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| 1 | Diagnostic dilemma of abdominal tuberculosis in non-HIV patients:An ongoing challenge for physicians显示文摘AIM: To assess the clinical features, yield of the diagnostic tests and outcome of abdominal tuberculosis in non-HIV patients. METHODS: Adult patients with discharge diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis (based upon; positive microbiology, histo-pathology, imaging or response to trial of anti TB drugs) during the period 1999 to 2004 were analyzed. Patient’s characteristics, laboratory investigations, radiological, endoscopic and surgical findings were evaluated. Abdominal site involved (intestinal, peritoneal, visceral, and nodal) and response to treatment was also noted. RESULTS: There were 209 patients enrolled. One hundred and twenty-three (59%) were females. Symptoms were abdominal pain 194 (93%), fever 134 (64%), night sweats 99 (48%), weight loss 98 (47%), vomiting 75 (36%), ascites 74 (35%), constipation 64 (31%), and diarrhea 25 (12%). Sub-acute and acute intestinal obstruction was seen in 28 (13%) and 12 (11%) respectively. Radiological evidence of pulmonary tuberculosis was found in 134 (64%) patients. Basis of diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis were radiology (Chest and barium X-Rays, Ultrasound and CT scan abdomen) in 111 (53%) and histo-pathology (tissue obtained during surgery, colonoscopy, CT or ultrasound guided biopsy, laparoscopy and upper gastro intestinal endoscopy) in 87 (42%) patients. Mycobacterium culture was positive in 6/87 (7%) patients and response to therapeutic trial of anti tubercular drugs was the basis of diagnosis in 5 (2.3%) patients. Predominant site of involvement by abdominal TB was intestinal in 103 (49%) patients, peritoneal in 87 (42%) patients, solid viscera in 10 (5%) and nodal in 9 (4%) patients. Response to medical treatment was found in 158 (76%) patients andadditionally 35 (17%) patients also underwent surgery. In a 425 ± 120 d follow-up period 12 patients died (eight post operative) and no case of relapse was noted. CONCLUSION: Abdominal TB has diverse and non- specific symptomatology. No single test is adequate for diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis in all patients. Abdominal TB in non-HIV patients remains an ongoing diagnostic dilemma requiring a high index of clinical suspicion. | Rustam Khan Shahab Abid Wasim Jafri Zaigham Abbas Khalid Hameed Zubair Ahmad | 2006 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2006，12，39： | 17 |
| 2 | Serum cholinesterase: A predictive biomarker of hepatic reserves in chronic hepatitis D显示文摘AIM To determine the predictive performance of cholinesterase compared to existing prognostic models in evaluating liver function in patients with chronic hepatitis D.METHODS In an observational, cross-sectional and retrospective study, consecutive patients with hepatitis D cirrhosis were evaluated. Demographic, clinical and laboratory parameters were recorded. Serum cholinesterase levels were correlated with existing scoring models for chronic liver disease and Liver function tests. Receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curves were constructed to find an optimal cholinesterase level predicting ascites, Child Turcotte Pugh(CTP) score ≥ 10, model for end stage liver disease(MELD) score ≥ 15, baseline-event-anticipation(BEA) score for hepatitis D ≥ 5 and the aspartate transaminase to Platelet Ratio Index(APRI) ≥ 1.5. RESULTS This study investigated 233 patients with chronic liver disease due to hepatitis D; 192 were male, median age 42(16-69 years). Fifty patients had ascites and 15 had encephalopathy. One hundred and sixty-seven(71.7%) were in Child class A, 52(22.3%) in Child class B and 14(5.0%) in class C. A MELD score of 15 or more was seen in 24 patients. Cholinesterase levels correlated well with the INR, albumin, CTP score, MELD, MELD sodium, BEA and APRI scores(P < 0.001 each). Area under the ROC curve for ascites, CTP ≥ 10, MELD ≥ 15, BEA ≥ 5, APRI ≥ 1.5 was 0.836, 0.966, 0.913, 0.871 and 0.825 respectively(P < 0.001 each). Cut off values of cholinesterase(IU/L) for predicting ascites, CTP ≥ 10, MELD ≥ 15, BEA ≥ 5 and APRI ≥ 1.5were < 3812, < 2853, < 2829, < 4719 and < 3954 with a sensitivity of 80%, 100%, 91.67%, 82.50%, 58.0% and specificity of 81.97%, 84.79%, 87.56%, 77.06% and 55.64% respectively. CONCLUSION Serum cholinesterase demonstrates promising correlations with serum albumin, INR and CTP, MELD, BEA and APRI scores and is predictive of liver reserves in hepatitis D cirrhosis. | Minaam Abbas Zaigham Abbas | 2017 | World Journal of Hepatology2017，9，22： | 14 |
| 3 | Predictive factors for early aspiration in liver abscess显示文摘AIM: To determine the predictive factors for early aspiration in liver abscess. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of all patients with liver abscess from 1995 to 2004 was performed. Abscess was diagnosed as amebic in 661 (68%) patients, pyogenic in 200 (21%), indeterminate in 73 (8%) and mixed in 32 (3%). Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine predictive factors for aspiration of liver abscess. RESULTS: A total of 966 patients, 738 (76%) male, mean age 43 ± 17 years, were evaluated: 540 patients responded to medical therapy while adjunctive percutaneous aspiration was performed in 426 patients. Predictive factors for aspiration of liver abscess were: age ≥ 55 years, size of abscess ≥ 5 cm, involvement of both lobes of the liver and duration of symptoms ≥ 7 d. Hospital stay in the aspiration group was relatively longer than in the non aspiration group. Twelve patients died in the aspiration group and this mortality was not statistically significant when compared to the non aspiration group. CONCLUSION: Patients with advanced age, abscess size > 5 cm, both lobes of the liver involvement and duration of symptoms > 7 d were likely to undergo aspiration of the liver abscess, regardless of etiology. | Rustam Khan Saeed Hamid Shahab Abid Wasim Jafri Zaigham Abbas Mohammed Islam Hasnain Shan Shaalan Beg | 2008 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2008，14，13： | 8 |
| 4 | Effect of cytokine gene polymorphism on histological activity index, viral load and response to treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 3显示文摘AIM: To investigate the association between cytokine gene polymorphism and disease status in chronic hepatitis C genotype 3 by liver biopsy, ALT, HCV RNA levels and response to treatment.METHODS: Patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 3 were analyzed for single nucleotide polymorphisms of interleukin (IL)-10, IL-1 beta, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ),tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) by polymerase chain reaction using sequence-specific oligonucleotide primers. Liver biopsies were assessed by modified histological activity index (HAI) scoring system using a scale of 0-18 for grading the necro-inflammatory activity and 0-6 for staging the fibrosis. HCV RNA levels were determined by bDNA assay. The patients were treated with interferon alpha and ribavirin for 6 mo. Sustained virological response was assessed 6 mo after the completion of the treatment.RESULTS: Out of the 40 patients analyzed, 26 were males. Mean age was 40.5±12.5 years (range 18-65 years). The frequencies of different dimorphic polymorphisms based on single nucleotide substitution were as follows: IL-10-1082 G/A 85%, A/A 12.5%, G/G 2.5%; IL-10-819 A/C 87.5%, C/C 10%, A/A 2.5%;IL-10-592 C/A 72.5%, C/C 27.5%; IL-1 C 90%, U 10%;IFN-874 T/A 50%, T/T 27.5%, A/A 22.5%; TNF-308A/G 95%, G/G 5%; TGF-10 T/C 52.5%, C/C 35%, T/T 12.5%. The mean grades of necro-inflammatoryactivity of different genotypes of IL-10 at promoter site -1082were A/A = 3.6, A/G = 5.0, and G/G = 10.0 and the difference was significant (P = 0.029). The difference in the stage of disease at a scale of 0-6 was A/A 0.8, A/G 2.3, and G/G 4.0 (P = 0.079). The difference in the HAI seemed to be related to the presence of allele -1082G.For IL-10 -819 genotypes, mean scores of fibrosis were A/A = 6.0, A/C = 2.2, and C/C = 1.0 (P = 0.020)though the inflammatory activity was not much different.No significant differences in HAI were noted among polymorphisms of other cytokines. Moreover, ALT and HCV RNA levels were not significantly different among different cytokine polymorphisms. There was a significant correlation of HAI and HCV RNA levels with the duration of disease. TGFβ -10 genotype CC patients had a better end of treatment response than those with other genotypes (P = 0.020). Sustained virological response to the treatment was not influenced by the cytokine polymorphism. No effect of other factors like viral load,degree of fibrosis, gender, steatosis, was observed on sustained virological response in this population infected with genotype 3.CONCLUSION: There is no significant correlation between cytokine polymorphisms and HAI except for the polymorphisms of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10,which may influence hepatic inflammatory activity and fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 3.Sustained virological response in this genotype does not seem to be influenced by cytokine gene polymorphisms. | Zaigham Abbas Tariq Moatter Akber Hussainy Wasim Jafri | 2005 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2005，11，42： | 7 |
| 5 | Hepatitis D: Scenario in the Asia-Pacifi c region显示文摘Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection is present worldwide and affects all age groups. Around 18 million people are estimated to be infected with HDV. An important trend in HDV infection is global decline. HDV prevalence has decreased significantly in Europe since the 1970s and 1980s when it was f irst reported. The Asia-Pacif ic region now seems to be where HDV is a major health concern. There is a lack of available data from most of the countries from this region; hence, the true status of HDV cannot be determined. In South Asia, most of the countries have conditions that are favorable for the spread of hepatitis B and other related infections. Countries like Pakistan and Iran have shown an increase in HDV prevalence over a period of time. Other countries and region like China, Turkey, Australia, Japan, India and Taiwan, some of which had very high HDV prevalence in the past, have shown a decline in the incidence, but high prevalence persists in some. Intravenous drug abusers, homosexual men and women, prostitutes, and people on hemodialysis are the groups with very high HDV prevalence. | Zaigham Abbas Wasim Jafri Sajjad Raza | 2010 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2010，16，5： | 6 |
| 6 | Life cycle and pathogenesis of hepatitis D virus:A review显示文摘Hepatitis D virus(HDV) is a defective RNA virus which requires the help of hepatitis B virus(HBV) virus for its replication and assembly of new virions. HDV genome contains only one actively transcribed open reading frame which encodes for two isoforms of hepatitis delta antigen. Post-translational modifications of small and large delta antigens(S-HDAg and L-HDAg) involving phosphorylation and isoprenylation respectively con- fer these antigens their specific properties. S-HDAg is required for the initiation of the viral genome replica- tion, whereas L-HDAg serves as a principal inhibitor of replication and is essential for the assembly of new virion particles. Immune mediation has usually been implicated in HDV-associated liver damage. The patho- genesis of HDV mainly involves interferon-α signaling inhibition, HDV-specific T-lymphocyte activation and cytokine responses, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nuclear factor kappa B signaling. Due to limited protein coding capacity, HDV makes use of host cel- lular proteins to accomplish their life cycle processes, including transcription, replication, post-transcriptional and translational modifications. This intimate host- pathogen interaction significantly alters cell proteome and is associated with an augmented expression of pro-inflammatory, growth and anti-apoptotic factorswhich explains severe necroinflammation and increased cell survival and an early progression to hepatocellular carcinoma in HDV patients. The understanding of the process of viral replication, HBV-HDV interactions, and etio-pathogenesis of the severe course of HDV infection is helpful in identifying the potential therapeutic targets in the virus life cycle for the prophylaxis and treatment of HDV infection and complications. | Zaigham Abbas Rafia Afzal | 2013 | World Journal of Hepatology2013，5，12： | 6 |
| 7 | Hepatitis D and hepatocellular carcinoma显示文摘Hepatitis D virus(HDV) is a defective circular shape single stranded HDV RNA virus with two types of viral proteins,small and large hepatitis D antigens,surrounded by hepatitis B surface antigen.Superinfection with HDV in chronic hepatitis B is associated with a more threatening form of liver disease leading to rapid progression to cirrhosis.In spite of some controversy in the epidemiological studies,HDV infection does increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) compared to hepatitis B virus(HBV) monoinfection.Hepatic decompensation,rather than development of HCC,is the first usual clinical endpoint during the course of HDV infection.Oxidative stress as a result of severe necroinflammation may progress to HCC.The large hepatitis D antigen is a regulator of various cellular functions and an activator of signal transducer and activator of transcription(STAT)3 and the nuclear factor kappa B pathway.Another proposed epigenetic mechanism by which HCC may form is the aberrant silencing of tumor suppressor genes by DNA Methyltransferases.HDV antigens have also been associated with increased histone H3 acetylation of the clusterin promoter.This enhances the expression of clusterin in infected cells,increasing cell survival potential.Any contribution of HBV DNA integration with chromosomes of infected hepatocytes is not clear at this stage.The targeted inhibition of STAT3 and cyclophilin,and augmentation of peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor γ have a potential therapeutic role in HCC. | Zaigham Abbas Minaam Abbas Sarim Abbas Lubna Shazi | 2015 | World Journal of Hepatology2015，7，5： | 5 |
| 8 | Gastric juice for the diagnosis of H pylori infection in patients on proton pump inhibitors显示文摘AIM: To determine the efficacy of gastric juice polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of H pylori infection in comparison with histology and gastric antral biopsy PCR in patients on a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). METHODS: Eighty-five consecutive patients with dyspeptic symptoms were enrolled. Gastric biopsies for histology, PCR and gastric juice were collected at endoscopy for PCR of the H pylori urease C gene (ure C). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), accuracy, positive and negative likelihood ratio for PCR of gastric juice for the H pylori ure C gene was compared to histology and gastric antral biopsy H pylori ure C PCR in patients with and without PPI. RESULTS: Gastric juice PCR was positive in 66 (78%) patients. Histology showed H pylori associated gastritis in 57 (67%). Gastric biopsy PCR was positive in 72 (85%). In patients not taking PPI, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, accuracy and positive and negative likelihood ratio for gastric juice PCR were 89%, 72%, 91%, 67%, 90%, 85%, 3.1 and 0.1 respectively. In patients on PPI these values were 86%, 100%%, 100%, 29%, 86%, 9.5 and 1.4, respectively. CONCLUSION: Gastric juice PCR for the diagnosis of H pylori infection has increased sensitivity compared to histology with PPI. The use of gastric juice PCR is recommended to confirm H pylori status in patients taking PPIs. | Javed Yakoob Shahid Rasool Zaigham Abbas Wasim Jafri Shahab Abid Muhammad Islam Zubair Ahmad | 2008 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2008，14，10： | 4 |
| 9 | 在开发国家的肝炎 B 的管理显示文摘 Hepatitis B is one of the leading causes of chronic hepatitis in developing countries, with 5% to 15% of the population carrying virus. The high prevalence is due to failure to adopt appropriate measure to confine the spread of infection. Most hepatitis B patients present with advanced diseases. Although perinatal transmission is believed to be an important mode, most infections in the developing world occur in childhood and early adulthood. Factors in developing countries associated with the progression of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) include coinfections with human immunodeficiency virus, delta hepatitis virus, hepatitis C virus, alcohol intake and aflatoxin. Treatment protocols extrapolated from developed countries may need modifications according to the resources available. There is some controversy as to when to start treatment, with what medication and for how long? There is now enough evidence to support that hepatitis B patients should be considered for treatment if they show persistently elevated abnormal aminotransferase levels in the last 6 mo, checked on at least three separate occasions, and a serum hepatitis B virus DNA level of > 2000 IU/mL. Therapeutic agents that were approved by Pure Food and Drug Administration are now available in many developing countries. These include standard interferon (INF)-α, pegylatedINF-α, lamivudine, adefovir, entecavir and telbivudine. Drug resistance has emerged as a major challenge in the management of patients with CHB. The role of the universal vaccination program for effective control of hepatitis B cannot be emphasized enough. | Zaigham Abbas Adeel R Siddiqui | 2011 | World Journal of Hepatology2011，3，12： | 3 |
| 10 | Clinical presentation and genotype of hepatitis delta in Karachi显示文摘AIM: To assess the clinical presentation and genotypes of delta hepatitis in local population. METHODS: In this prospective study, 39 consecutive patients who were positive for HBsAg and hepatitis D virus (HDV) antibody were included. The patients were divided in two groups on the basis of presence or absence of HDV RNA and a comparative study was done. Genotype of HDV was determined in PCR positive patients. RESULTS: Overall there is male dominance, in which 34 patients out of 39 (87.2%) were male. Twenty (51%) patients were from the adjacent areas of three provinces; Sindh, Punjab and Balochistan indicating the higher prevalence of delta hepatitis in this mid region of Pakistan. Patients of all age groups were affected with delta hepatitis (median 31.5 years, range 12-75). HDV RNA was detectable in 23 patients (59%). All the HDV strains belonged to genotypeⅠ. HBV DNA was detectable only in 3 cases who were also HBeAg and HDV RNA positive. Patients with detectable HDV RNA were younger than patients with undetectable RNA; mean age 29.7 ± 12.8 years vs 36.8 ± 15.2. There were no statistically significant differences in the clinical presentation and routine biochemical profile of patients with detectable or undetectable HDV RNA. Clinical cirrhosis was present in 19 (49%) patients; 12 with detectable RNA and 7 with undetectable HDV RNA (P = 0.748). Decompensated disease was seen in eight patients; five and three respectively from each group. Four patients with undetectable RNA and two patients with detectable RNA had normal ALT and ultrasound abdomen. CONCLUSION: HDV may infect at any age, usuallyyoung adult males. GenotypeⅠ is prevalent. With time some of the patients become HDV RNA negative or asymptomatic carrier. Most of the patients have suppressed HBV DNA replication. Significant numbers of patients have cirrhosis. | Tariq Moatter Zaigham Abbas Sabhita Shabir Wasim Jafri | 2007 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2007，13，18： | 3 |
| 11 | World Gastroenterology Organisation Global Guidelines: Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis显示文摘 | Douglas R. LaBrecque Zaigham Abbas Frank Anania Peter Ferenci Aamir G. Khan Khean-Lee Goh Saeed S. Hamid Vasily Isakov Maribel Lizarzabal Manuel M. Pe?aranda Juan F.R. Ramos Shiv Sarin Davor Stimac Alan B.R. Thomson Muhammed Umar Justus Krabshuis Anton Le | 2014 | Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology2014，，6： | 3 |
| 12 | Renewable hot dry rock geothermal energy source and its potential in Pakistan显示文摘 | Zaigham N A Nayyar Z A | 2010 | Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews2010，14，3： | 1 |
| 13 | Furazolidone, Co-amoxiclav, Colloidal Bismuth Subcitrate, and Esomeprazole for Patients Who Failed to Eradicate Helicobacter pylori with Triple Therapy显示文摘 | Zaigham Abbas Javed Yakoob Shahab Abid Wasim Jafri Muhammad Islam Zahid Azam Imran Hilal | 2009 | Digestive Diseases and Sciences2009，，9： | 1 |
| 14 | Unusual presentation of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-related cirrhosis in a patient with celiac disease and microscopic colitis显示文摘 | Muhammed Manzoor Rajesh Wadhwa Zaigham Abbas Syed Hasan Nasir Luck Muhammed Mubarak | 2014 | Journal of Translational Internal Medicine2014，，4： | 1 |
| 15 | Left liver lobe diameter albumin ratio as a predictor of esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis: A preliminary report显示文摘 | Syed Laeeq Nasir Luck Rajesh Wadhwa Zaigham Abbas Syed Hasan Mahira Younus Muhammed Mubarak | 2014 | Journal of Translational Internal Medicine2014，，4： | 1 |
| 16 | Co-treatment with pegylated interferon alfa-2a and entecavir for hepatitis D: a randomized trial显示文摘AIM: To investigate the efficacy of pegylated interferon alfa(PEG-IFNα) therapy with and without entecavir in patients with chronic hepatitis D. METHODS: Forty hepatitis D virus(HDV) RNA positive patients were randomized to receive either PEG-IFNα-2a 180 μg weekly in combination with entecavir 0.5 mg daily(n = 21) or PEG-IFNα alone(n =19). Patients who failed to show 2 log reduction in HDV RNA level at 24 wk of treatment, or had detectable HDV RNA at 48 wk of therapy were considered as treatment failure. Treatment was continued for 72 wk in the rest of the patients. All the patients were followed for 24 wk post treatment. Intention to treat analysis was performed.RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 26.7 ± 6.8 years, 31 were male. Two log reduction in HDV RNA levels at 24 wk of therapy was achieved in 9(43%) patients receiving combination therapy and 12(63%) patients receiving PEG-IFNα alone(P = 0.199). Decline in hepatitis B surface antigen(HBs Ag) levels was insignificant. At the end of treatment, HDV RNA was negative in 8 patients(38%) receiving combination therapy and 10 patients(53%) receiving PEG-IFNα-2a alone. Virological response persisted in 7(33%) and 8(42%) patients, respectively at the end of the 24 wk follow-up period. One responder patient in the combination arm lost HBs Ag and became hepatitis B surface antibody positive. Six out of 14 baseline hepatitis B e antigen reactive patients seroconverted and four of these seroconverted patients had persistent HDV RNA clearance.CONCLUSION: Administration of PEG-IFNα-2a with or without entecavir, resulted in persistent HDV RNA clearance in 37% of patients. The addition of entecavir did not improve the overall response. | Zaigham Abbas Mohammad Sadik Memon Muhammad Amir Umer Minaam Abbas Lubna Shazi | 2016 | World Journal of Hepatology2016，8，14： | 1 |
| 17 | WorldGastroenterology Organisation global guidelines :nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholicsteatohepatitis 显示文摘 | Labrecque DR Zaigham A Frank A | 2014 | J Clin Gastroenterol?2014，48，6： | 1 |
| 18 | Acute-on-chronic liver failure: consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL) 2014显示文摘 | Shiv Kumar Sarin Chandan Kumar Kedarisetty Zaigham Abbas Deepak Amarapurkar Chhagan Bihari Albert C. Chan Yogesh Kumar Chawla A. Kadir Dokmeci Hitendra Garg Hasmik Ghazinyan Saeed Hamid Dong Joon Kim Piyawat Komolmit Suman Lata Guan Huei Lee Laurentius A. | 2014 | Hepatology International2014，，4： | 1 |
| 19 | Exchange Coupling and Magnetic Behavior of SmCo_(5-x)Sn_x Alloys显示文摘Exchange coupling and magnetic properties of SmCo5 alloys containing different amounts of Sn were investigated in sintered magnets.X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the formation of Sm2Co17 and Sm2Co7 phases in SmCo5 matrix.Exchange coupling mechanism was evaluated by switching field distribution,dcdemagnetization and magnetization curves as function of reverse applied field.Energy product of 59.2 kJ/m 3(7.4 MGOe),remanent magnetization to maximum magnetization ratio of 0.97 and remanence coercivity to intrinsic coercivity ratio of 1.75 were achieved for 0.2 at.% Sn. | Hamid Zaigham F.Ahmad Khalid | 2011 | Journal of Materials Science & Technology2011，27，3： | 1 |
| 20 | Cost saving by reloading the multiband ligator in endoscopic esophageal variceal ligation: A proposal for developing countries显示文摘AIM:To assess the cost savings of reloading the multiband ligator in endoscopic esophageal variceal ligation (EVL) used on the same patient for subsequent sessions. METHODS:This single centre retrospective descriptive study analysed patients undergoing variceal ligation at a tertiary care centre between 1st January, 2003 and 30th June, 2006. The multiband ligator was reloaded with six hemorrhoidal bands using hemorrhoidal ligator for the second and subsequent sessions. Analysis of cost saving was done for the number of follow-up sessions for the variceal eradication. RESULTS:A total of 261 patients underwent at least one session of endoscopic esophageal variceal ligation between January 2003 and June 2006. Out of 261, 108 patients (males 67) agreed to follow the eradication program and underwent repeated sessions. A total of 304 sessions was performed with 2.81 sessions per patient on average. Thirty-two patients could not complete the programm. In 76 patients (70%), variceal obliteration was achieved. The ratio of the costs for the session with reloaded ligator versus a session with a new ligator was 1:2.37. Among the patients who completed esophageal varices eradication, cost saving with reloaded ligator was 58%. CONCLUSION:EVL using reloaded multiband ligators for the follow-up sessions on patients undergoing variceal eradication is a cost saving procedure. Reloading the ligator thus is recommended especially for developing countries where most of the patients are not health insured. | Zaigham Abbas Lubna Rizvi Umair Syed Ahmed Khalid Mumtaz Wasim Jafri | 2008 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2008，14，14： | 0 |
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