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| 1 | 钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白-2抑制剂或胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂治疗成人2型糖尿病:临床实践指南显示文摘临床问题对于存在不同心血管风险及肾脏结局的2型糖尿病患者,在原有生活方式干预和/或其他降糖药物的基础上加用钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白2(SGLT-2)抑制剂和胰高血糖素样肽1(GLP-1)受体激动剂的获益及风险是什么?现行做法几十年来,2型糖尿病的治疗决策都以控制血糖为主导。SGLT-2抑制剂和GLP-1受体激动剂在传统观念中常被用于二甲双胍治疗后血糖仍控制不佳的患者。目前这一现状已经发生了改变,这得益于多项临床研究结果。研究显示SGLT-2抑制剂和GLP-1受体激动剂拥有独立于药物降糖作用之外的对于动脉粥样硬化性心血管病(CVD)和慢性肾脏病(CKD)的获益。建议本指南阐述了针对不同风险分层的成人2型糖尿病患者使用SGLT-2抑制剂或GLP-1受体激动剂的建议。•伴有3种或更少的心血管风险因素且不存在CVD或CKD:不建议启动SGLT-2抑制剂或GLP-1受体激动剂治疗。(推荐等级:弱)•伴有3种以上心血管风险因素且不存在CVD或CKD:建议启动SGLT-2抑制剂治疗,不建议启动GLP-1受体激动剂治疗。(推荐等级:弱)•已经存在CVD或CKD:建议启动SGLT-2抑制剂治疗和GLP-1受体激动剂治疗。(推荐等级:弱)•已经存在CVD和CKD:建议启动SGLT-2抑制剂治疗(推荐等级:强)和GLP-1受体激动剂治疗。(推荐等级:弱)•对于那些想要进一步降低CVD和CKD结局风险的患者:推荐优先启用SGLT-2抑制剂治疗而非GLP-1受体激动剂治疗。(推荐等级:弱)这项指南是如何制订的一个由患者、临床医生和方法学家共同组成的国际小组提出了这些推荐意见。这些推荐意见基于可信度较高的指南的标准,并使用GRADE分级方法进行评估。该小组采用了息者个体化的观点。证据一项关于获益与风险的系统综述和网络meta分析(764项随机对照研究,包括421346例参与者)发现SGLT-2抑制剂和GLP-1受体激动剂可以降低总体死亡率、心肌梗死发生率、终末期肾病或肾衰竭的发生率(中等至高等质量的证据)。在不同的亚组中这些药物对卒中、因心力衰竭所致住院和其他主要不良事件有不同的影响。药物绝对获益的程度因患者个体风险的不同有很大的差异。(例如,对于接受了超过5年药物治疗的1000例患者,在最低风险人群中死亡人数减少了5人,在最高风险人群中死亡人数减少了48人)。一项关于预后的综述确认了14种风险预测模型,其中一种(RECODe)在证据总结中报告了大部分基线风险评估数据,小组利用该模型以支持风险分层的建议。考虑到患者的价值观及个体差异,指南推荐的支撑证据包括一项对已发表论文的系统综述、一项患者焦点小组研究、一项临床问题总结,以及一项指南调查。指南解读我们依据不同的CVD和CKD风险水平,综合考虑获益、风险和其他因素的平衡,以及每一个风险组别的实际问题,来对推荐意见进行分层。本指南强烈建议CVD和CKD患者使用SGLT-2抑制剂治疗,这说明专家组认为其具有显著的获益。而对于其他成人2型糖尿病患者,推荐等级较弱,这说明专家组想要在获益、风险及治疗花费上取得一个更好的平衡。临床医生通过该指南可以使用可靠的风险计算模型,如RECODe,来明确其患者的个体心血管和肾脏疾病风险。医患交互式总结临床证据和制订决策有助于患者知晓治疗选择,包括进行共同决策。2型糖尿病人群(全球患病率不断增长1-2)正面临着不断增加的心血管疾病、肾脏病和其他并发症的风险3。数十年来,2型糖尿病的管理始终以控制血糖及糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)为治疗目标4-5,但是,最近的高质量随机对照研究已经对这种以血糖为中心的治疗模式发起了挑战。研究结果显示,强化血糖控制未必会降低大血管不良事件,它还可能带来不利影响监管机构现在要求新型糖尿病药物必须证明其具有心血管和肾脏获益才能获得批准。对两类新药--钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白2(SGLT-2)抑制剂和胰高血糖素样肽1(GLP-1)受体激动剂(见框图1)的临床试验结果显示,在现有治疗方案(常规治疗)之上加用这些药物,对死亡、心肌梗死、卒中、心力衰竭和肾脏的结局(如进展为终末期肾病)都有获益8-12。 | Sheyu Li Per Olav Vandvik Lyubov Lytvyn Gordon H Guyatt Suetonia C Palmer Rene Rodriguez-Gutierrez Farid Foroutan Thomas Agoritsas Reed A C Siemieniuk Michael Walsh Lawrie Frere David J Tunnicliffe Evi V Nagler Veena Manja Bjφrn Olav Asvold Vivekanand Jha Mieke Vermandere Karim Gariani Qian Zhao Yan Ren Emma Jane Cartwright Patrick Gee Alan Wickes Linda Fems Robin Wright Ling Li Qiukui Hao Reem A Mustafa 无 郭鹤鸣(译) | 2021 | 英国医学杂志中文版2021，24，9： | 7 |
| 2 | Technical challenges in tackling regulatory concerns for urban atmospheric nanoparticles显示文摘Recent Euro 5 and Euro 6 vehicle emission standards are the first ever initiative to control particles on a number basis at the source. Related standards are also desirable for ambient nanoparticles (taken in this article to be those below 300 nm) to protect against possible adverse effects on public health and the environment. However, there are a number of technical challenges that need to be tackled before developing a regulatory framework for atmospheric nanoparticles. Some of the challenges derive from a lack of standardisation of the key measurement parameters, including sampling, necessary for robust evaluation of particle number concentrations, especially in the context of insufficient knowledge of the physicochemical characteristics of emerging sources (i.e. bio-fuel derived and manufactured nanoparticles). Ideally, ambient concentrations of primary particles could be linked to primary particle emissions by use of nanoparticle dispersion models, and secondary nanoparticles using photochemical modeling tools. The limitations in these areas are discussed. Although there is inadequate information on the exact biological mechanism through which these particles cause harm, it is argued that this should not in itself delay the introduction of regulation. This article reviews the missing links between the existing knowledge of nanoparticle number concentrations and the advances required to tackle the technical challenges implied in developing regulations. | Prashant Kumar Alan Robins Sotiris Vardoulakis Paul Quincey | 2011 | Particuology2011，9，6： | 3 |
| 3 | Listeria monocytogenes following orthotopic liver transplantation:Central nervous system involvement and review of the literature显示文摘Listeria monocytogene is a well-recognized cause of bacteremia in immunocompromised individuals,including solid organ transplant recipients,but has been rarely reported following orthotopic liver transplantation. We describe a case of listeria meningitis that occurred within a week after liver transplantation. The patient developed a severe headache that mimicked tacrolimus encephalopathy,and was subsequently diagnosed with listeria meningitis by cerebrospinal fluid culture. The infection was successfully treated with three-week course of intravenous ampicillin. Recurrent hepatitis C followed and was successfully treated with interferon alfa and ribavirin. Fourteen cases of listeriosis after orthotopic liver transplantation have been reported in the English literature. Most reported cases were successfully treated with intravenous ampicillin. There were four cases of listeria meningitis,and the mortality of them was 50%. Early detection and treatment of listeria meningitis are the key to obtaining a better prognosis. | Shugo Mizuno Ivan R Zendejas Alan I Reed Robin D Kim Richard J Howard Alan W Hemming Denise C Schain Consuelo Soldevila-Pico Roberto J Firpi Shiro Fujita | 2007 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2007，13，32： | 2 |
| 4 | Agent-based land-use models: a review of applications显示文摘 | Robin B. Matthews Nigel G. Gilbert Alan Roach J. Gary Polhill Nick M. Gotts | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 5 | Damage control orthopedics:evolving concepts in the treatment of patients who have sustained orthopedics trauma显示文摘 | Craig S Robins Hans-Christopher Alan L Jones | 2005 | Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery2005，87，2： | 1 |
| 6 | The Case of the Speluncean Explorers Revisited 显示文摘 | Paul Butler Alan Dershowitz Frank Easterbrook Alex Kozinski Cass Sunstein and Robin West | 1999 | Harvard Law Re-view1999，112，8： | 1 |
| 7 | Utility of B-natriuretic peptide as a rapid, point-of-care test for screening patients undergoing echocardiography to determine left ventricular dysfunction显示文摘 | Alan S. Maisel Jen Koon Padma Krishnaswamy Radmila Kazenegra Paul Clopton Nancy Gardetto Robin Morrisey Alex Garcia Albert Chiu Anthony De Maria | 2001 | American Heart Journal2001，，3： | 1 |
| 8 | Utilization of Various Glaucoma Surgeries and Procedures in Medicare Beneficiaries from 1995 to 2004显示文摘 | Pradeep Y. Ramulu Kevin J. Corcoran Suzanne L. Corcoran Alan L. Robin | 2007 | Ophthalmology2007，，12： | 1 |
| 9 | Regional Differences in Quinine Absorption from the Undisturbed Human Colon Assessed Using a Timed Release Delivery System显示文摘 | John M. Hebden Clive G. Wilson Robin C. Spiller Peter J. Gilchrist Elaine Blackshaw Malcolm E. Frier Alan C. Perkins | 1999 | Pharmaceutical Research1999，，7： | 1 |
| 10 | HDL Mimetics Inhibit Tumor Development in Both Induced and Spontaneous Mouse Models of Colon Cancer显示文摘 | Feng Su Victor Grijalva Kaveh Navab Ekambaram Ganapathy David Meriwether Satoshi Imaizumi Mohamad Navab Alan M. Fogelman Srinivasa T. Reddy Robin Farias-Eisner | 2012 | Molecular Cancer Therapeutics2012，，6： | 1 |
| 11 | Prospective Study of Heart Rate Variability and Mortality in Chronic Heart Failure: Results of the United Kingdom Heart Failure Evaluation and Assessment of Risk Trial (UK-Heart)显示文摘 | James Nolan Phillip D. Batin Richard Andrews Steven J. Lindsay Paul Brooksby Michael Mullen Wazir Baig Andrew D. Flapan Alan Cowley Robin J. Prescott James M.M. Neilson Keith A.A. Fox | 1998 | Circulation1998，，15： | 1 |
| 12 | Glaucoma in a rural population of southern India显示文摘 | R Ramakrishnan Praveen K Nirmalan R Krishnadas R.D Thulasiraj James M Tielsch Joanne Katz David S Friedman Alan L Robin | 2003 | Ophthalmology2003，，8： | 1 |
| 13 | Spatial Variability and Source-Receptor Relations at a Street Intersection显示文摘 | Alan Robins Eric Savory Athena Scaperdas Dimokratis Grigoriadis | 2002 | Water Air and Soil Pollution: Focus (-)2002，，5： | 1 |
| 14 | Abnormalities of 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in irritable bowel syndrome显示文摘 | Simon P. Dunlop Nicholas S. Coleman Elaine Blackshaw Alan C. Perkins Gulzar Singh Charles A. Marsden Robin C. Spiller | 2005 | Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology2005，，4： | 1 |
| 15 | Potent antitumor activity of cabozantinib, a c‐ MET and VEGFR 2 inhibitor, in a colorectal cancer patient‐derived tumor explant model显示文摘 | Eun‐Kee Song WM Tai Wells A. Messersmith Stacey Bagby Alicia Purkey Kevin S. Quackenbush Todd M. Pitts Guoliang Wang Patrick Blatchford Rachel Yahn Jeffrey Kaplan Aik Choon Tan Chloe E. Atreya Gail Eckhardt Robin K. Kelley Alan Venook Eunice L. Kwak David | 2015 | Int. J. Cancer2015，，8： | 1 |
| 16 | Resection of the Liver and Inferior Vena Cava for Hepatic Malignancy显示文摘 | Alan W. Hemming Kristin L. Mekeel Ivan Zendejas Robin D. Kim Jason K. Sicklick Alan I. Reed | 2013 | Journal of the American College of Surgeons2013，，1： | 1 |
| 17 | Portal Vein Resection for Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma 显示文摘 | Alan W H Robin D K Kristin L M | 2006 | The American Surg2006，72，6： | 1 |
| 18 | Intraoperative assessment of colorectal anastomotic integrity: a systematic review显示文摘 | Subramanian Nachiappan Alan Askari Andrew Currie Robin H. Kennedy Omar Faiz | 2014 | Surgical Endoscopy2014，，9： | 1 |
| 19 | An investigation into a carbon burnout kinetic model for oxy–coal combustion显示文摘 | Maryam Gharebaghi Robin M. Irons Mohamed Pourkashanian Alan Williams | 2011 | Fuel Processing Technology2011，，： | 1 |
| 20 | Liver Transplantation From Donation After Cardiac Death: A Single Center Experience显示文摘 | Shiro Fujita Shugo Mizuno Takahisa Fujikawa Alan I. Reed Robin D. Kim Richard J. Howard Alan W. Hemming | 2007 | Transplantation2007，，1： | 1 |
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