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| 1 | Silvicultural alternatives to conventional even-aged forest man-agement-what limits global adoption?显示文摘Background: The development of forestry as a scientific and management discipline over the last two centuries has mainly emphasized intensive management operations focused on increased commodity production, mostly wood. This 'conventional' forest management approach has typically favored production of even-aged, single-species stands. While alternative management regimes have generally received less attention, this has been changing over the last three decades, especially in countries with developed economies. Reasons for this change include a combination of new information and concerns about the ecological consequences of intensive forestry practices and a willingness on the part of many forest owners and society to embrace a wider set of management objectives. Alternative silvicultural approaches are characterized by a set of fundamental principles, including avoidance of clearcutting, an emphasis on structural diversity and small-scale variability, deployment of mixed species with natural regeneration,and avoidance of intensive site-preparation methods.Methods: Our compilation of the authors' experiences and perspectives from various parts of the world aims to initiate a larger discussion concerning the constraints to and the potential of adopting alternative silvicultural practices.Results: The results suggest that a wider adoption of alternative silvicultural practices is currently hindered by a suite of ecological, economic, logistical, informational, cultural, and historical constraints. Individual contexts display their own unique combinations and relative significance of these constraints, and accordingly, targeted efforts, such as regulations and incentives, may help to overcome specific challenges.Conclusions: In a broader context, we propose that less emphases on strict applications of principles and on stand structures might provide additional flexibility and facilitate the adoption of alternative silvicultural regimes in a broader set of circumstances. At the same time, the acceptance of alternative silvicultural systems as the 'preferred or default mode of management' wil necessitate and benefit from the continued development of the scientific basis and valuation of a variety of ecosystem goods and services. This publication is aimed to further the discussion in this context. | Klaus J Puettmann Scott McG Wilson Susan C Baker Pablo J Donoso Lars Dr?ssler Girma Amente Brian D Harvey Thomas Knoke Yuanchang Lu Susanna Nocentini Francis E Putz Toshiya Yoshida Jürgen Bauhus | 2015 | Forest Ecosystems2015，2，2： | 4 |
| 2 | bZIP transcription factors in Arabidopsis显示文摘 | Marc Jakoby Bernd Weisshaar Wolfgang Dr?ge-Laser Jesus Vicente-Carbajosa Jens Tiedemann Thomas Kroj Fran?ois Parcy | 2002 | Trends in Plant Science2002，，3： | 2 |
| 3 | Insulin resistance syn- drome in the elderly: assessment of functional, biochemical, metabolic, and inflammatory status显示文摘 | Banks WA Willoughby LM Thomas DR | 2007 | Diabetes Care2007，30，9： | 1 |
| 4 | An instrument to measure healing in pressure ulcers:Development and validation of the pressure ulcer scale for healing (PUSH)显示文摘 | Stotts NA Rodeheaver GT Thomas DR | 2001 | Gerontol A Biol Sei Med Sci2001，56，： | 1 |
| 5 | Tubers and tumors: rapamyein therapy for benign and malignant tumors显示文摘 | Plas DR Thomas G | 2009 | CUXT Opin Cell Biol2009，21，2： | 1 |
| 6 | Risk factors for extrahepatic bile duct cancers: Los Angeles County, California (USA)显示文摘 | Drs Wong-Ho Chow Dr Joseph K. McLaughlin Dr Herman R. Menck Dr Thomas M. Mack | 1994 | Cancer Causes & Control1994，，3： | 1 |
| 7 | High Prognostic Impact of Flow Cytometric Minimal Residual Disease Detection in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Data From the HOVON/SAKK AML 42A Study显示文摘 | Monique Terwijn Wim L.J. van Putten Angèle Kelder Vincent H.J. van der Velden Rik A. Brooimans Thomas Pabst Johan Maertens Nancy Boeckx Georgine E. de Greef Peter J.M. Valk Frank W.M.B. Preijers Peter C. Huijgens Angelika M. Dr?ger Urs Schanz Mojca Jongen | 2013 | Journal of Clinical Oncology2013，，31： | 1 |
| 8 | Prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers显示文摘 | Thomas DR | 2006 | Am Med Direct Associa2006，7，1： | 1 |
| 9 | Positional change in blood pressure and 8-year risk of hypertension:the CARDIA Study显示文摘 | Thomas RJ Liu K Jacobs DR | | 0，，08： | 1 |
| 10 | Characteristics of stem cells from human neuroblastoma cell lines and in tumors显示文摘 | Walton JD Kattan DR Thomas SK | 2004 | Neoplasia2004，6，6： | 1 |
| 11 | Comparative performance of the 16S rRNA gene in DNA barcoding of amphibians显示文摘 | Vences M Thomas M van der Meijden A Chiari Y Vieites DR | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 12 | - SB - 269970 - A selective antagonist radioligand for 5 - HT7 receptors 显示文摘 | Thomas DR Atkinson PJ Ho M | 2000 | British journal of pharmacology2000，130，2： | 1 |
| 13 | Nutrition assessment in long-term care显示文摘 | Thomas DR | 2008 | Nutr Clin Pract2008，23，4： | 1 |
| 14 | Positional change in blood pressure and 8-year risk of hypertension:The CARDIA Study显示文摘 | Thomas RJ Liu K Jacobs DR Jr | 2003 | Mayo Clin Proc2003，78，8： | 1 |
| 15 | Telomerase expression in sebaceous lesions of the skin 显示文摘 | Olsen SH Su LD Thomas D Fullen DR | 2007 | J Cutan Pathol2007，34，5： | 1 |
| 16 | Fraction- al exhaled nitric oxide in asthma: an update 显示文摘 | SANDRINI A TAYLOR DR THOMAS PS | 2009 | Respirologe2009，15，： | 1 |
| 17 | Complications of plasma exchange in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome: A study of 78 additional patients 显示文摘 | McMinn JR Thomas IA Terrell DR | 2003 | Transfusion2003，43，4： | 1 |
| 18 | Borna disease virus and the evidence for human pathogenicity: a systematic review显示文摘 | Chalmers RM Thomas DR Salmon RL | 2005 | Qjm2005，98，4： | 1 |
| 19 | Malnutrition in subacute care显示文摘 | Thomas DR Zdrowski CD Wilson MM | 2002 | Am J Clin Nutr2002，75，2： | 1 |
| 20 | Cluster analysis of immunohistochemical profiles in synovial sarcoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, and Ewing sarcoma显示文摘 | Olsen SH Thomas DG Lucas DR | 2006 | Mod Pathol2006，19，5： | 1 |
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