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| 1 | Changes in soil organic carbon of terrestrial ecosystems in China:A mini-review显示文摘The present study provides an overview of existing literature on changes in soil organic carbon(SOC) of various terrestrial ecosystems in China.Datasets from the literature suggest that SOC stocks in forest,grassland,shrubland and cropland increased between the early 1980s and the early 2000s,amounting to(71±19) Tg·a-1.Conversion of marshland to cropland in the Sanjiang Plain of northeast China resulted in SOC loss of(6±2) Tg·a-1 during the same period.Nevertheless,large uncertainties exist in these estimates,especially for the SOC changes in the forest,shrubland and grassland.To reduce uncertainty,we suggest that future research should focus on:(i) identifying land use changes throughout China with high spatiotemporal resolution,and measuring the SOC loss and sequestration due to land use change;(ii) estimating the changes in SOC of shrubland and non-forest trees(i.e.,cash,shelter and landscape trees);(iii) quantifying the impacts of grassland management on the SOC pool;(iv) evaluating carbon changes in deep soil layers;(v) projecting SOC sequestration potential;and(vi) developing carbon budget models for better estimating the changes in SOC of terrestrial ecosystems in China. | HUANG Yao*,SUN WenJuan,ZHANG Wen & YU YongQiang State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry(LAPC),Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100029,China | 2010 | Science China(Life Sciences)2010，53，7： | 46 |
| 2 | Quantification of soil organic carbon sequestration potential in cropland:A model approach显示文摘Agroecosystems have a critical role in the terrestrial carbon cycling process.Soil organic carbon(SOC) in cropland is of great importance for mitigating atmospheric carbon dioxide increases and for global food security.With an understanding of soil carbon saturation,we analyzed the datasets from 95 global long-term agricultural experiments distributed across a vast area spanning wide ranges of temperate,subtropical and tropical climates.We then developed a statistical model for estimating SOC sequestration potential in cropland.The model is driven by air temperature,precipitation,soil clay content and pH,and explains 58% of the variation in the observed soil carbon saturation(n=76).Model validation using independent data observed in China yielded a correlation coefficient R2 of 0.74(n=19,P<0.001).Model sensitivity analysis suggested that soils with high clay content and low pH in the cold,humid regions possess a larger carbon sequestration potential than other soils.As a case study,we estimated the SOC sequestration potential by applying the model in Henan Province.Model estimations suggested that carbon(C) density at the saturation state would reach an average of 32 t C ha-1 in the top 0-20 cm soil depth.Using SOC density in the 1990s as a reference,cropland soils in Henan Province are expected to sequester an additional 100 Tg C in the future. | QIN ZhangCai & HUANG Yao* State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry(LAPC),Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100029,China | 2010 | Science China(Life Sciences)2010，53，7： | 26 |
| 3 | Three-year changes of surface albedo of degraded grassland and cropland surfaces in a semiarid area显示文摘Diurnal, seasonal and interannual variations of surface albedo of degraded grassland and cropland surfaces at a semiarid area of Tognyu have been investigated based on the continuous three years observational data from 2003 to 2005. The changes of surface albedo with solar elevation angle and soil moisture have been discussed also. It has been found that surface albedo has almost the same diurnal and seasonal variations on degraded grassland and cropland surfaces in the semiarid area, while sur- face albedo is large in winter and small in summer. The diurnal variation of the surface albedo has re- lationship with the weather condition. The diurnal cycle of the surface albedo likes the 'U' shape curve in sunny day, while it is low-high after the rain, and high-low after the snow. The surface albedo has large variation in cloudy day, while it has no any variation in overcast day. The large difference of the surface albedo can be 0.04 in winter between two land surfaces, because the snow has large effects on the surface albedo in winter. The rainfall is an important factor in summer on the surface albedo, while the difference of the surface albedo is 0.01 only between two land surfaces. The differences of the surface albedo can also be 0.04 in autumn due to vegetation growing. The seasonal-average surface albeo from 2003―2005 is 0.25, 0.22, 0.24, 0.32 respectively in spring, summer, autumn and winter on the degraded grassland surface,while it is 0.25, 0.21, 0.22, 0.33 respectively in spring, summer, autumn and winter on the cropland surface. The surface albedo becomes smaller with the increase of solar elevation angle. When the solar elevation angle is greater than 40°, the surface albedo changes very little and tends to be a constant. The surface albedo has negative exponent functions with soil moisture in the growing season. | LIU HuiZhi1↑, TU Gang2,3 & DONG WenJie4 1 State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chi- nese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China 2 Laboratory of Research for Middle-High Latitude Circulation System and East Asia Monsoon, China Meteorological Administration, Changchun 130062, China 3 Institute of Meteorological Science of Jilin Province, Changchun 130062, China 4 National Climate Center, Beijing 100081, China | 2008 | Chinese Science Bulletin2008，53，8： | 14 |
| 4 | Determinant-Based Classification of Acute Pancreatitis Severity: An International Multidisciplinary Consultation显示文摘 | E. Patchen Dellinger Christopher E. Forsmark Peter Layer Philippe Lévy Enrique Maraví-Poma Maxim S. Petrov Tooru Shimosegawa Ajith K. Siriwardena Generoso Uomo David C. Whitcomb John A. Windsor | 2012 | Annals of Surgery2012，，6： | 7 |
| 5 | 基于局部因素和全身因素对急性胰腺炎严重程度的新分级——概要与解读显示文摘急性胰腺炎严重程度的准确分级对于临床实践和研究十分重要。在临床实践中,准确的分型有助于正确地评估疾病的严重程度,监测疾病的发展,制定治疗策略。而临床研究中,准确的分型对于患者的正确入组、实验结果的有效性都有很大影响。一个多世纪以来,急性胰腺炎的严重程度被简单地分为轻型和重型,而且对于轻型和重型的定义尚未统一。近年来,研究发现重型胰腺炎又有不同的亚组,而不同亚组患者的预后有很大差异,轻型和重型二分法的局限性慢慢显现。 | 李维勤 张璐瑶 黎介寿 E.Patchen Dellinger Christopher E.Forsmark Peter Layer Philippe L'evy Enrique Maravi-Poma Maxim S.Petrov | 2014 | 中华外科杂志2014，52，5： | 6 |
| 6 | Theorem of turbulent intensity and macroscopic mechanism of the turbulence development显示文摘Turbulence is one of the most common nature phenomena in everyday experience, but that is not adequately understood yet. This article reviews the history and present state of development of the turbulence theory and indicates the necessity to probe into the turbulent features and mechanism with the different methods at different levels. Therefore this article proves a theorem of turbulent transpor- tation and a theorem of turbulent intensity by using the theory of the nonequilibrium thermodynamics, and that the Reynolds turbulence and the Rayleigh-Bénard turbulence are united in the theorems of the turbulent intensity and the turbulent transportation. The macroscopic cause of the development of fluid turbulence is a result from shearing effect of the velocity together with the temperature, which is also the macroscopic cause of the stretch and fold of trajectory in the phase space of turbulent field. And it is proved by the observed data of atmosphere that the phenomenological coefficient of turbulent in- tensity is not only a function of the velocity shear but also a function of temperature shear, viz the sta- bility of temperature stratification, in the atmosphere. Accordingly, authenticity of the theorem, which is proved by the theory of nonequilibrium thermodynamics, of turbulent intensity is testified by the facts of observational experiment. | HU YinQiao1,2, CHEN JinBei3,4 & ZUO HongChao2 1 Gansu Province Key laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Reducing Disaster, Cold and Arid Regions Environment and Engi- neering Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China 2 State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Beijing 100029, China 3 Atmospheric Science College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China 4 Resource Environment Department, Lanzhou Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730060, China | 2007 | Science China Earth Sciences2007，50，5： | 5 |
| 7 | Contribution of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy to survival and quality of life in patients with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency显示文摘The objective of this study was to analyze the current evidence for the use of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) in affecting survival and quality of life in patients with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI). Systematic searches of the literature were performed using the PubMed database. Articles were selected for inclusion if they reported findings from trials assessing the effects of PERT on quality of life, survival, malabsorption, growth parameters (such as height, body weight and body mass index), or gastrointestinal symptoms (such as abdominal pain, stool consistency and flatulence). PERT improved PEI-related malabsorption and weight maintenance in patients with cystic fibrosis, chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, and post-surgical states. In patients with chronic pancreatitis, PERT improved PEI-related symptoms and quality of life measures. Several small retrospective studies have also suggested that PERT may have a positive impact on survival, but long-term studies assessing this effect were not identified. PERT is effective for treating malnutrition and supporting weight maintenance, and it is associated with improved quality of life and possibly with enhanced survival in patients with PEI. However, there is evidence that not all patients with PEI receive adequate PERT. Future work should aim to assess the long-term effects of PERT on the survival of patients with PEI. | Peter Layer Nataliya Kashirskaya Natalya Gubergrits | 2019 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2019，25，20： | 4 |
| 8 | Input function and simulated distributions of tritium in the North Pacific显示文摘An ocean general circulation model (OGCM) of the North Pacific with a southern open boundary condition is used to simulate the distribution and transport of tritium in the North Pacific. First, the observed tritium in precipitation dataset of GNIP/ISOHIS is chosen, and used to develop an input function of tritium for the model domain from 1951 to 1997 in terms of the triangulation for interpolation. Then, the input function is used as an upper flux for the tritium model. The OGCM with tritium is integrated for 47 years with the initial condition of zero tritium concentrations. Compared with the observations from GEOSECS and WOCE, the model generates a meridional gradient of surface tritium concentrations and the high tritium concentrations in the subsurface layer, which is consistent with that indicated in the observations. The simulated time series of total tritium fluxes from the atmosphere to the ocean shows a spike in 1963. The total inventory of tritium in the ocean changes slowly with time after 1975. Tritium enters the higher-latitude region, and then is mainly transported by the subsurface process towards the equatorial region, which is well simulated in the model. However, the difference mainly occurs at 30°N–40°N, which can be seen also in the simulation of CFCs. This difference may partly originate from the insufficient description of physical processes in the OGCM. Nevertheless, some uncertainties exist in the development of the tritium input function, which can also influence the simulated results. | BA Qi1,2 & XU YongFu1 1 State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China 2 Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China | 2010 | Science China Earth Sciences2010，53，3： | 4 |
| 9 | Hirudotherapy attenuates arthritic pain in patients with various chronic pain syndromes: A retrospective analysis显示文摘Objective: Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease that affects synovial joints. Micro-injuries of articular structures initiate inflammatory processes, leading to persistent pain. Due to various risk factors,osteoarthritis is often diagnosed in multimorbid patients. This makes pain management one of the key challenges, with a consistent need for new therapeutic strategies. Hence, complementary and integrative methods such as hirudotherapy have become increasingly important, even though their mechanisms of action are not entirely understood.Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the longitudinal effect of a single leech application on osteoarthritic joints in a heterogenic cohort of 24 cases with various chronic pain syndromes. We assessed articular pain intensity ratings and movability of the treated joint after one-time leeching for up to 12 months.We further investigated the effect of hirudotherapy on the systemic pain status and multimodal treatment strategies of the patients.Results: There was a significant reduction in pain intensity ratings at the joint of leech application for up to 12 months after treatment. The improvements in pain intensities were independent of the form of osteoarthritis treated. In addition, we saw a considerable enhancement in local movability of the treated joint. Hirudotherapy did not seem to influence the systemic pain status as well as the previously established individualized multimodal treatment model of the patients.Conclusion: Leeching as an adjuvant therapy has a great potential especially in terms of safety and longterm outcome. | Johannes Loeser Brigitte Layer Christopher Plata Klaus-Maria Perrar Tim Hucho Rebecca Kulbida | 2020 | Journal of Integrative Medicine2020，18，5： | 2 |
| 10 | PROGRESS IN “APPLIED RESEARCH ON DROUGHT & DESERTIFICATION”——A fruitful cooperative program between China and the World Laboratory显示文摘World Laboratory (WL) is an international organ financed by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and its operation is exclusively for the Third World countries, where basic research projects are carried out and research results are applied to the benefit of the local areas and the world as a whole. The Project of'Applied Research on Drought & | Chen Hui , Zhao Yijun and Zeng Qingcun(The Institute of Atmospheric Physics, CAS) Vice director of the State Key Laboratory of Atmos pheric Boundary Layer Physics & Atmospheric Chemistry Attached to the CAS Institute of Atmospheric Physics. | 1999 | Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences1999，13，2： | 2 |
| 11 | Consensus guidelines for the use of bowel preparation prior to colonic diagnostic procedures: colonoscopy and small bowel video capsule endoscopy显示文摘 | Elisabeth Mathus-Vliegen Maria Pellisé Denis Heresbach Wolfgang Fischbach Tricia Dixon Jonathan Belsey Fabrizio Parente Ricardo Rio-Tinto Alistair Brown Ervin Toth Cristiano Crosta Peter Layer Owen Epstein Christian Boustiere | 2013 | Current Medical Research & Opinion2013，，8： | 2 |
| 12 | Inspection of the human stomach using remote-controlled capsule endoscopy: a feasibility study in healthy volunteers (with videos)显示文摘 | Jutta Keller Christiane Fibbe Frank Volke Jeremy Gerber Alexander C. Mosse Meike Reimann-Zawadzki Elisha Rabinovitz Peter Layer Daniel Schmitt Viola Andresen Ulrich Rosien Paul Swain | 2011 | Gastrointestinal Endoscopy2011，，1： | 2 |
| 13 | 基于局部因素和全身因素对急性胰腺炎严重程度的新分级——概要与解读显示文摘急性胰腺炎严重程度的准确分级对于临床实践和研究十分重要。在临床实践中,准确的分型有助于正确地评估疾病的严重程度,监测疾病的发展,制定治疗策略。而临床研究中,准确的分型对于患者的正确入组、实验结果的有效性都有很大影响。一个多世纪以来,急性胰腺炎的严重程度被简单地分为轻型和重型,而且对于轻型和重型的定义尚未统一。近年来,研究发现重型胰腺炎又有不同的亚组,而不同亚组患者的预后有很大差异,轻型和重型二分法的局限性慢慢显现。 | 李维勤 张璐瑶 黎介寿 E.Patchen Dellinger Christopher E.Forsmark Peter Layer Philippe L'evy Enrique Maravi-Poma Maxim S.Petrov Tooru Shimosegawa Ajith K.Siriwardena Generoso Uomo David C.Whitcomb John A.Windsor | 2014 | 浙江医学2014，36，10： | 2 |
| 14 | Laparoscopic fundoplication: Nissen versus Toupet two-year outcome of a prospective randomized study of 200 patients regarding preoperative esophageal motility显示文摘 | U. Strate A. Emmermann C. Fibbe P. Layer C. Zornig | 2008 | Surgical Endoscopy2008，，： | 2 |
| 15 | Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Therapy in Patients With Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency Due to Chronic Pancreatitis: A 1-Year Disease Management Study on Symptom Control and Quality of Life显示文摘 | Jan G. D’Haese Güralp O. Ceyhan Ihsan Ekin Demir Peter Layer Waldemar Uhl Matthias L?hr Reinhard Rychlik Konstantinos Pirilis York Z?llner Birgit Gradl Douglas Foerster Julia M?bius Friederike Henniges Helmut Friess | 2014 | Pancreas2014，，： | 2 |
| 16 | The different courses of early- and late-onset idiopathic and alcoholic chronic pancreatitis显示文摘 | Yamamoto H Kalthoff L | 1994 | Gastroenterology1994，107，： | 1 |
| 17 | short bowel syndrome : an up-date on the therapeutic approach 显示文摘 | Strum A Layer D Goebell H | 2008 | Scand J Gastroen- terol2008，32，4： | 1 |
| 18 | The Effect of Small Amounts of Alcohol on the Clinical Course of Chronic Pancreatitis显示文摘 | Mark R. Lankisch Mami Imoto Peter Layer Eugene P. DiMagno | 2001 | Mayo Clinic Proceedings2001，，3： | 1 |
| 19 | Gravity waves and ageostrophic wind forcing显示文摘 | Rogers DP Johnson DW Friehe CA The stable internal boundary layer over a coastal sea Ⅱ | 1995 | J Atmos Sci1995，52，： | 1 |
| 20 | Tests of pancreatic exocrine function – Clinical significance in pancreatic and non-pancreatic disorders显示文摘 | Jutta Keller Ali Alexander Aghdassi Markus M. Lerch Julia V. Mayerle Peter Layer | 2009 | Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology2009，，3： | 1 |
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