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| 1 | Liver fat content determined by magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy显示文摘Hepatic steatosis as the most prevalent liver disorder can either be related to alcoholic liver disease (ALD) or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In both conditions, hepatocytes excessively accumulate fatcontaining vacuoles within their cytoplasm, which is the key histological feature. In contrast to ALD, NAFLD is commonly associated with metabolic syndrome, obesity and insulin resistance. To determine increased liver fat content, liver biopsy is currently considered the gold standard. Besides the invasive technique, various other non-invasive techniques have been developed, such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based methods. Among these techniques, ultrasound and CT provide only qualitative information about hepatic steatosis, whereas MRS-or MRI-based methods are able to determine even small amounts of fat accurately. These non-invasive magnetic resonance techniques have already proven their great potential, especially in longitudinal and cross-sectional studies regarding various metabolic conditions and medical treatment regimens. In this review, the most common, non-invasive MRS/MRI techniques for assessment of intrahepatic lipid content are described with their inherent advantages and limitations. | Fabian Springer Jürgen Machann Claus D Claussen Fritz Schick Nina F Schwenzer | 2010 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2010，16，13： | 19 |
| 2 | S100A8/A9 induces autophagy and apoptosis via ROS-mediated cross-talk between mitochondria and lysosomes that involves BNIP3显示文摘建筑群由 S100 钙绑定蛋白质家庭,的二个成员形成了 S100A8/A9,在不同起源的各种各样的房间施加导致 apoptosis 活动。这里,我们内在的分子的机制包含的现在的证据两个都规划了房间死亡我(PCD 我, apoptosis ) 并且象死亡一样的 PCD II (autophagy ) 。有 S100A8/A9 的房间的处理引起了 Beclin-1 表示以及 Atg12-Atg5 形成的增加。S100A8/A9-induced 房间死亡被特定的 PI3-kinase 班 III 禁止者部分禁止, 3-methyladenine (3 麻省) ,并且由液泡 H+-ATPase 禁止者, bafilomycin-A1 (Baf-A1 ) 。S100A8/A9 挑起了 BNIP3 的 translocation, BH3 仅仅 pro-apoptotic Bcl2 家庭成员,到线粒体。与这发现一致,螖 T M-BNIP3 overexpression 部分禁止了 S100A8/A9-induced 细胞死亡,减少的反应的氧种(ROS ) 产生,并且部分在 S100A8/A9-treated 细胞在 mitochondrial transmembrane 潜力免于减少。另外,任何一个螖 T M-BNIP3 overexpression 或 N-acetyl-L-cysteine 合作处理减少了在与 S100A8/A9 对待的房间的 lysosomal 激活。我们的数据显示 S100A8/A9-promoted 房间死亡通过线粒体的串音发生,经由 ROS 和这个过程的 lysosomes 包含 BNIP3。 | Saeid Ghavami Mehdi Eshragi Sudharsana R Ande Walter J Chazin Thomas Klonisch Andrew J Halayko Karol D Mcneill Mohammad Hashemi Claus Kerkhoff Marek Los | 2010 | Cell Research2010，20，3： | 13 |
| 3 | GP73, a resident Golgi glycoprotein, is a novel serum marker for hepatocellular carcinoma显示文摘 | Jorge A. Marrero Patrick R. Romano Olga Nikolaeva Laura Steel Anand Mehta Claus J. Fimmel Mary Ann Comunale Anthony D’Amelio Anna S. Lok Timothy M. Block | 2005 | Journal of Hepatology2005，，6： | 5 |
| 4 | Noninvasive detection and evaluation of atherosclerotic coronary plaques with multislice computed tomography 1 1 This study was performed without additional financial support.显示文摘 | Stephen Schroeder Andreas F Kopp Andreas Baumbach Christoph Meisner Axel Kuettner Christian Georg Bernd Ohnesorge Christian Herdeg Claus D Claussen Karl R Karsch | 2001 | Journal of the American College of Cardiology2001，，5： | 3 |
| 5 | EXCHANGE RATE MISALIGNMENT AND INTERNATIONAL LAW显示文摘 | Zimmermann Claus D | 2011 | The American Journal of International Law2011，，3： | 2 |
| 6 | Experimental Validation of a New Ultrasound Method for the Simultaneous Assessment of Radial and Longitudinal Myocardial Deformation Independent of Insonation Angle显示文摘 | Stian Langeland Jan D’hooge Patrick F. Wouters H Alex Leather Piet Claus Bart Bijnens George R. Sutherland | 2005 | Circulation2005，，14： | 2 |
| 7 | Influence of heart rate on vessel visibility in noninvasive coronary angiography using new multislice computed tomography显示文摘 | Stephen Schroeder Andreas F Kopp Axel Kuettner Christof Burgstahler Christian Herdeg Martin Heuschmid Andreas Baumbach Claus D Claussen Karl R Karsch Ludger Seipel | 2002 | Clinical Imaging2002，，2： | 2 |
| 8 | Excluding infection through procalcitonin testing improves outcomes of congestive heart failure patients presenting with acute respiratory symptoms: Results from the randomized ProHOSP trial显示文摘 | Philipp Schuetz Alexander Kutz Eva Grolimund Sebastian Haubitz Désirée Demann Alaadin V?geli Fabienne Hitz Mirjam Christ-Crain Robert Thomann Claudine Falconnier Claus Hoess Christoph Henzen Robert J. Marlowe Werner Zimmerli Beat Mueller | 2014 | International Journal of Cardiology2014，，3： | 2 |
| 9 | The actiflo method显示文摘 | Victoria P Claus P D Leif B | | 0，，01： | 1 |
| 10 | Effect of calcium ions on the irreversible denaturation of a recombinant Bacillus halmapalus α-am- ylase:a calorimetric investigation显示文摘 | ANDERS D N CLAUS C F PETER W | 2003 | Biochemistry Journal2003，373，： | 1 |
| 11 | Media for the culture of oceanic ultra phytoplankton显示文摘 | Keller M D Selvin R C Claus W | 1987 | Pycology1987，，23： | 1 |
| 12 | Sympathetic skin response:the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology显示文摘 | Claus D Schondorf R | 1999 | Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl1999，52，： | 1 |
| 13 | BRDF and geometrycapture from extended inhomogeneous samples using flashphotography显示文摘 | Paterson J A Claus D Fitzgibbon A W | 2005 | Computer Graphics Forum2005，24，3： | 1 |
| 14 | Minilaparoscopic fundoplication: technical adaptations and initial experience 显示文摘 | Dimbarre D de Loureiro PM Claus C | 2012 | Arq Gastroenterol2012，49，3： | 1 |
| 15 | Effects of feeding fat-coated butyrate on mucosal morphology and function in the small intestine of the pig显示文摘 | Günthner D Letzguβ H | 2007 | Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition2007，91，78： | 1 |
| 16 | Eigenschaftenund anwendungvon kupfer-palladium- verbundwerkstoffen f u r elektrische kontakte显示文摘 | Muller K Stockel D Claus H | 1986 | Metall1986，40，1： | 1 |
| 17 | The partial gas-phase hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene on supported and coated ruthenium catalysts显示文摘 | DIETZSCH E CLAUS P HONICKE D | 2000 | Top Catal2000，10，12： | 1 |
| 18 | Amount and fate of egg protein escaping assimilation in the small intestine of humans显示文摘 | EVENEPOEL P CLAUS D GEYPENS B | 1999 | Am J Physiol1999，277，： | 1 |
| 19 | Low-dose levalbuterol in children with asthma:safety and efficacy in comparison with placebo and racemic albuterol显示文摘 | Milgrom H Skoner D P Bensch G Kim K T Claus R Baumgartner RA for the evalbuterol Pediatric Study Group | 2001 | Allergy Clin Immunol2001，108，： | 1 |
| 20 | GP73, a resident Golgi glycoprotein, is a novel serum marker for hepatocellular carcinoma显示文摘 | Jorge A. Marrero Patrick R. Romano Olga Nikolaeva Laura Steel Anand Mehta Claus J. Fimmel Mary Ann Comunale Anthony D’Amelio Anna S. Lok Timothy M. Block | 2005 | Journal of Hepatology2005，，6： | 1 |
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