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| 1 | 指南2.0:为成功制定指南而系统研发的全面清单显示文摘背景虽然当前已有一些评估卫生保健指南可靠性的工具,但仍缺乏针对制定指南实际步骤的指导。针对指南制定者们所需考虑的相关资源和工具,我们系统研发了一份全面的条目清单,但这并不意味着每篇指南都需遵守该清单的所有条目。方法我们检索了国际指南制定机构的指南制定手册、指南的指南(主要是来自国际和国家机构以及专业学会的方法学报告),以及提供系统指导的最新文章。经过反复评价这些资料,尽可能全面地罗列和提取条目,并制定与指南有关的重要主题。通过反复讨论,我们对条目进行评价以去重和补漏,同时邀请指南制定专家对所增加的条目进行修改并提出建议。结果我们制定了一份包含18个主题、146个条目的清单,并建立了帮助指南制定者应用这些条目的网站。这些主题和条目涵盖了指南从规划、完成、实施和评估的全过程。最终的清单版本也包括了培训所需的资料以及应用这些条目时用到的方法学参考文献的链接。解释本清单将提供给指南制定者用作参考。仔细考虑清单中的条目将有助于指南的制定、实施和评估,我们也将会通过大众反馈来修订并持续更新清单。 | Holger J. Schunemann Wojtek Wiercioch Itziar Etxeandia Maicon Falavigna Nancy Santesso Reem Mustafa Matthew Ventresca Romina Brignardello-petersen] Kaja-Triin Laisaar Sergio Kowalski Tejan Baldeh Yuan Zhang Uiia Raid Ignacio Neumann Susan L. Norris Judith Thornton Robin Harbour Shaun Treweek Gordon Guyatt Pablo Alonso-Coello Marge Reinap Jan Brozek Andrew Oxman Elie A. Akl | 2014 | 中国循证医学杂志2014，14，9： | 26 |
| 2 | Towards 10 Gb/s orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-based visible light communication using a GaN violet micro-LED显示文摘Visible light communication(VLC)is a promising solution to the increasing demands for wireless connectivity.Gallium nitride micro-sized light emitting diodes(micro-LEDs)are strong candidates for VLC due to their high bandwidths.Segmented violet micro-LEDs are reported in this work with electrical-to-optical bandwidths up to 655 MHz.An orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-based VLC system with adaptive bit and energy loading is demonstrated,and a data transmission rate of 11.95 Gb/s is achieved with a violet micro-LED,when the nonlinear distortion of the micro-LED is the dominant noise source of the VLC system.A record 7.91 Gb/s data transmission rate is reported below the forward error correction threshold using a single pixel of the segmented array when all the noise sources of the VLC system are present. | MOHAMED SUFYAN ISLIM RICARDO X.FERREIRA XIANGYU HE ENYUAN XIE STEFAN VIDEV SHAUN VIOLA SCOTT WATSON NIKOLAOS BAMIEDAKIS RICHARD V.PENTY IAN H.WHITE ANTHONY E.KELLY ERDAN GU HARALD HAAS MARTIN D.DAWSON | 2017 | Photonics Research2017，5，2： | 23 |
| 3 | Developing More Effective Enhanced Biochar Fertilisers for Improvement of Pepper Yield and Quality显示文摘Utilization of biochar at high application rates can increase soil C and crop yields, decrease greenhouse gas emissions and reduce nutrient run-off from soils. However, the high application rate of 10 t ha-1may not return a profit to the farmer due to the high cost of biochar. In this study biochar was modified through pre-treating the biomass and post-treating with phosphoric acid, minerals and different chemical fertilisers to study the effects of two new enhanced biochar fertilisers on the yield and quality of green pepper in a field experiment with 5 fertilisation treatments and 3 replications. The two new biochar fertilisers significantly(P < 0.05) increased the yield of green pepper(11.33–11.47 t ha-1), compared with the conventional chemical fertiliser(9.72 t ha-1). The biochar fertiliser treatments improved the vitamin C content of green pepper from 236.99 to 278.28 mg kg-1, and also significantly(P < 0.05) reduced the nitrate content from 132.32 to 101.92 mg kg-1, compared with chemical fertiliser. This study indicated that, compared to the use of conventional chemical fertiliser, all of the biochar fertiliser treatments could significantly improve the yield and quality of green pepper. | YAO Chunxue Stephen JOSEPH LI Lianqing PAN Genxing Yun LIN Paul MUNROE Ben PACE Sarasadat TAHERYMOOSAVI Lukas VAN ZWIETEN Torsten THOMAS Shaun NIELSEN Jun YE Scott DONNE | 2015 | Pedosphere2015，25，5： | 8 |
| 4 | 1999~2006年急性冠脉综合征患者死亡及心力衰竭发生率降低显示文摘背景:有关药物和介入治疗对ST段抬高型和非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征(non—ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome,NSTE ACS)患者的作用,随机试验已经提供了足够的证据,但是是否已经转化为相应的临床变化还不清楚。
目的:确定ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)和NSTE ACS患者的院内治疗改变是否伴随临床结果的改善。
设计、地点及患者:全球急性冠脉事件注册研究(Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events,GRACE)是一项多国家队列研究。自1999年7月1日至2006年12月31日,该研究共入选并随访了来自14个国家、113家医院的44372例ACS患者。
主要观测指标:当前循证药物和介入治疗应用的趋势及患者预后(死亡、充血性心力衰竭、肺水肿、心源性休克、卒中和心肌梗死)。
结果:随着研究时间的进展,相关药物的应用增加(β-受体阻滞剂、他汀类药物、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂、行或未行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗[percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI]患者应用噻氯毗啶、糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa抑制剂和低分子肝素;P〈0.001)。STEMI患者药物再灌注治疗下降了22个百分点(95%可信区间[confidence interval,CI],-27~-17),而直接PCI增加了37个百分点(95%CI,33—41)。在NSTEMI患者中,PCI的比例显著升高了18个百分点(95%CI,15~20)。充血性心力衰竭和肺水肿在STEMI患者中降低了9个百分点(95%CI,-12~-6),在NSTEACS患者中降低了6.9个百分点(95%CI,-8.4~-4.7)。STEMI患者的院内死亡率降低了18个百分点(95%CI,-5.3~-1.9),心源性休克降低了24个百分点(95%CI,-4.3~-0.5)。校正了危险评分后,NSTEACS患者的院内死亡率降低了0.7个百分点(95%CI,-1.7~0.3);STEMI患者6个月随访时卒中发生率降低了0.8个百分点(95%CI,-1.7~0.1),心肌梗死发生率降低了2.8个百分点(95%CI,-6.4~0.9)。NSTEACS患者6个月死亡率降低了1.6个百分点(95%CI,-3.0~-0.1),卒中发生率降低了0.7个百分点(95%CI,-1.4~0.1)。
结论:在本项多国家观察性研究中,ACS患者治疗的改善与6个月新发心力衰竭、死亡率、卒中和心肌梗死发生率显著降低相关。 | Keith A. A. Fox Philippe Gabriel Steg Kim A. Eagle Shaun G. Goodman Frederick A. Anderson Christopher B. Granger Marcus D. Flather Andrzej Budaj Ann Quill Joel M. Gore 康俊萍(译) 马长生(校) | 2007 | 美国医学会杂志(中文版)2007，26，6： | 6 |
| 5 | The IUGS/IAGC Task Group on Global Geochemical Baselines显示文摘The Task Group on Global Geochemical Baselines,operating under the auspices of both the International Union of Geological Sciences(IUGS) and the International Association of Geochemistry(IAGC),has the long-term goal of establishing a global geochemical database to document the concentration and distribution of chemical elements in the Earth's surface or near-surface environment.The database and accompanying element distribution maps represent a geochemical baseline against which future human-induced or natural changes to the chemistry of the land surface may be recognized and quantified.In order to accomplish this long-term goal,the activities of the Task Group include:(1) developing partnerships with countries conducting broad-scale geochemical mapping studies;(2) providing consultation and training in the form of workshops and short courses;(3) organizing periodic international symposia to foster communication among the geochemical mapping community;(4) developing criteria for certifying those projects whose data are acceptable in a global geochemical database;(5) acting as a repository for data collected by those projects meeting the criteria for standardization;(6) preparing complete metadata for the certified projects;and(7) preparing,ultimately,a global geochemical database.This paper summarizes the history and accomplishments of the Task Group since its first predecessor project was established in 1988. | David B.Smith Shaun Reeder Alecos Demetriades | 2012 | 地学前缘2012，19，3： | 5 |
| 6 | PLINK: A Tool Set for Whole-Genome Association and Population-Based Linkage Analyses显示文摘 | Shaun Purcell Benjamin Neale Kathe Todd-Brown Lori Thomas Manuel A.R. Ferreira David Bender Julian Maller Pamela Sklar Paul I.W. de Bakker Mark J. Daly Pak C. Sham | 2007 | The American Journal of Human Genetics2007，，3： | 5 |
| 7 | Ophthalmology simulation for undergraduate and postgraduate clinical education显示文摘This is a review education paper on the current ophthalmology simulators utilized worldwide for undergraduate and postgraduate training. At present,various simulators such as the EYE Exam Simulator(Kyoto Kagaku Co. Ltd., Kyoto, Japan), Eyesi direct ophthalmoscope simulator(VRmagic, Gmb H, Mannheim,Germany), Eyesi indirect ophthalmoscope simulator(VRmagic, Gmb H, Mannheim, Germany) and Eyesi cataract simulators(VRmagic, Gmb H, Mannheim,Germany). These simulators are thought to be able to reduce the initial learning curve for the ophthalmology training but further research will need to be conducted to assess the effectiveness of the simulation-assisted ophthalmology training. Future research will be of great value to assess the medical students and residents' responses and performance regarding the usefulness of the individual eye simulator. | Daniel Shu Wei Ting Shaun Sebastian Khung Peng Sim Christine Wen Leng Yau Mohamad Rosman Ai Tee Aw Ian Yew San Yeo | 2016 | International Journal of Ophthalmology(English edition)2016，9，6： | 3 |
| 8 | Allosteric modulation of cholinergic system:Potential approach to treating cognitive deficits of schizophrenia显示文摘Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder affecting approximately 1% of the population worldwide and is characterised by the presence of positive and negative symptoms and cognitive deficits. Whilst current therapeutics ameliorate positive symptoms, they are largely ineffective in improving negative symptoms and cognitive deficits. The cholinergic neurotransmitter system heavily influences cognitive function and there is evidence that implicates disruption of the central cholinergic system in schizophrenia. Historically, targeting the cholinergic system has been impeded by poor selectivity leading to intolerable side effects warranting the need to develop more targeted therapeutic compounds. In this review we will summarise evidence supporting the roles of the cholinergic system, particularly the muscarinic M1 receptor, in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and discuss the potential of a promising new class of candidate compounds, allosteric ligands, for addressing the difficulties involved in targeting this system. The body of evidence presented here highlights the dysfunction of the cholinergic system in schizophrenia and that targeting this system by taking advantage of allosteric ligands is having clinically meaningful effect on cognitive deficits. | Shaun Hopper Madhara Udawela Elizabeth Scarr Brian Dean | 2016 | World Journal of Pharmacology2016，5，1： | 3 |
| 9 | PLINK: A Tool Set for Whole-Genome Association and Population-Based Linkage Analyses显示文摘 | Shaun Purcell Benjamin Neale Kathe Todd-Brown Lori Thomas Manuel A.R. Ferreira David Bender Julian Maller Pamela Sklar Paul I.W. de Bakker Mark J. Daly Pak C. Sham | 2007 | The American Journal of Human Genetics2007，，3： | 3 |
| 10 | 关节式货车和大轴重的应用显示文摘介绍关节式货车的优点及设计经验;对与关节技术相关的大轴重转向架及其一系悬挂进行了探讨,并就关节式货车的研究计划提出了建议。 | Shaun Richmond 邢纳新 | 1998 | 国外铁道车辆1998，35，6： | 3 |
| 11 | Feeding Biochar to Cows:An Innovative Solution for Improving Soil Fertility and Farm Productivity显示文摘Addition of biochar produced through thermal decomposition of biomass has been seen as a strategy to improve soils and to sequester carbon(C), but wide scale implementation of the technology requires to devise innovative profitable solutions. To develop biochar utilisation with an integrated system approach, an innovative program was implemented in 2012 on a 53-ha farm in Western Australia to determine the costs and benefits of integrating biochar with animal husbandry and improvement of pastures. Biochar was mixed with molasses and fed directly to cows. The dung-biochar mixture was incorporated into the soil profile by dung beetles.We studied the changes in soil properties over 3 years. Biochar extracted from fresh dung and from the soil to a depth of 40 cm was characterised. A preliminary financial analysis of the costs and benefits of this integrated approach was also undertaken. The preliminary investigation results suggested that this strategy was effective in improving soil properties and increasing returns to the farmer. It was also concluded that the biochar adsorbed nutrients from the cow's gut and from the dung. Dung beetles could transport this nutrient-rich biochar into the soil profile. There was little evidence that the recalcitrant component of the biochar was reduced through reactions inside the gut or on/in the soil. Further research is required to quantify the long-term impact of integrating biochar and dung beetles into the rearing of cows. | Stephen JOSEPH Doug POW Kathy DAWSON David R.G.MITCHELL Aditya RAWAL James HOOK Sarasadat TAHERYMOOSAVI Lukas VAN ZWIETEN Joshua RUST Scott DONNE Paul MUNROE Ben PACE Ellen GRABER Torsten THOMAS Shaun NIELSEN Jun YE Yun LIN PAN Genxing LI Lianqing Zakaria M.SOLAIMAN | 2015 | Pedosphere2015，25，5： | 2 |
| 12 | An overview of glacial hazards in the Himalayas显示文摘 | Shaun D Richardson John M Reynolds | 2000 | Quaternary International2000，，： | 2 |
| 13 | Primary peritoneal carcinoma metastasizing to breast: a single case report and literature review from clinic to biology显示文摘Primary peritoneal carcinoma(PPC) is a type of rare malignant epithelial tumor. Metastasis from PPC to breast has been rarely reported. PPC originates de novo from the peritoneal tissues rather than invasion or metastasis from adjacent or remote organs.PPCs have been implicated in many cases of carcinomas of unknown primary origin. It is similar to ovarian cancer(Ov Ca),because it shares the same common embryonic origin, the coelomic epithelium(mesodermal origin). The mechanism of oncogenesis remains elusive. In this article, we report a rare case of PPC in a patient 10 years after total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingooophorectomy for uterine leiomyoma, which was widely spread in the abdomen and metastasized to the colon, liver and distant organs including breast. The treatment is similar to that of primary ovarian cancer. We also reviewed the primary peritoneal cancer metastatic to breast and discuss the possible mechanisms and biology of primary peritoneal cancer,using experimental and animal model. | Ji-Yuan Sun Wondwossen Gebre Yi-Min Dong Xiao Shaun Rachel Robbins Alida Podrumar | 2016 | Cancer Biology & Medicine2016，13，3： | 2 |
| 14 | Sarcopenia and Mortality after Liver Transplantation显示文摘 | Michael J. Englesbe Shaun P. Patel Kevin He Raymond J. Lynch Douglas E. Schaubel Calista Harbaugh Sven A. Holcombe Stewart C. Wang Dorry L. Segev Christopher J. Sonnenday | 2010 | Journal of the American College of Surgeons2010，，2： | 2 |
| 15 | A framework for quantifying properties of 3-dimensional movement-based signals显示文摘Understanding how signal properties are optimized for the reliable transmission of information requires accurate descriptionof the signal in time and space. For movement-based signals where movement is restricted to a single plane, measurementsfrom a single viewpoint can be used to consider a range of viewing positions based on simple geometric calculations.However, considerations of signal properties from a range of viewing positions for movements extending into three-dimensions(3D) are more problematic. We present here a new framework that overcomes this limitation, and enables us to quantify the extentto which movement-based signals are view-specific. To illustrate its application, a Jacky lizard tail flick signal was filmed withsynchronized cameras and the position of the tail tip digitized for both recordings. Camera alignment enabled the construction ofa 3D display action pattern profile. We analyzed the profile directly and used it to create a detailed 3D animation. In the virtualenvironment, we were able to film the same signal from multiple viewing positions and using a computational motion analysisalgorithm (gradient detector model) to measure local image velocity in order to predict view dependent differences in signalproperties. This approach will enable consideration of a range of questions concerning movement-based signal design and evolutionthat were previously out of reach [Current Zoology 56 (3): 327-336, 2010]. | Shaun TD NEW Richard A PETERS | 2010 | Current Zoology2010，56，3： | 2 |
| 16 | An Interaction of Race and Ethnicity With Socioeconomic Status in Rectal Cancer Outcomes显示文摘 | Joseph Kim Avo Artinyan Brian Mailey Stefanie Christopher Wendy Lee Shaun McKenzie Steven L. Chen Smita Bhatia Alessio Pigazzi Julio Garcia-Aguilar | 2011 | Annals of Surgery2011，，4： | 2 |
| 17 | The Accountable Care Organization results:Population health management and quality improvement programs associated with increased quality of care and decreased utilization and cost of care显示文摘Objective:The Accountable Care Organization(ACO)model of health care delivery is based on new payment models for general practice to reward improved quality and decreased cost of care.Methods:Banner Health Network(BHN)is one of the original CMS Pioneer ACO programs and implemented a comprehensive disease management program based on the collaborative care model.Key performance indicators for CMS reflected quality and cost of care.Results:BHN has demonstrated both improved quality and cost savings in the first two years of the pilot program.The disease management program based on the collaborative care model appears to have improved patient health outcomes based on quality improvement measures.In addition the program has reduced emergency department and hospital utilization,resulting in cost savings.Conclusions:The BHN quality improvement program is the platform for analyzing and improving on the BHN ACO model.This model appears to have excellent application to the China health care system that is also focused on prevention and improvement of chronic disease and cost-effectiveness. | Ronald O’Donnell Nishant Shaun Anand Caroline Ganser Nancy Wexler | 2015 | Family Medicine and Community Health2015，3，1： | 2 |
| 18 | Calcite veins of the Stfipa granite (Sweden) as records of the origin of the groundwaters and their interactions with the granitic body显示文摘 | NORBERT C SHAUN K F BERTRAND F | 1989 | Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta1989，53，8： | 1 |
| 19 | <ce:link locator='fx1'/> Protease-Activated Receptor 2, Dipeptidyl Peptidase I, and Proteases Mediate Clostridium difficile Toxin A Enteritis显示文摘 | Graeme S. Cottrell Silvia Amadesi Stella Pikios Eric Camerer J. Adam Willardsen Brett R. Murphy George H. Caughey Paul J. Wolters Shaun R. Coughlin Anders Peterson Wolfgang Knecht Charalabos Pothoulakis Nigel W. Bunnett Eileen F. Grady | 2007 | Gastroenterology2007，，7： | 1 |
| 20 | High voltage onsite commissioning tests for gas-insulated substations using UHF partial discharge detection显示文摘 | Raymond Bell Chris Charlson Shaun Paul Halliday | 2003 | IEEE Trans on Power Delivery2003，18，4： | 1 |
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