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| 1 | Dementia and osteoporosis in a geriatric population: Is there a common link?显示文摘AIM To determine the existence of a common pathological link between dementia and osteoporosis through reviewing the current evidence base. METHODS This paper reviews the current literature on osteoporosis and dementia in order to ascertain evidence of a common predisposing aetiology. A literature search of Ovid MEDLINE(1950 to June 2016) was conducted. The keywords 'osteoporosis', 'osteoporotic fracture', 'dementia' and 'Alzheimer's disease'(AD) were used to determine the theoretical links with the most significant evidence base behind them. The key links were found to be vitamins D and K, calcium, thyroid disease, statins, alcohol and sex steroids. These subjects were then searched in combination with the previous terms and the resulting papers manually examined. Theoretical, in vitro and in vivo research were all used to inform this review which focuses on the most well developed theoretical common causes for dementia(predominantly Alzheimer's type) and osteoporosis.RESULTS Dementia and osteoporosis are multifaceted disease processes with similar epidemiology and a marked increase in prevalence in elderly populations. The existence of a common link between the two has been suggested despite a lack of clear pathological overlap in our current understanding. Research to date has tended to be fragmented and relatively weak in nature with multiple confounding factors reflecting the difficulties of in vivo experimentation in the population of interest. Despite exploration of various possible mechanisms in search for a link between the two pathologies, this paper found that it is possible that these associations are coincidental due to the nature of the evidence available. One finding in this review is that prior investigation into common aetiologies has found raised amyloid beta peptide levels in osteoporotic bone tissue, with a hypothesis that amyloid beta disorders are systemic disorders resulting in differing tissue manifestations. However, our findings were that the most compelling evidence of a common yet independent aetiology lies in the APOE4 allele, which is a well-established risk for AD but also carries an independent association with fracture risk. The mechanism behind this is thought to be the reduced plasma vitamin K levels in individuals exhibiting the APOE4 allele which may be amplified by the nutritional deficiencies associated with dementia, which are known to include vitamins K and D. The vitamin theory postulates that malnutrition and reduced exposure to sunlight in patients with AD leads to vitamin deficiencies. CONCLUSION Robust evidence remains to be produced regarding potential links and regarding the exact aetiology of these diseases and remains relevant given the burden of dementia and osteoporosis in our ageing population. Future research into amyloid beta, APOE4 and vitamins K and D as the most promising aetiological links should be welcomed. | Candice L Downey Adam Young Emily F Burton Simon M Graham Robert J Macfarlane Eva-Maria Tsapakis Eleftherios Tsiridis | 2017 | World Journal of Orthopedics2017，8，5： | 6 |
| 2 | Diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer:summary of NICE guidance显示文摘 | Graham J Baker M Macbeth F | 2008 | BMJ2008，336，： | 1 |
| 3 | Strength and volume change behaviour of a sand-bentonite mixture 显示文摘 | Graham J Saadat F Gray M N | 1989 | Canadian Geotechnical Journal1989，26，2： | 1 |
| 4 | Elevated BNP with normal systolic function in asymptomatic individuals at-risk for heart failure: a marker of diastolic dysfunction and clinical risk 显示文摘 | Karuppiah S Graham F Ledwidge M | 2006 | Ir J Med Sci2006，175，4： | 1 |
| 5 | Prepulse effects as a function of cortical projection system显示文摘 | Perlstein William M Simons Robert F Graham Frances K | 2001 | Biological Psychology2001，56，2： | 1 |
| 6 | Post-thaw plasma membrane integrity of bull spermatozoa separated with a Sephadex ion-exchange column显示文摘 | Anzar M Graham E F Iqbal N | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 7 | The major genetic determinants of HIV-1control affect HLA class I peptide presentation显示文摘 | International HIV Controllers Study Pereyra F Jia X McLaren P J Telenti A de Bakker P I Walker B D Ripke S Brumme C J Pulit S L Carrington M Kadie C M Carlson J M Heckerman D Graham R R Plenge R M Deeks S G Gianniny L Crawford G Sullivan J Gonzalez E Davies L Camargo A Moore JM Beattie N Gupta S Crenshaw A Burtt N P Guiducci C Gupta N Gao X Qi Y Yuki Y Piechocka-Trocha A Cutrell E Rosenberg R Moss K L Lemay P O'Leary J Schaefer T Verma P Toth I Block B Baker B Rothchild A Lian J Proudfoot J Alvino D M Vine S Addo M M Allen T M Altfeld M Henn M R Le Gall S Streeck H Haas D W Kuritzkes D R Robbins G K Shafer R W Gulick R M Shikuma C M Haubrich R Riddler S Sax P E Daar E S Ribaudo H J Agan B Agarwal S Ahern R L Allen B L Altidor S Altschuler E L Ambardar S Anastos K Anderson B Anderson V Andrady U Antoniskis D Bangsberg D Barbaro D Barrie W Bartczak J Barton S Basden P Basgoz N Bazner S Bellos N C Benson A M Berger J Bernard N F Bernard A M Birch C Bodner S J Bolan R K Boudreaux E T Bradley M Braun J F Brndjar J E Brown S J Brown K Brown S T Burack J Bush LM Cafaro V Campbell O Campbell J Carlson R H Carmichael J K Casey K K Cavacuiti C Celestin G Chambers S T Chez N Chirch L M Cimoch P J Cohen D Cohn LE Conway B Cooper D A Cornelson B Cox D T Cristofano M V Cuchural G Jr Czartoski J L Dahman J M Daly J S Davis B T Davis K Davod S M DeJesus E Dietz C A Dunham E Dunn M E Ellerin T B Eron J J Fangman J J Farel C E Ferlazzo H Fidler S Fleenor-Ford A Frankel R Freedberg K A French N K Fuchs JD Fuller J D Gaberman J Gallant J E Gandhi R T Garcia E Garmon D Gathe J C Jr Gaultier C R Gebre W Gilman F D Gilson I Goepfert P A Gottlieb M S Goulston C Groger R K Gurley T D Haber S Hardwicke R Hardy W D Harrigan P R Hawkins T N Heath S Hecht F M Henry W K Hladek M Hoffman R P Horton J M Hsu R K Huhn G D Hunt P Hupert M J Illeman M L Jaeger H Jellinger R M John M Johnson J A Johnson K L Johnson H Johnson K Joly J Jordan W C Kauffman C A Khanlou H Killian R K Kim A Y Kim D D Kinder C A Kirchner J T Kogelman L Kojic E M Korthuis P T Kurisu W Kwon D S LaMar M Lampiris H Lanzafame M Lederman M M Lee D M Lee J M Lee M J Lee E T Lemoine J Levy J A Llibre J M Liguori M A Little S J Liu A Y Lopez A J Loutfy M R Loy D Mohammed D Y Man A Mansour M K Marconi V C Markowitz M Marques R Martin J N Martin H L Jr Mayer K H McElrath M J McGhee T A McGovern B H McGowan K McIntyre D Mcleod GX Menezes P Mesa G Metroka CE Meyer-Olson D Miller A O Montgomery K Mounzer K C Nagami E H Nagin I Nahass R G Nelson M O Nielsen C Norene D L O'Connor D H Ojikutu B O Okulicz J Oladehin O O Oldfield E C Olender S A Ostrowski M Owen WF Jr Pae E Parsonnet J Pavlatos A M Perlmutter A M Pierce M N Pincus J M Pisani L Price L J Proia L Prokesch R C Pujet H C Ramgopal M Rathod A Rausch M Ravishankar J Rhame F S Richards C S Richman D D Rodes B Rodriguez M Rose R C 3rd Rosenberg E S Rosenthal D Ross P E Rubin D S Rumbaugh E Saenz L Salvaggio M R Sanchez WC Sanjana V M Santiago S Schmidt W Schuitemaker H Sestak P M Shalit P Shay W Shirvani V N Silebi V I Sizemore J M Jr Skolnik P R Sokol-Anderson M Sosman J M Stabile P Stapleton J T Starrett S Stein F Stellbrink H J Sterman FL Stone V E Stone D R Tambussi G Taplitz R A Tedaldi E M Telenti A Theisen W Torres R Tosiello L Tremblay C Tribble M A Trinh P D Tsao A Ueda P Vaccaro A Valadas E Vanig T J Vecino I Vega V M Veikley W Wade B H Walworth C Wanidworanun C Ward D J Warner D A Weber R D Webster D Weis S Wheeler D A White D J Wilkins E Winston A Wlodaver C G van't Wout A Wright D P Yang O O Yurdin D L Zabukovic B W Zachary K C Zeeman B Zhao M | 2010 | Science2010，330，6010： | 1 |
| 8 | Predictive model of the effect of temperature,pH and sodium chloride on growth from spores of non-proteolytic Clostridium botulinum显示文摘 | Graham A F Mason D R Peck M W | 1996 | International Journal of Food Microbiology1996，31，13： | 1 |
| 9 | Ecological Epidemiology:the Role of Landscape Structure in the Transmission Risk of the Fox Tapeworm Echinococcus Multilocularis(Leukart 1863) (Cestoda:Cyclophyllidea:Taeniidae)显示文摘 | Graham A J Danson F M Craig P S | 2005 | Progress in Physical Geography2005，9，： | 1 |
| 10 | Meta analysis:Proton pump inhibitor or H2-receptor antagonist for Helicobacterpylori eradication显示文摘 | Graham D Y Hammoud F el-Zimaity H M | 2003 | Aliment PharmacolTher2003，17，： | 1 |
| 11 | Xenon purity analysis for exo-200 via mass spectrometry 显示文摘 | Dobi A Hall C Slutsky S Yen Y R Aharmin B Auger M Barbeau P S Benitez-Medina C Breidenbach M Cleveland B Conley R Cook J Cook S Counts I Craddock W Daniels T Davis C G Davis J Devoe R Dixit M Dolinski M J Donato K Fairbank Jr W Farine J Fierlinger P Franco D Giroux G Gornea R Graham K Gratta G Green C Hagemann C Hall K Hallman D Hargrove C Herrin S Hughes M Hodgson J Juget F Karelin A Kaufman L J Kuchenkov A Kumar K Leonard D S Lutter G Mackay D Maclellan R Marino M Mong B Montero Diez M Morgan P MUller A R Neilson R Odian A Oullivan K Piepke A Pocar A Prescott C Y Pushkin K Rivas A Rollin E Rowson P C Sabourov A Sinclair D Skarpaas K Stekhanov V Strickland V Swift M Twelker K Vuilleumier J L Vuilleumier J M Weber M Wichoski U Wodin J Wright J D Yang L | 2012 | Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment2012，675，： | 1 |
| 12 | The ORION statement: guidelines for transparent reporting of outbreak reports and intervention studies of nosocomial infection显示文摘 | Sheldon P Stone Ben S Cooper Chris C Kibbler Barry D Cookson Jenny A Roberts Graham F Medley Georgia Duckworth Rosalind Lai Shah Ebrahim Erwin M Brown Phil J Wiffen Peter G Davey | 2007 | The Lancet Infectious Diseases2007，，4： | 1 |
| 13 | Recombineering mycobacteria and their phages显示文摘 | Julia C V K Laura J M Graham F H | 2008 | Nat Rev Microbiol2008，6，11： | 1 |
| 14 | Ultrastructure of the domestic tom cat (Fells domestica) and tiger (Panthera tigris al taica) spermatozoa显示文摘 | SCHMEHL M L GRAHAM E F | 1989 | Theriogenology1989，31，4： | 1 |
| 15 | An ion probe study of anhydrous oxygen diffusion in anorthite: A comparison with hydrothermal data and some geological implications 显示文摘 | Elphiek S C Graham C M Dennis P F | 1988 | Contrib Mineral Petrol1988，100，： | 1 |
| 16 | Reaction of nitrogen oxides with carbon black: an FTIR study 显示文摘 | Smith D M Welch W F Graham S M | 1988 | Appl Spectrosc1988，42，： | 1 |
| 17 | Multi-scale Spatial Analysis of Human Alveolar Echinococcosis Risk in China显示文摘 | Danson F M Graham A J Pleydell D R J | 2003 | Parasitology2003，127，： | 1 |
| 18 | Multiplex as- say to identify eggs of three fish species from the northern Gulf of Mexico, using locked nucleic acid Taqman real - time PCR probes 显示文摘 | Bayha K M Graham W M Hernandez F J | 2008 | Aquat Biol2008，4，： | 1 |
| 19 | Expression and genome organization of resistance gene analogs in soy bean 显示文摘 | Graham M A Marek L F Lohnes D | 2000 | Genome2000，43，： | 1 |
| 20 | 显示文摘 | Ge J J Hou H Q Graham M J Greiner A Reneker D Harris F W Cheng S Z | 2004 | JACS2004，126，15： | 1 |
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