳证据汇总表纳入的各项研究仅有低发表偏倚风险,发表偏倚仍会极大高估效应值。当可得证据来自小样本研究、且多数由厂商资助时,作者应怀疑存在发表偏倚。若干基于检验数据类型的方法可用于评价发表偏倚,其中最常用的为漏斗图,但这些方法都有较大局限。发表偏倚可能较常见,必须特别关注早期结果、对样本量与事件数都很小的早期试验结果尤需小心。 | Gordon H.Guyatt Andrew D.Oxman Victor Montori Gunn Vist Regina Kunz Jan Brozek Pablo Alonso-Coello Ben Djulbegovic David Atkins Yngve Falck-Ytter John W.Williams Jr. Joerg Meerpohl Susan L.Norris Elie A.Akl Holger J.Schünemann 代表GRADE工作组 李幼平 王莉 钟大可 蒋兰慧 | 2011 | 中国循证医学杂志2011，11，12： | 71 |
| 3 | GRADE指南:Ⅳ.证据质量分级--研究的局限性(偏倚风险)显示文摘在GRADE方法中,若多数相关证据来自高偏倚风险的研究,则起初被定为高质量证据的随机试验和低质量证据的观察性研究均有可能被降低质量等级。随机试验已确定的局限性包括:未进行分配隐藏、未实施盲法、未报告失访情况及未恰当考虑意向性治疗原则。最近提出的局限性包括:因明显获益而早期终止试验和基于结果选择性报告结局。观察性研究的主要局限性包括使用不合适的对照及未能充分调整预后的不平衡。偏倚风险可因不同结果而异(如全死因死亡率的失访远少于生命质量的失访),许多系统评价都容易忽略这一点。在决定是否因偏倚风险而降低质量等级时,不管是随机试验还是观察性研究,作者不应采用对各个研究取平均值的方法。相反,对任何单个结果,当同时存在高、低偏倚风险的研究时,则应考虑只纳入较低偏倚风险的研究。 | Gordon H.Guyatt Andrew D.Oxman Gunn Vist Regina Kunz Jan Brozek Pablo Alonso-Coello Victor Montori Elie A.Akl Ben Djulbegovic Yngve Falck-Ytter Susan L.Norris John W.Williams Jr. David Atkins Joerg Meerpohl Holger J.Schünemann GRADE工作组 李幼平 杨晓妍 李鸿浩 李玲 | 2011 | 中国循证医学杂志2011，11，4： | 58 |
| 4 | GRADE指南:Ⅶ.证据质量评价--不一致性显示文摘本文针对二分类变量结局指标相对(而非绝对)治疗效果的不一致性。证据本身不会因不同研究结果具有一致性而升级,但可能因不一致而降低质量级别。衡量一致性的标准包括点估计值的相似性、可信区间的重叠程度以及统计学判定标准包括异质性检验和I2。系统评价作者应提出并检验少数几个与患者、干预措施、结局指标以及方法学相关的先验假设以探寻异质性来源。当不一致性很大且无法解释时,因不一致性而降低质量级别是恰当的,特别当某些研究显示有显著益处而其他显示无益甚至有害时(而非仅是疗效大与疗效小的比较)。明显的亚组效应可能不可靠。如果亚组效应满足以下条件,其可信度将会增加:基于少数几个有具体方向的先验假设、亚组比较来自研究内而非研究间、交互检验的P值小、结果有生物学意义。 | Gordon H.Guyatt Andrew D.Oxman Regina Kunz James Woodcock Jan Brozek Mark Helfand Pablo Alonso-Coello Paul Glasziou Roman Jaeschke Elie A.Akl Susan Norris Gunn Vist Philipp Dahm Vijay K.Shukla Julian Higgins Yngve Falck-Ytter Holger J.Schünemann 代表GRADE小组 李幼平 杨晓妍 王莉 蔡羽嘉 陈群飞 | 2011 | 中国循证医学杂志2011，11，12： | 33 |
| 5 | GRADE指南:Ⅷ.证据质量评价--间接性显示文摘直接证据来自直接比较我们关注的干预措施用于我们关注的患者人群,并测量患者重要结局的研究。间接证据可由以下4种方式之一产生。第一,患者可能与我们关注的患者不同(适用性一词常用于这类间接性)。第二,所检验的干预措施可能与我们关注的干预措施不同。有关患者和干预措施间接性的决策取决于对生物或社会因素差异是否大到可能使效应尺度出现预期的较大差异的考虑。第三,结果可能有别于最初设定的结局指标——如替代结果本身不重要,但测量之是基于替代结果的变化反映患者重要结局变化这一假设。第四类间接性在概念上与前三类不同,发生于临床医生必须在未经直接比较的两种干预措施间做出选择时。这种情况下比较治疗方案需要特定的统计方法,并根据患者人群、联合干预措施、结局测量指标及备选干预措施试验方法的差异程度,将证据级别降低1或2级。 | Gordon Guyatt Andrew D.Oxman Regina Kunz James Woodcock Jan Brozek Mark Helfand Pablo Alonso-Coello Yngve Falck-Ytter Roman Jaeschke Gunn Vist Elie A.Akl Piet N Post Susan Norris Joerg Meerpohl Mona Nasser 代表GRADE工作组 李幼平 杨晓妍 李鸿浩 | 2011 | 中国循证医学杂志2011，11，12： | 30 |
| 6 | 指南2.0:为成功制定指南而系统研发的全面清单显示文摘背景虽然当前已有一些评估卫生保健指南可靠性的工具,但仍缺乏针对制定指南实际步骤的指导。针对指南制定者们所需考虑的相关资源和工具,我们系统研发了一份全面的条目清单,但这并不意味着每篇指南都需遵守该清单的所有条目。方法我们检索了国际指南制定机构的指南制定手册、指南的指南(主要是来自国际和国家机构以及专业学会的方法学报告),以及提供系统指导的最新文章。经过反复评价这些资料,尽可能全面地罗列和提取条目,并制定与指南有关的重要主题。通过反复讨论,我们对条目进行评价以去重和补漏,同时邀请指南制定专家对所增加的条目进行修改并提出建议。结果我们制定了一份包含18个主题、146个条目的清单,并建立了帮助指南制定者应用这些条目的网站。这些主题和条目涵盖了指南从规划、完成、实施和评估的全过程。最终的清单版本也包括了培训所需的资料以及应用这些条目时用到的方法学参考文献的链接。解释本清单将提供给指南制定者用作参考。仔细考虑清单中的条目将有助于指南的制定、实施和评估,我们也将会通过大众反馈来修订并持续更新清单。 | Holger J. Schunemann Wojtek Wiercioch Itziar Etxeandia Maicon Falavigna Nancy Santesso Reem Mustafa Matthew Ventresca Romina Brignardello-petersen] Kaja-Triin Laisaar Sergio Kowalski Tejan Baldeh Yuan Zhang Uiia Raid Ignacio Neumann Susan L. Norris Judith Thornton Robin Harbour Shaun Treweek Gordon Guyatt Pablo Alonso-Coello Marge Reinap Jan Brozek Andrew Oxman Elie A. Akl | 2014 | 中国循证医学杂志2014，14，9： | 26 |
| 7 | GRADE指南:Ⅸ.证据质量升级显示文摘证据质量升级的最常见原因是效应量大。当方法学严谨的观察性研究表明风险至少降低或增加2倍时,GRADE建议考虑将证据质量升高1级;当风险至少降低或增加5倍时,考虑将证据质量升高2级。当存在剂量-反应关系,或所有合理的混杂、偏倚会降低明显的治疗效应,或混杂、偏倚使得结果无效为假效应时,系统评价作者和指南制定者也可考虑升高证据质量。其他考虑因素包括起效迅速、潜在的疾病(状态)趋势以及间接证据。 | Gordon H.Guyatt Andrew D.Oxman Shahnaz Sultan Paul Glasziou Elie A.Akl Pablo Alonso-Coello David Atkins Regina Kunz Jan Brozek Victor Montori Roman Jaeschke David Rind Philipp Dahm Joerg Meerpohl Gunn Vist Elise Berliner Susan Norris Yngve Falck-Ytter M.Hassan Murad Holger J.Schünemann 代表GRADE工作组 李幼平 杨晓妍 李玲 王应强 | 2011 | 中国循证医学杂志2011，11，12： | 22 |
| 8 | Colorectal cancer and immunity:what we know and perspectives显示文摘Strong evidence supports the concept of immunosurveillance and immunoediting in colorectal cancer.In particular,the density of T CD8+and CD45+lymphocyte infiltration was recently shown to have a better prognostic value than the classic tumor node metastasis classification factor.Other immune subsets,as macrophages,natural killer cells or unconventionnal lymphocytes,seem to play an important role.Induction of regulatory T cells(Tregs)or immunosuppressive molecules such as PD-1 or CTLA-4 and downregulation of antigen-presenting molecules are major escape mechanisms to antitumor immune response.The development of these mechanisms is a major obstacle to the establishment of an effective immune response,but also to the use of immunotherapy.Although im-munotherapy is not yet routinely used in colorectal cancer,we now know that most treatments used(chemotherapy and biotherapy)have immunomodulatory effects,such as induction of immunogenic cell death by chemotherapy,inhibition of immunosuppression by antiangiogenic agents,and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity induced by cetuximab.Finally,many immunotherapy strategies are being developed and tested in phaseⅠtoⅢclinical trials.The most promising strategies are boosting the immune system with cytokines,inhibition of immunoregulatory checkpoints,vaccination with vectorized antigens,and adoptive cell therapy.Comprehension of antitumor immune response and combination of the different approaches of immunotherapy may allow the use of effective immunotherapy for treatment of colorectal cancer in the near future. | Simon Pernot Magali Terme Thibault Voron Orianne Colussi Elie Marcheteau Eric Tartour Julien Taieb | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，14： | 19 |
| 9 | Model for end-stage liver disease score versus Child score in predicting the outcome of surgical procedures in patients with cirrhosis显示文摘AIM:To determine factors affecting the outcome of patients with cirrhosis undergoing surgery and to compare the capacities of the Child-Turcotte-Pugh(CTP) and model for end-stage liver disease(MELD)score to predict that outcome. METHODS:We reviewed the charts of 195 patients with cirrhosis who underwent surgery at two teaching hospitals over a five-year period.The combined endpoint of death or hepatic decompensation was considered to be the primary endpoint. RESULTS:Patients who reached the endpoint had a higher MELD score,a higher CTP score and were more likely to have undergone an urgent procedure.Among patients undergoing elective surgical procedures,no statistically significant difference was noted in the mean MELD(12.8±3.9 vs 12.6±4.7,P=0.9)or in the mean CTP(7.6±1.2 vs 7.7±1.7,P=0.8)between patients who reached the endpoint and those who did not.Both mean scores were higher in the patients reaching the endpoint in the case of urgent procedures(MELD:22.4± 8.7 vs 15.2±6.4,P=0.0007;CTP:9.9±1.8 vs 8.5±1.8, P=0.008).The performances of the MELD and CTP scores in predicting the outcome of urgent surgery were only fair,without a significant difference between them (AUC=0.755±0.066 for MELD vs AUC=0.696±0.070 for CTP,P=0.3). CONCLUSION:The CTP and MELD scores performedequally,but only fairly in predicting the outcome of urgent surgical procedures.Larger studies are needed to better define the factors capable of predicting the outcome of elective surgical procedures in patients with cirrhosis. | Maarouf A Hoteit Amaar H Ghazale Andrew J Bain Eli S Rosenberg Kirk A Easley Frank A Anania Robin E Rutherford | 2008 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2008，14，11： | 16 |
| 10 | A randomized controlled trial of imipramine in patients with irritable bowel syndrome显示文摘AIM: To study the efficacy of low-dose imipramine in relieving symptoms associated with the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). METHODS: A randomized, double-blind trial of 25 mg imipramine vs matched placebo for 12 wk was performed. Doubling the dose was allowed once at week 2 in case of an unsatisfactory early response. Primary efficacy variables were subjective global symptom relief and quality of life (QoL) using SF-36 at week 12. RESULTS: One hundred and seven patients were enrolled by advertisement or referral by general practitioners and 56 (31 imipramine: 25 placebo) completed the 16-wk study. Baseline characteristics were comparable. A high overall dropout rate was noted in the imipramine and placebo arms (47.5% vs 47.9%, P > 0.05), a mean of 25.0 and 37.4 d from enrollment, respectively (P < 0.05). At the end of 12 wk, there was a significant difference in global symptom relief with imipramine over placebo (per-protocol: 80.6% vs48.0%, P = 0.01) and a trend on intent-to-treat (ITT) analysis (42.4% vs 25.0%, P = 0.06). This improvement was evident early and persisted to week 16 (P = 0.024 and 0.053 by per-protocol and ITT analyses, respectively). Mean cumulative and componentspecific SF-36 scores improved in the imipramine group only (per-protocol, P < 0.01). Drug-related adverse events leading to patient dropout were more common in the imipramine group (25.4% vs 12.5%, P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Imipramine may be effective in the treatment of IBS patients and is associated with improved QoL. Careful patient selection, initiation of a low dose with gradual escalation and monitoring for side effects may result in an improved therapeutic response. | Heitham Abdul-Baki Ihab I El Hajj Lara ElZahabi Cecilio Azar Elie Aoun Assaad Skoury Hani Chaar Ala I Sharara | 2009 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2009，15，29： | 11 |
| 11 | Helicobacter pylori and skin autoimmune diseases显示文摘Autoimmune skin diseases are characterized by dysregulation of the immune system resulting in a loss of tolerance to skin self-antigen(s). The prolonged interaction between the bacterium and host immune mechanisms makes Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) a plausible infectious agent for triggering autoimmunity. Epidemiological and experimental data now point to a strong relation of H. pylori infection on the development of many extragastric diseases, including several allergic and autoimmune diseases. H. pylori antigens activate cross-reactive T cells and induce autoantibodies production. Microbial heat shock proteins(HSP) play an important role of in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases because of the high level of sequence homology with human HSP. Eradication of H. pylori infection has been shown to be effective in some patients with chronic autoimmune urticaria, psoriasis, alopecia areata and Schoenlein-Henoch purpura. There is conflicting and controversial data regarding the association of H. pylori infection with Beh et's disease, scleroderma and autoimmune bullous diseases. No data are available evaluating the association of H. pylori infection with other skin autoimmune diseases, such as vitiligo, cutaneous lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis. The epidemiological and experimental evidence for a possible role of H. pylori infection in skin autoimmune diseases are the subject of this review. | Eli Magen Jorge-Shmuel Delgado | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，6： | 10 |
| 12 | Differential cryptanalysis of DES-like cryptosystems显示文摘 | Eli Biham Adi Shamir | 1991 | Journal of Cryptology1991，，1： | 10 |
| 13 | 蒿甲醚伍用伯氨喹治疗恶性疟的研究显示文摘目的 观察蒿甲醚伍用伯氨喹治疗恶性疟的疗效和副作用。 方法 在中非共和国选择恶性疟12 1例 ,随机分为两组。伍用组 :口服蒿甲醚 80mg ,qd× 5d ,首日蒿甲醚 16 0mg加服伯氨喹 3片 (含基质 7 5mg ,qd× 3~ 4d)治疗 32例 ;肌注蒿甲醚加服伯氨喹 ,治疗 2 9例 ;对照组 :单用口服蒿甲醚治疗 33例和肌注蒿甲醚治疗 2 7例 ,B组、C组和D组所用剂量与疗程均同A组。上述病例于用药前及后 6、 14、 2 1、及 2 8d各随访1次 ,密切观察病例的临床症状与体征变化。 结果 A组、B组、C组和D组病例的平均退热时间分别为(47 6± 15 7)、 (36 9± 10 7)、 (48 5± 18 4 )和 (42 2± 9 5 )h。其临床治愈率依次为 84 4 %、 10 0 %、 90 1和96 3% ,其复燃率依次为 6 3%、 3 4 %、 2 1 2 %和 18 5 %。 4组药物副作用均轻。 结论 蒿甲醚伍用伯氨喹及单用蒿甲醚 (口服或肌注 )对恶性疟治疗作用均良好 。 | 黄建荣 高英起 Nganawei Elie | 2001 | 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志2001，19，5： | 9 |
| 14 | Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare:Review and Prediction Case Studies显示文摘Artificial intelligence(AI)has been developing rapidly in recent years in terms of software algorithms,hardware implementation,and applications in a vast number of areas.In this review,we summarize the latest developments of applications of AI in biomedicine,including disease diagnostics,living assistance,biomedical information processing,and biomedical research.The aim of this review is to keep track of new scientific accomplishments,to understand the availability of technologies,to appreciate the tremendous potential of AI in biomedicine,and to provide researchers in related fields with inspiration.It can be asserted that,just like AI itself,the application of AI in biomedicine is still in its early stage.New progress and breakthroughs will continue to push the frontier and widen the scope of AI application,and fast developments are envisioned in the near future.Two case studies are provided to illustrate the prediction of epileptic seizure occurrences and the filling of a dysfunctional urinary bladder. | Guoguang Rong Arnaldo Mendez Elie Bou Assi Bo Zhao Mohamad Sawan | 2020 | Engineering2020，6，3： | 7 |
| 15 | Clinical significance of mesenteric panniculitis-like abnormalities on abdominal computerized tomography in patients with malignant neoplasms显示文摘AIM To clarify the association of malignancy with mesenteric panniculitis-like changes on computed tomography(CT).METHODS All abdominal CT scans performed at North Shore University HealthS ystem showing mesenteric panniculitis from January 2005 to August 2010 were identified in the Radnet(Rad Net Corporation, Los Angeles, CA) database. Patients with a new or known diagnosis of a malignancy were included for this analysis. Longitudinal clinical histories were obtained from electronic medical records.RESULTS In total, 147794 abdominal CT scans were performed during the study period. Three hundred and fiftynine patients had mesenteric panniculitis(MP)-like abnormalities on their abdominal CT. Of these patients, 81 patients(22.6%) had a known history of cancer at the time of their CT scan. Nineteen(5.3%) had a new diagnosis of cancer in concurrence with their CT, but the majority of these(14/19, 74%) were undergoing CT as part of a malignancy evaluation. Lymphomas were the most common cancers associated with MPlike findings on CT(36 cases, 36%), with follicular lymphoma being the most frequent subtype(17/36). A variety of solid tumors, most commonly prostate(7) and renal cell cancers(6) also were seen. CT follow up was obtained in 56 patients. Findings in the mesentery were unchanged in 45(80%), worsened in 6(11%), and improved in 5 patients(9%). Positron emission tomography(PET) scans performed in 44 patients only showed a positive uptake in the mesenteric mass in 2 patients(5%). CONCLUSION A new diagnosis of cancer is uncommon in patients with CT findings suggestive of MP. MP-like mesenteric abnormalities on CT generally remain stable in patients with associated malignancies. PET scanning is not recommended in the evaluation of patients with mesenteric panniculitis-like findings on CT. | Eli D Ehrenpreis Grigory Roginsky Richard M Gore | 2016 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2016，22，48： | 7 |
| 16 | 两种昆虫生长调节剂对嗜虫书虱的致死作用显示文摘系统测定了灭幼宝 (Pyriproxyfen)和烯虫酯 (Methoprene) 2种昆虫生长调节剂对储藏物主要害虫嗜虫书虱 (Liposcelisentomophila)的生物活性。采用饲料混药法 ,针对不同浓度的灭幼宝和烯虫酯分别对嗜虫书虱若虫的致死作用 ,对若虫发育历期、成虫繁殖力和卵孵化率的影响设置不同处理和重复。结果表明 ,灭幼宝对嗜虫书虱若虫的致死作用非常明显 ,其效果比烯虫酯好 ;不同浓度的灭幼宝使若虫的发育历期明显延长 ;灭幼宝和烯虫酯对嗜虫书虱的成虫无杀伤作用 ,但对成虫的产卵量有明显的抑制作用 ,两者的作用浓度却相差 5倍。灭幼宝对卵的孵化率影响更大 ,因而具有更显著的杀卵效果。 | 丁伟 Eli SHAAYA 王进军 赵志模 高飞 | 2002 | Zoological Research2002，23，2： | 7 |
| 17 | Differential effects of glutamate receptor antagonists on dorsal horn neurons responding to colorectal distension in a neonatal colon irritation rat model显示文摘AIM: To investigate and compare the effects of spinal D-(-)-2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid (AP-7) and 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione disodium (CNQX),two glutamate receptor antagonists, on the responses of dorsal horn neurons to colorectal distension (CRD) in adult rats exposed to neonatal colon irritation (CI).METHODS: Hypersensitive SD rats were generated by CI during postnatal days 8, 10 and 12. Experiments on adult rats were performed using extracellular single-unit recording. The effects of spinal application of AP-7 (0.001,0.01, 0.1, 1 mmoL) were tested on the CRD-evoked neuronal responses in 16 controls and 17 CI rats. The effects of CNQX (0.2, 2, 5, 10 μmoL) were also tested on the CRD-evoked responses of 17 controls and 18 CI neurons.RESULTS: (1) The average responses of lumbosacral neurons to all intensities of CRD in CI rats were significantly higher than those in control rats; (2) In control rats, AP-7 (0.01 mmoL) had no significant effect on the neuronal response to all intensities of CRD (20,40, 60, 80 mmHg); while AP-7 (0.1 mmoL) inhibited the neuronal response to 80-mmHg CRD. By contrast, in CI rats, AP-7 (0.01-1 mmoL) attenuated the CRD-evoked neuronal responses to all distention pressures in a dosedependent manner; (3) In control rats, CNQX (2 μmoL)had no significantly effect on the neuronal response to all intensities of CRD; however, CNQX (5 μmoL) significantly attenuated the responses to CRD in the 40-80 mmHg range. By contrast, CNQX (2-10 μmoL)significantly decreased the neuronal responses in CI rats to non-noxious and noxious CRD in a dose-dependent manner.CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that spinal N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptors may contribute to the processing of central sensitivity in a neonatal CI rat model, but they may play different roles in it. | Chun Lin Elie D Al-Chaer | 2005 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2005，11，41： | 7 |
| 18 | Decreased blood riboflavin levels are correlated with defective expression of RFT2 gene in gastric cancer显示文摘AIM:To investigate the relationship between blood riboflavin levels and riboflavin transporter 2(RFT2) gene expression in gastric carcinoma(GC) development.METHODS:High-performance liquid chromatography was used to detect blood riboflavin levels in patients with GC.Real-time fluorogenic quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry were used to analyze the expression of RFT2 mRNA and protein in samples from 60 GC patients consisting of both tumor and normal tissue.RESULTS:A significant decrease in the RFT2 mRNA levels was detected in GC samples compared with those in the normal mucous membrane(0.398 ± 0.149 vs 1.479 ± 0.587;P = 0.040).Tumors exhibited low RFT2 protein expression(75%,16.7%,8.3% and 0% for no RFT2 staining,weak staining,medium staining and strong staining,respectively),which was significantly lower than that in the normal mucous membrane(10%,16.7%,26.7% and 46.7% for no RFT2 staining,weak staining,medium staining and strong staining,respectively;P < 0.05).Tumors with low RFT2 expression were significantly associated with tumor stage and histological grade.Moreover,a significantly decrease in Uyghur patients was observed compared with Han patients.However,other parameters-gender,tumor location and lymph node metastasis-showed no significant relationship with RFT2 expression.Blood riboflavin levels were reverse correlated with development of GC(1.2000 ± 0.97 569 ng/mL in high tumor stage patients vs 2.5980 ± 1.31 129 ng/mL in low tumor stage patients;P < 0.05).A positive correlation of plasma riboflavin levels with defective expression of RFT2 protein was found in GC patients(2 = 2.619;P = 0.019).CONCLUSION:Defective expression of RFT2 is associated with the development of GC and this may represent a mechanism underlying the decreased plasma riboflavin levels in GC. | Maynur Eli De-Sheng Li Wei-Wei Zhang Bing Kong Chen-Song Du Maimaitiaili Wumar Batur Mamtimin Ilyar Sheyhidin Ayshamgul Hasim | 2012 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2012，18，24： | 6 |
| 19 | Recent advances toward high voltage, EC-free electrolytes for graphite-based Li-ion battery显示文摘 | Tong Zhang Elie Paillard | 2018 | Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering2018，12，3： | 6 |
| 20 | 对原则导向制准则及规则导向制准则的制定方法之评价显示文摘引言
美国财务会计准则委员会(FASB)在其汇编和简化准则的新计划中表明:其意图在于评价是否可能以原则导向制准则来取代详细的、以规则为导向并包含例外情况及可供选择条例的准则.①为此,FASB的委员和职员要求美国会计学会的财务会计准则委员会(下文中简称为'委员会')就原则导向制准则做出评论,并将两条准则改写为原则导向制准则. | Laureen A Maines Eli Bartov Patricia Fairfield D Eric Hirst 罗妍 | 2004 | 经济资料译丛2004，，2： | 6 |
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