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| 1 | 谷氨酰胺、癌症及其治疗显示文摘目的回顾谷氨酰胺、癌症及其治疗方面的一些进展,主要是关于谷氨酰胺与肿瘤生长方面的体内与体外、动物和人体的研究结果。对荷瘤宿主在接受放疗和化疗时补充谷氨酰胺的某些益处进行总结。背景谷氨酰胺是体内最丰富的游离氨基酸。而肿瘤组织就象一个“谷氨酰胺网”消耗大量的谷氨酰胺,从而促使机体恶病质的发生。体外研究中,肿瘤细胞的生长依赖于谷氨酰胺的结果使得人们未在临床上给癌症病人补充谷氨酰胺。方法对谷氨酰胺与接受放、化疗荷瘤宿主的关系的研究结果进行归纳和总结。结果大量体内研究表明,补充谷氨酰胺不但不会使肿瘤生长,而且还会通过刺激机体的免疫系统来抑制肿瘤的生长。在机体接受放疗和化疗时,谷氨酰胺可以保护机体并增加化疗对肿瘤的选择性。结论还需要进行前瞻、随机的研究来证明在接受放疗和化疗的病人补充谷氨酰胺的安全性和有效性。 | V.Suzanne Klimberg John L.McClellan Little Rock Arkansas | 1999 | 中国临床营养杂志1999，7，2： | 24 |
| 2 | 在血压控制不良的高血压患者中使用数字化干预的家庭和在线血压管理:随机对照试验显示文摘HOME BP试验(The home and online management and evaluation of blood pressure)的目的是评估在初级预防中结合自我监测和自我管理的数字化干预在高血压管理中的作用。研究者纳入英国76个治疗中心经过治疗但血压控制不好(>140/90 mm Hg, 1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)并能上网的患者622例,进行自动确定主要终点的公开随机对照试验。 | McMa-nus RJ Little P Stuart B Morton K Raftery J Kelly J Bradbury K Zhang J Zhu S Murray E May CR Mair FS Michie S Smith P Band R Ogburn E AllenJ Rice C Nut-tall J Williams B Yardley L 陈嘉睿(译) 叶鹏(审校) | 2021 | 中华高血压杂志2021，29，5： | 15 |
| 3 | 基于微观力学模型的沥青混合料水损坏研究显示文摘水-荷载的耦合作用是沥青路面早期破坏的主要原因。该文提出了沥青混合料水损坏的微观力学模型,该模型可以用来量化分析在水-荷载的耦合作用下沥青混合料的损伤过程。同时,考虑到材料的力学性能是含水量的函数,利用内聚力模型对集料-沥青结合料间界面的粘结破坏进行了模拟,并通过沥青混合料内部应力、应变的变化研究了集料-沥青界面间裂缝发生的位置、时间和裂缝扩展过程。结果证明:微观力学模型可以用来揭示沥青混合料水损坏机理,并对连续损伤模型的建立具有一定指导意义。 | 张静 马士宾 魏连雨 孙敬福 Silvia Caro Eyad Masad Amit Bhasin Dallas Little | 2015 | 中外公路2015，35，6： | 8 |
| 4 | Distribution of ^3H—nicotine in Rat Tissues Under the Influence of Simulated Microgravity显示文摘Rat tail suspension offers a useful model to reproduce physiologic responses to weightlessness.The present study was conducted in the head-down-tilt(HDT) rat model to assess changes in metabolism of body tissues employing 3H-nicotine. Twelve male rats were used in the study. Half of the rats were tail suspended at 30°for two weeks on a 12/12 light/dark cycle. During this period,body weight, food and fluid intakes were measured. At term, animals were anesthetized and injected IV withe a solution contaming 4 microuries of micotine. After 90 min the animals were sacrificed, exsanguinated and tissues (brain,blood,trachea,salivary gland,lung,heart,esophagus,spleen, kidneys and testes) were harvested. The distribution of 3H-nicotine per gram of each tissue was determinded and ealeulated as percent of total injected radioactivity. Final body weights of suspended ammals were significantly (P < 0.0 5) lower than those of eontrols(309±21 vs 350±11g). 3HNicotine waw retained in greatest amounts by the kindneys, followed inorder by salivary glands, spleen, and gastrointestinal tissues. compared to non-suspended control, the tissue retention of nicotine in suspended animals was decreased in the following tissues:esphyagus (25 %), aorta (25%). fundus (25%), trachea (22%), adrenals (18%), spleen (17 %), and pancreas (12 %). The decreased retention of mcotine in tissues from suspended animals may be indicative of the fluid shifts and changes in blood flow to those tissue beds. The lack of differnces in nicotine retention in liver and kidney between control and suspended groups may implicate a normal metabolic function of these organs even under simulated weightlessness. | PARIMAL CHOWDHURY MICHAEL E. SOULSBY AND JAMES N. PASLEY (Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Scienses, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA) | 1999 | Biomedical and Environmental Sciences1999，12，2： | 6 |
| 5 | Learning as dialogue: The dependence of learner autonomy on teacher autonomy显示文摘 | David Little | 1995 | System1995，，2： | 5 |
| 6 | Improvement in Perioperative Outcome After Hepatic Resection: Analysis of 1,803 Consecutive Cases Over the Past Decade显示文摘 | William R. Jarnagin Mithat Gonen Yuman Fong Ronald P. DeMatteo Leah Ben-Porat Sarah Little Carlos Corvera Sharon Weber Leslie H. Blumgart | 2002 | Annals of Surgery2002，，4： | 5 |
| 7 | Determination of glycated hemoglobin in patients with advanced liver disease显示文摘AIM: To evaluate the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) determination methods and to determine fructosamine in patients with chronic hepatitis, compensated cirrhosis and in patients with chronic hepatitis treated with ribavirin.METHODS: HbA1c values were determined in 15 patients with compensated liver cirrhosis and in 20 patients with chronic hepatitis using the ion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography and the immunoassay methods. Fructosamine was determined using nitroblue tetrazolium.RESULTS: Forty percent of patients with liver cirrhosis had HbA1c results below the non-diabetic reference range by at least one HbA1c method, while fructosamine results were either within the reference range or elevated. Twenty percent of patients with chronic hepatitis (hepatic fibrosis) had HbA~ results below the non-diabetic reference range by at least one HbA~ method. In patients with chronic hepatitis treated with ribavirin, 50% of HbA^c results were below the non-diabetic reference using at least one of the HbA1c methods.CONCLUSION: Only evaluated in context with all liverfunction parameters as well as a red blood count includingreticulocytes, HbA1c results should be used in patients withadvanced liver disease. HbA1c and fructosamine measurements should be used with caution when evaluating long-term glucose control in patients with hepatic cirrhosis or in patients with chronic hepatitis and ribavirin treatment. | Theresa Lahousen Karin Hegenbarth Rottraut Ille Rainer W.Lipp Robert Krause Randie R. Little Wolfgang J.Schnedl | 2004 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2004，10，15： | 5 |
| 8 | 美国医学院校的健康教育课程 | Little DR 陈吉英 | 1994 | 国外医学(医学教育分册)1994，，1： | 5 |
| 9 | Gut microbiome in primary sclerosing cholangitis:A review显示文摘Primary sclerosing cholangitis(PSC)is a chronic cholestatic liver disease characterized by biliary inflammation and stricturing.Exploration of the pathogenesis of PSC in light of its association with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)and the“gut-liver”axis is an emerging area of interest.A growing number of studies have begun to elucidate the role of the gut microbiota,its metabolites and its influence on host immune responses in the development of PSC and PSCIBD.Studies of the fecal microbiota have highlighted enriched levels of certain species,including Veillonella,Streptococcus and Enterococcus,among others.A heightened immune response to enteric dysbiosis and bacterial translocation have also been implicated.For example,Klebsiella pneumoniae strains derived from gnotobiotic mice transplanted with PSC-IBD microbiota were found to induce pore formation in human intestinal epithelial cells and enhanced Th17 responses.Gut microbes have additionally been hypothesized to be implicated in PSC pathogenesis through their role in the synthesis of various metabolites,including bile acids(BAs),which function as signaling molecules with important gut and hepatic effects.An expanded knowledge of the gut microbiome as it relates to PSC offers critical insight into the development of microbe-altering therapeutic interventions,such as antibiotics,nutritional interventions and fecal microbial transplantation.Some of these have already shown some preliminary evidence of benefit.Despite exciting progress in the field,much work remains to be done;areas that are particularly lacking include functional characterization of the microbiome and examination of pediatric populations.In this review,we summarize studies that have investigated the microbiome in PSC and PSC-IBD as well as putative mechanisms,including the potential role of metabolites,such as BAs.We then briefly review the evidence for interventions with microbe-altering properties for treating PSC. | Rebecca Little Eytan Wine Binita M Kamath Anne M Griffiths Amanda Ricciuto | 2020 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2020，26，21： | 5 |
| 10 | AXL receptor signalling suppresses p53 in melanoma through stabilization of the MDMX-MDM2 complex显示文摘发信号的酷氨酸 kinase 的解除管制经常与瘤前进和药抵抗被联系,但是它的内在的机制仅仅部分被理解。在这研究,我们在黑瘤房间在 MDMX-MDM2 heterocomplex 和 p53 的活动的稳定性上调查了受体酷氨酸 kinase AXL 的效果。我们的数据通过生长表明了那 AXL overexpression 或激活拘捕特定 6 (Gas6 ) ligand 刺激增加 MDMX 和 MDM2 蛋白质层次和减少 p53 活动。在激活之上, AXL 通过在 phosphosite Ser314 上包含 MDMX 的 phosphorylation 的 translational 以后修正稳定 MDMX,导致与 MDMX 和 MDM2 的增加的亲密关系并且赞成 MDMX 原子 translocation。Ser314 phosphorylation 能也保护 MDMX 免受调停 MDM2 的降级的伤害,导致 MDMX-MDM2 建筑群的稳定。我们作为调停的二 kinases 识别了 CDK4/6 和 p38 MAPK MDMX-MDM2 建筑群的 导致AXL 的调整,并且表明了 AXL ,通过 siRNA silencing 的任何一个或药理学抑制的那抑制, p53 的增加表示层次指向基因 P21 , MDM2 ,和美洲狮,改进 p53 小径反应到化疗,并且敏化房间到 Cisplatin 和 Vemurafenib 。我们的调查结果提供卓见进连接 AXL 到 p53 的新奇发信号轴并且提供一潜在地在黑瘤恢复 p53 功能的 druggable 小径。 | Anna de Polo Zhongling Luot Casimiro Gerarduzzi Xiang Chen John B. Little Zhi-Min Yuan | 2017 | Journal of Molecular Cell Biology2017，9，2： | 5 |
| 11 | Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in the evaluation of incidental focal liver lesions: A cost-effectiveness analysis显示文摘AIM To determine whether contrast-enhanced ultrasonography(CEUS) as the first-line method is more costeffective in evaluating incidentally discovered focal liver lesions(FLLs) than is computed tomography(CT) and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI). METHODS Between 2010 and 2015, our prospective study enrolled 459 patients with incidentally found FLLs. The biological nature of FLLs was assessed by CEUS in all patients. CT or MRI examinations were added in unclear cases. The sensitivity and specificity of CEUS were calculated. The total costs of CEUS examinations and of the added examinations performed in inconclusive cases were calculated. Afterwards, the theoretical expenses for evaluating incidentally discovered FLLs using CT or MRI as the first-line method were calculated. The resultswere compared. RESULTS The total cost of the diagnostic process using CEUS for all enrolled patients with FLLs was 75884 USD. When the expenses for additional CT and MRI examinations performed in inconclusive cases were added, the total cost was 90540 US dollar(USD). If all patients had been examined by CT or MR as the first-line method, the costs would have been 78897 USD or 384235 USD, respectively. The difference between the cost of CT and CEUS was 3013 USD(4%) and that between MRI and CEUS was 308352 USD(406.3%). We correctly described 97.06% of benign or malignant lesions, with 96.99% sensitivity and 97.09% specificity. Positive predictive value was 94.16% and negative predictive value was 98.52%. In cases with 4 and more lesions, malignancy is significantly more frequent and inconclusive findings significantly less frequent(P < 0.001).CONCLUSION While the costs of CEUS and CT in evaluating FLLs are comparable, CEUS examination is far more costeffective in comparison to MRI. | Miriama Smajerova Hana Petrasova Jirina Little Petra Ovesna Tomas Andrasina Vlastimil Valek Eva Nemcova Barbora Miklosova | 2016 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2016，22，38： | 4 |
| 12 | 超高压杀菌技术在乳品中的应用显示文摘超高压杀菌技术在食品加工中的商业应用已经有20多年的历史,而第一次在乳品中应用的实验可追溯至1899年。该项技术和其他的杀菌方法一样通常用于杀死食品中的致病菌和腐败菌。恒天然公司经过多年的研究改进了该技术,在杀死大部分或全部的有害微生物的同时使食品中的营养成分得以成功地保留下来,以此创造崭新的功能性产品。 | Nigel Little 潘瑶 | 2007 | 中国食品工业2007，，4： | 4 |
| 13 | 超高压杀菌技术在乳品中的应用显示文摘超高压杀菌技术在食品加工中的商业应用已经有20多年的历史,而第一次在乳品中应用的实验可追溯至1899年.该项技术和其它的杀菌方法一样,通常用于杀死食品中的致病菌和腐败菌.恒天然公司经过多年的研究改进了该技术,在杀死大部分或全部有害微生物的同时,使食品中的营养成分成功地得以保留下来,以此创造崭新的功能性产品. | Nigel Little 潘瑶 | 2007 | 中国乳业2007，，5： | 4 |
| 14 | Antibiotics for lower respiratory tract infection in children presenting in primary care in England (ARTIC PC): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial显示文摘Methods:ARTIC PC was a double-blind,randomised,placebo-controlled trial done at 56 general practices in England.Eligible children were those aged 6 months to 12 years presenting in primary care with acute uncomplicated LRTI judged to be infective in origin,where pneumonia was not suspected clinically,with symptoms for less than 21 days.Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive amoxicillin 50 mg/kg per day or placebo oral suspension,in three divided doses orally for 7 days.Patients and investigators were masked to treatment assignment.The primary outcome was the duration of symptoms rated moderately bad or worse(measured using a validated diary)for up to 28 days or until symptoms resolved.The primary outcome and safety were assessed in the intention-to-treat population.The trial is registered with the ISRCTN Registry(ISRCTN79914298). | Paul Little | 2021 | 四川生理科学杂志2021，43，8： | 3 |
| 15 | Review of efficacy and safety of laxatives use in geriatrics显示文摘AIM:To study the efficacy and safety of pharmacolo-gical treatment of constipation in geriatrics.METHODS:Pub Med,MEDLINE,google scholar,and Ovid were searched to identify human studies performed on the use of laxatives in elderly with constipation,which were conducted between January1990 and January 2013 using the specified keywords.Controlled studies that enrolled geriatric patients with a diagnosis of constipation and addressed the efficacy and/or the safety of pharmacological treatments were included.Studies were excluded from this review if they were non-controlled trials,case series,or case reports.RESULTS:Out of twenty three studies we initially retrieved in our search,only nine studies met the eligibility criteria of being controlled trials within geriatrics.The laxatives examined in the nine studies were senna,lactulose,sorbital,polyethylene glycol(PEG),lubiprostone,linaclotide,and prucalopride.In those studies,senna combinations had a higher efficacy than sorbitol or lactulose as well as,a very good adverse effect profile.PEG was also shown to be safe and effective in geriatric population.Furthermore,it has been shown that PEG is as safe in geriatrics as in general population.New agents like lubiprostone and prucalopride show promising results but the data about these agents in geriatrics are still limited which warrant further investigation.CONCLUSION:Senna combinations and PEG appear to have a more favorable profile over the other traditionally used laxatives in elderly patients with constipation. | Manhal Izzy Anju Malieckal Erin Little Sury Anand | 2016 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics2016，7，2： | 3 |
| 16 | Kinetics of CO2 with primary and secondary amines in aqueous solutions显示文摘 | Little R J Versteeg G F Van Swaaij W P M | 1992 | Chem Eng Sci1992，47，： | 3 |
| 17 | 人参皂甙和三七皂甙对突触体^(45)Ca摄取和[~3H]MK-801结合位点的影响显示文摘采用放射性同位素标记方法,研究了GS和SCS对小鼠大脑突触体^(45)Ca摄取和[~3H]MK-801结合位点的影响。结果表明,GS和SCS 1mg/ml能明显抑制突触体对^(45)Ca摄取;SCS作用显著大于GS,且具有相对较强的高钾刺激依赖性。GS与SCS不同,能明显影响[~3H]MK-801与位点结合。结合三种L-型钙通道阻滞剂的类似实验结果,提示药物的钙阻滞强弱与其对NMDA受体-离子复合物通道影响无关,象二氢吡啶类钙阻滞剂Nit一样,GS的脑缺血保护作用可能涉及兼具钙阻滞和影响NMDA受体-离子复合物通道功能。 | 周歧新 Hilary J Little | 1996 | 中药药理与临床1996，12，5： | 3 |
| 18 | Improvement in Perioperative Outcome After Hepatic Resection: Analysis of 1,803 Consecutive Cases Over the Past Decade显示文摘 | William R. Jarnagin Mithat Gonen Yuman Fong Ronald P. DeMatteo Leah Ben-Porat Sarah Little Carlos Corvera Sharon Weber Leslie H. Blumgart | 2002 | Annals of Surgery2002，，4： | 3 |
| 19 | National assessment of the fragmentation,accessibility and anthropogenic pressure on the forests in Mexico显示文摘Forest managers and policy makers increasingly demand to have access to estimates of forest fragmentation,human accessibility to forest areas and levels of anthropogenic pressure on the remaining forests to integrate them into monitoring systems,management and conservation plans.Forest fragmentation is defined as the breaking up of a forest unit,where the number of patches and the amount of expose edge increase while the amount of core area decreases.Forest fragmentation studies in Mexico have been limited to local or regional levels and have concentrated only on specific forest types.This paper presents an assessment of the fragmentation of all forest types at the national level,their effective proximity to anthropogenic influences,and the development of an indicator of anthropogenic pressure on the forests areas.Broadleaf forests,tropical evergreen forests and tropical dry deciduous forests show the greatest fragmentation.Almost half(47%) of the tropical forests are in close effective proximity to anthropogenic influences and only 12% of their area can be considered isolated from anthropogenic influences.The values for the temperate forests are 23% and 29% respectively.Anthropogenic pressure in the immediate vicinity of anthropogenic activities is much higher in the tropical forests(75 in a scale 0-100) than in the temperate forests(30).When considering these results jointly,the tropical forests,and more specifically,the tropical evergreen forests and tropical dry deciduous forests are under the greatest pressure and risks of degradation. | Rafael Moreno-Sanchez Juan Manuel Torres-Rojo Francisco Moreno-Sanchez Sue Hawkins Justin Little Susan McPartland | 2012 | Journal of Forestry Research2012，23，4： | 3 |
| 20 | Radiation exposure from CT scans in childhood and subsequent risk of leukaemia and brain tumours: a retrospective cohort study显示文摘 | Mark S Pearce Jane A Salotti Mark P Little Kieran McHugh Choonsik Lee Kwang Pyo Kim Nicola L Howe Cecile M Ronckers Preetha Rajaraman Alan W Craft Louise Parker Amy Berrington de González | 2012 | The Lancet . 2012 (9840)2012，，： | 3 |
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