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| 1 | 养殖梭子蟹血卵涡鞭虫感染的初步研究显示文摘2004年7—9月,浙江舟山人工养殖梭子蟹相继发生一种被当地渔民称为'牛奶病'的流行性疾病,并引起大量死亡。病蟹蟹体消瘦,肌肉白浊,蟹盖内可见大量乳白色液体。对带有典型病症的濒死病蟹进行细菌分离,未分离到细菌。组织病理学观察发现,病蟹血淋巴急剧下降,代之以大量的寄生原虫,该寄生虫在病蟹的肝胰腺、鳃、心脏、肌肉等部位大量侵袭,并引起这些组织发生以坏死为主的变质性病变,其病理特征主要表现为:细胞肿胀、变性、坏死,某些细胞的细胞核固缩、碎裂或崩解。电镜观察乳白色体液及病变组织,可见大量寄生原虫,该寄生虫大小约5—7μm,多数呈卵圆形,单核或多核,具有2根鞭毛。进一步通过分子生物学方法,确定该寄生虫为血卵涡鞭虫Hematodinium sp.,初步认定其是引起养殖梭子蟹'牛奶病'的一种重要病原。 | 许文军 施慧 徐汉祥 Hamish Small | 2007 | 水生生物学报2007，31，5： | 28 |
| 2 | 从“园丁式监管”走向“大数据监管”——对互联网金融生态体系特征与监管模式创新的思考显示文摘互联网和金融的融合已成趋势。在互联网金融中,尽管金融的功能属性和风险属性依旧存在,但一些有别于传统金融的现象已经呈现,诸如货币去纸化、金融平台数据化、金融服务分子化和碎片化,以及金融系统去中心化等,而这一切都可以归纳为互联网金融生态系统的蜕变性、多样性和进化性等特征。有鉴于此,目前以'产品逻辑+机构逻辑+分业监管'为核心的监管模式,迫切需要做出调整。我们认为,监管机构需要与行业组织、互联网金融企业、消费者及其他利益相关者一道,共同构建一个良性监管机制。我们建议监管机构采取'园丁式监管'模式,以'包容性'和'底线思维'来防范风险、以'自然选择'来促进效率提升、以'适时修剪'来规范行业运作,逐步过渡到'大数据监管'模式,即围绕数据的生成、传输和使用等环节,采取实时和互动方式,实现对互联网金融的有效监管。 | Researching Center, Small and Micro Financial Services Group | 2014 | 新金融评论2014，，2： | 13 |
| 3 | Nuclearly Encoded Splicing Factors Implicated in RNA Splicing in Higher Plant Organelles显示文摘植物细胞器从二个独立 endosymbiosis 事件产生了。在整个进化历史,叶绿体和线粒体的紧密的控制被原子核获得了,它调整细胞器染色体表示和新陈代谢的大多数步。特别地,包括拼接的 RNA, RNA 成熟高度依赖于原子地编码的拼接的因素。在细胞器的大多数 introns 是组 II introns,其催化机制非常类似于原子 spliceosome 的。植物组 II introns 失去了能力到在 vivo 自我拼接并且作为余因子要求原子地编码的蛋白质。自从首先拼接,因素在叶绿体被识别超过 10 ? 年以前,许多另外的蛋白质被显示了涉及在叶绿体或线粒体至少一 introns 拼接。这些新蛋白质属于 RNA 有约束力的蛋白质的许多不同家庭并且在细胞器提供新卓见进 ribonucleoprotein 建筑群和 RNA 拼接机械。在这评论,我们描述怎么拼接的因素,由原子核编码了并且指向了到细胞器,在更高的植物细胞器参加 post-transcriptional 步骤基因表示。我们继续讨论潜力让这些因素调整细胞器基因表示。 | Andeol Falcon de Longevialle lan D. Small Claire Lurin | 2010 | Molecular Plant2010，3，4： | 11 |
| 4 | 慢性病赋能量表的汉化及在社区中老年慢性病患者中的信效度分析显示文摘目的汉化慢性病赋能量表,并探讨其在中国社区中老年慢性病患者中的适用性。方法采用Brislin翻译模型完成量表汉化。于2015年11月—2016年1月,采用方便抽样法选取在广州市某三甲医院下属的4个社区卫生服务站就诊的中老年慢性病患者273例,采用一般资料调查表、中文版慢性病赋能量表、一般自我效能感量表(GSES)进行调查。采用Cronbach'sα系数和分半信度考察量表的信度;采用因子分析评价量表的结构效度;采用Pearson相关分析计算量表的内部相关系数;采用Spearman秩相关分析计算量表的效标关联效度。结果中文版慢性病赋能量表标准化Cronbach'sα系数为0.950,分半信度为0.930,各维度标准化Cronbach'sα系数为0.694~0.877,重测信度为0.921,平均内容效度为0.950,各维度得分与总分的相关系数为0.875~0.959,以GSES作为效标的效标效度为0.678;主轴因子分解法提取6个公因子,删除3个不归类任何因子的条目后,累计方差贡献率为54.504%。结论中文版慢性病赋能量表信效度良好,符合中国国情,适合在国内社区中老年慢性病患者中进行应用。 | 李璇 Nicola Small 王晓艳 曹阳 刘宴伟 雷清梅 朱亚芳 彭娟 周宏珍 | 2017 | 中国全科医学2017，20，10： | 11 |
| 5 | STAGED PROGRESSION MODEL FOR EPIDEMIC SPREAD ON HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKS显示文摘在这份报纸,与同类、异构的网络上的上演前进模型一起的流行传播被学习。首先,简单上演前进模型的流行阀值被给。然后,有出生和死亡的上演前进模型也被考虑。传染性是节点度的非线性的功能的盒子也被讨论。最后,分析结果被数字模拟验证。 | Haifeng ZHANG Michael SMALL Xinchu FU | 2011 | Journal of Systems Science & Complexity2011，24，4： | 7 |
| 6 | Different Epidemic Models on Complex Networks显示文摘Models for diseases spreading are not just limited to SIS or SIR.For instance,for the spreading ofAIDS/HIV,the susceptible individuals can be classified into different cases according to their immunity,and similarly,the infected individuals can be sorted into different classes according to their infectivity.Moreover,some diseases maydevelop through several stages.Many authors have shown that the individuals' relation can be viewed as a complexnetwork.So in this paper,in order to better explain the dynamical behavior of epidemics,we consider different epidemicmodels on complex networks,and obtain the epidemic threshold for each case.Finally,we present numerical simulationsfor each case to verify our results. | ZHANG Hai-Feng Michael Small FU Xin-Chu | 2009 | Communications in Theoretical Physics2009，52，7： | 6 |
| 7 | 活性氧化铝除氟研究显示文摘针对目前活性氧化铝饮水除氟中存在的问题,进行了生产性试验研究,通过采用原水投加CO_2气体降低pH值、小颗粒活性氧化铝、大流量短历时的NaOH循环再生法等新技术,提高了活性氧化铝的吸附容量和处理水的能力,克服滤料板结和假疲劳,除氟效果稳定可靠,水质好,再生时间短,用药省,降低了基建投资和运转费用。 | North China Municipal Engineering Design Institute A full-scale plant was set up for studying the existing problems on the fluoride removal from drinking water by activated alumina. Some new methods was adopted,such as the addition of CO2to reduce water pH value,the use of small-sized activated alumina,and the employment of a cyclic regeneration at large flow rate with NaOH as regenerant,which result in the improvement of adsorption capacity of activated alumina and treatment capacity, the elimination of the hardening of filtration materials and false fatigue,stable and reliable effectiveness,good quality in water,short regeneration time,small consumption of regenerant. And then the capital and openational costs were reduced. | 1989 | 中国给水排水1989，5，3： | 5 |
| 8 | 旧金山市结核病流行病学中的性别差异显示文摘背景:在全球范围内,结核病性别发病率的差异仍无根本性的解释。目的:探究旧金山市1991~1996年有可能解释结核病发病率性别差异的各种因素。设计:对旧金山市1991~1996年结核病特定性别发病率进行回顾性流行病学分析。按诊断时年龄、种族群、人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染情况以及出生地等进行分层分析。使用带有IS6110数据的分子指纹研究新感染和复燃结核病例发病率的性别差异。结果:研究期内,男性与女性发病率之比为2.1(95%CI 1.9~2.3)。分层分析显示年龄超过14岁可见性别发病率差异,美国出生人群、白种人和黑种人其男性:女性发病率之比最高。具有成簇指纹的病例比值也较高,这与美国出生人群近似。在以结核病复燃病例为主的人群,比值在青春期后高于一般情况,但这种影响报告的较少。结论:结核病在美国出生人口中不断的感染是可解释旧金山市性别发病率不同的原因之一。观察到的两性结核病发病率的差异,可能是由于传播动力学的不同,而不是来自诊断和报告的偏倚。 | A. N. Martinez J. T. Rhee P. M. Small M. A. Behr 王延莉 | 2000 | 国际结核病与肺部疾病杂志2000，0，Z1： | 4 |
| 9 | 听性稳态反应应用于婴幼儿听力评估的现状(英文)显示文摘刺激速率为70~110Hz的听性稳态反应(auditory steady-state response,ASSR)(亦称为80Hz)最近倍受听力学工作者特别是小儿听力学工作者的关注,设备制造商也正在推销其产品。本文回顾了ASSR的技术、应用基础,并总结了其应用于婴幼儿听力评估的现状。文中斜体字为基本原则。详细的ASSR方法学、正常值以及一些ASSR研究结果请参阅Picton(2003)的综述。ASSR并不是一个新发现的听觉反应,1960年Geisler就从人类头颅上记录到了该反应;以后研究者又记录到了短声、正弦调制波以及方波调制波所诱发的反应。Galambos等在1981年发表的有关40Hz事件相关电位将ASSR引入听力领域。不同刺激速率的ASSR的产生部位是不同的,40Hz的ASSR产生于皮层和脑干,而80Hz的ASSR主要来源于脑干,而且很有可能它就是ABR的波Ⅴ,只是与ABR的刺激和记录方法不同而已。ASSR的重要特征之一就是在频域内分析的方法,通过计算位相相关性或刺激速率值处的信噪比,再根据统计学分析来判定反应的引出与否,这种客观性使ASSR显著优于ABR。ASSR的刺激信号最早是象ABR一样的短纯音信号,以后主要用调幅调制声,有时也加入10%~20%的调频调制,目前大多数设备都采用这一信号,最近一种新ASSR设备的缺省设置是5~8ms的短音。ASSR的另一个重要特征是能够同时记录多个刺激声信号所产生的反应,这种多频刺激的方法能够同时记录双耳八个频率(每耳四个频率)的反应。研究证明只要各个信号的频率相距一个倍频程以上,强度在75dBSPL以下,多个刺激声之间的干扰就很小或没有。不对称型的听力图、不同频率所产生的反应幅度的不同以及多频刺激方式所导致的各个频率反应幅度整体的下降延长了这种方法的测试时间,使其不如理想中的那么省时,但仍比单一刺激方式快2~3倍。80HzASSR通常采用的是正弦调幅调制纯音,因为其特有的频率特异性而被认为是优于短纯音ABR的一个方面,但是声信号的频率特异性只是其中的一方面,还应考虑到耳蜗基底膜的部位特异性以及神经反应的特异性。研究证明ASSR的频率特异性与短纯音ABR是非常接近的。ASSR技术以飞快的速度发展,十年前还没有商用的设备,五年前只有两家,而目前至少有六种不同的设备。随着设备的增加,各个设备之间标准化的问题突显出来。有些设备有很浑厚的研究背景,而有些则没有,使用者应该根据设备的性能及临床资料而加以选择。关于80HzASSR与行为听力测试相关性的研究很多,多为感音神经性聋成人或较大儿童,结果表明至少在该人群中ASSR的阈值能够很好地预测行为听力阈值。许多ABR与ASSR的比较研究声称ASSR比ABR能够更好地评估残余听力,也就是当受试者听力损失很重、ABR不能引出时,仍能够引出ASSR。尽管这一现象客观存在,但是还有一些其他需要考虑的影响因素,如:①所比较的信号在某一特定频率上的能量是不相等的,众所周知短声的能量分布频率范围很宽,其最大输出强度较ASSR信号小;②ASSR在高强度会有伪迹或非听性反应;③ASSR的长时强声刺激会导致耳蜗损害。因此需慎重对待这一问题。目前还没有关于传导性聋或混合性聋气导ASSR的研究,模拟传导性聋的研究表明气导ASSR阈值远高于行为听阈,而且ASSR骨气导差过大。骨导ASSR的研究显示听力正常婴幼儿各个频率的ASSR的阈值与成人显著不同。正常听力婴幼儿的短纯音ABR阈值以及诊断标准已经确立,而ASSR在这一方面的研究则显得不足,而且不同研究所采用的刺激(单频与多频)及记录(不同信噪比、噪声标准以及记录时间)方法不同,使这一形势更加恶化。综合不同调幅调制纯音ASSR的研究结果,正常听力婴幼儿在500、1000、2000及4000Hz的平均阈值分别为41、43、35和32dBHL,如果转换为dBSPL则与短纯音ABR非常相似。如果以均值的90%~95%为可信区间,取二倍标准差,则诊断标准在500Hz为60dBHL,1000、2000及4000Hz为50dBHL。关于感音神经性聋儿童ASSR的研究有很多,这种研究比较理想的方法应该将婴幼儿的ASSR阈值与行为听阈或短纯音ABR阈值相比较。遗憾的是多数研究都是短声ABR与ASSR的比较。总结以上工作发现,首先样本数量还很少,其次多数有方法学的缺陷,加之不同研究所采用的刺激和记录方法不同,临床资料就更加减少。最后还没有不同类型听力损失的婴幼儿ASSR的研究。总而言之,尽管ASSR在婴幼儿听力评估方面很有前途,但目前单独以此作为听力诊断的电生理方法还为时过早,还必须结合短纯音ABR,因为只有短纯音ABR才具有充足的基础、临床研究和明确的诊断标准,因而也是目前婴幼儿听力诊断电生理方法的金标准。根据上述回顾,ASSR在婴幼儿听力诊断的现状总结如下:①新的刺激及记录方法通常都没有经过同行审阅的临床科研为依据,特别是缺乏听力障碍婴幼儿的数据;②不同设备采用不同的刺激和记录方法,且缺少专业人员的评估;③不同的方法或设备层出不穷,缺乏标准化;④刺激声信号的校准问题以及ASSR与行为听力之间的关系问题还没有解决,各种设备采用不同的刺激和记录方法更加恶化了这一状况;⑤极重度聋者的ABR和ASSR的关系还有待于进一步研究;⑥听力损失儿童的ASSR与行为听力测试的关系的研究还很少,而且现有的大多数研究没有能够将ASSR与听力诊断的金标准——行为听力和/或短纯音ABR进行比较;⑦六个月以下婴幼儿的ASSR研究还很少;⑧传导性聋或混合性聋成人和婴幼儿的研究还很少;⑨成人的骨导ASSR研究很少,还没有婴幼儿骨导ASSR的研究报道,也没有病理状态下成人或婴幼儿的骨导ASSR研究(极重度聋除外)。如果上述问题得不到解决,ASSR技术就不能称为成熟。因为对于一个结果,无法准确地判定该阈值是正常还是升高。短纯音ABR的研究虽然尚需完善,但它已有非常多的研究背景和临床数据,能够提供气导和骨导听阈,是当前婴幼儿(特别是6个月以下儿童)听阈确定的首选方法。因此目前ASSR还需与短纯音ABR或行为听力测试结合使用。80HzASSR除了用于阈值的评估外,也可以用于阈上功能的评估,如单词识别或助听器效果的预估。结果表明在正常或异常听力成人以言语调制声为信号,其识别阈与ASSR有显著相关性,它反映了较低水平的听觉处理能力。 | Stapells DR Herdman A A Small S Dimitrijevic A Hatton j 莫玲燕教授(编译) | 2008 | 听力学及言语疾病杂志2008，16，1： | 3 |
| 10 | FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitors synergize with BCL-2 inhibition to eliminate FLT3/ITD acute leukemia cells through BIM activation显示文摘Tyrosine kinase inhibitors(TKIs)targeting FLT3 have shown activity but when used alone have achieved limited success in clinical trials,suggesting the need for combination with other drugs.We investigated the combination of FLT3 TKIs(Gilteritinib or Sorafenib),with Venetodax,a BCL-2 selective inhibitor(BCL-2i),on FLT3/ITD leukemia cells.The combination of a FLT3 TKI and a BCL-2i synergistically reduced cell proliferation and enhanced apoptosis/cell death in FLT3/ITD cell lines and primary AML samples.Venetoclax also re-sensitized FLT3 TKI-resistant cells to Gilteritinib or Sorafenib treatment,mediated through MAPK pathway inhibition.Gilteritinib treatment alone dissociated BIM from MCL-1 but increased the binding of BIM to BCL-2.Venetoclax treatment enhanced the binding of BIM to MCL-1 but dissociated BIM from BCL-2.Treatment with the drugs together resulted in dissociation of BIM from both BCL-2 and MCL-1,with an increased binding of BIM to the cell death mediator BAX,leading to increased apoptosis.These findings suggest that Venetoclax mitigates the unintended pro-survival effects of FLT3 TKI mainly through the dissociation of BIM and BCL-2 and also decreased BIM expression.This study provides evidence that the addition of BCL-2i enhances the effect of FLT3 TKI therapy in FLT3/ITD AML treatment. | Ruiqi Zhu Li Li Bao Nguyen Jaesung Seo Min Wu Tessa Seale Mark Levis Amy Duffield Yu Hu Donald Small | 2021 | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy2021，6，6： | 2 |
| 11 | Dynamical behaviour of an epidemic on complex networks with population mobility显示文摘In this paper,we study the dynamical behaviour of an epidemic on complex networks with population mobility.In our model,the number of people on each node is unrestricted as the nodes of the network are considered as cities,communities,and so on.Because people can travel between different cities,we study the effect of a population'smobility on the epidemic spreading.In view of the population's mobility,we suppose that the susceptible individualcan be infected by an infected individual in the same city or other connected cities.Simulations are presented to verifyour analysis. | 张海峰 Small Michael 傅新楚 汪秉宏 | 2009 | Chinese Physics B2009，18，9： | 2 |
| 12 | Comparing effects of kyphoplasty, vertebroplasty, and non-surgical management in a systematic review of randomized and non-randomized controlled studies显示文摘 | Ioannis D. Papanastassiou Frank M. Phillips Jan Meirhaeghe James R. Berenson Gunnar B. J. Andersson Gary Chung Brent J. Small Kamran Aghayev Frank D. Vrionis | 2012 | European Spine Journal2012，，9： | 2 |
| 13 | Medial temporal lobe atrophy on MRI scans and the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease显示文摘 | R Duara D A. Loewenstein E Potter J Appel M T. Greig R Urs Q Shen A Raj B Small W Barker E Schofield Y Wu H Potter | 2008 | Neurology2008，，24： | 2 |
| 14 | Recovery of the alografted smalintestine functions显示文摘RecoveryofthealograftedsmalintestinefunctionsJIANGZhiWei,LIJieShou,LINin,LIYouSheng,LIUFangLan,SHENGXueQinandCHENGYong... | JIANG Zhi Wei, LI Jie Shou, LI Nin, LI You Sheng, LIU Fang Lan, SHENG Xue Qin and CHENG Yong Min Subject headings Nutritional support small intestine/transplantation small intestine/physiopathology | 1997 | World Journal of Gastroenterology1997，3，2： | 2 |
| 15 | Human Influences on Nitrogen Removal in Lakes显示文摘 | Jacques C. Finlay Gaston E. Small Robert W. Sterner | 2013 | 2013 (6155)2013，，6155： | 2 |
| 16 | The use of a standardized Chinese herbal formula in patients with advanced lung cancer:a feasibility study显示文摘Objective: Increasing numbers of cancer patients are using Chinese herbs(CHs). However, differences among prior studies make it difficult to draw firm conclusions about the clinical usefulness of any specific CH formula. The primary objective of this study was to establish the acceptability of taking a standardized CH formula for patients with advanced lung cancer. The secondary objective was to identify any toxicities attributable to this CH formula and to measure changes in quality of life.Methods: A single-arm, prospective study of a 6-week intervention with a selected CH formula in15 patients with stage 4 nonsmall-cell lung cancer(NSCLC, Seventh American Joint Committee on Cancer TNM staging system).Results: Patients with advanced lung cancer were interested in using the CH formula. Completion(93%)and adherence(98%) levels were very high and most patients perceived the CH treatment as easy to take and were willing to take the CHs used in the study again if it was available. About half of the patients reported adverse events, all of which were mild(Grade 1 or 2) and only a small minority(8%) were potentially related to CHs. No biochemical or hematological evidence of toxicity was observed. Overall, there were improvement in quality of life, and reduced feelings of tiredness and sleepiness.Conclusion: This study provides preliminary evidence that short-term use of a carefully selected and prepared CH formula in patients with stage 4 NSCLC is acceptable and safe. | Goulnar Kasymjanova Anh-Thi Tran Victor Cohen Carmela Pepe Lama Sakr David Small Jason Scott Agulnik Robert Thomas Jagoe | 2018 | Journal of Integrative Medicine2018，16，6： | 2 |
| 17 | Endoscopic placement of self-expandable metal stents for malignant colonic obstruction: long-term outcomes and complication factors显示文摘 | Aaron J. Small Nayantara Coelho-Prabhu Todd H. Baron | 2010 | Gastrointestinal Endoscopy2010，，3： | 2 |
| 18 | Biology of ischemic cerebral cell death显示文摘 | Small D L Morley P Buchan A M | 1999 | Prog Cardiovasc Dis1999，42，3： | 2 |
| 19 | Strategies to tackle the challenges of external beam radiotherapy for liver tumors显示文摘Primary and metastatic liver cancer is an increasingly common and difficult to control disease entity.Radiation offers a non-invasive treatment alternative for these patients who often have few options and a poor prognosis.However,the anatomy and aggressiveness of liver cancer poses significant challenges such as accurate localization at simulation and treatment,management of motion and appropriate selection of dose regimen.This article aims to review the options available and provide information for the practical implementation and/or improvement of liver cancer radiation programs within the context of stereotactic body radiotherapy and image-guided radiotherapy guidelines.Specific patient inclusion and exclusion criteria are presented given the significant toxicity found in certain sub-populations treated with radiation.Indeed,certain sub-populations,such as those with tumor thrombosis or those with larger lesions treated with transarterial chemoembolization,have been shown to have significant improvements in outcome with the addition of radiation and merit special consideration.Implementing a liver radiation programrequires three primary challenges to be addressed:(1) immobilization and motion management;(2) localization;and(3) dose regimen and constraint selection.Strategies to deal with motion include simple internal target volume(ITV) expansions,non-gated ITV reduction strategies,breath hold methods,and surrogate marker methods to enable gating or tracking.Localization of the tumor and organs-at-risk are addressed using contrast infusion techniques to take advantage of different normal liver and cancer vascular anatomy,imaging modalities,and margin management.Finally,a dose response has been demonstrated and dose regimens appear to be converging.A more uniform approach to treatment in terms of technique,dose selection and patient selection will allow us to study liver radiation in larger and,hopefully,multicenter randomized studies. | Michael I Lock Jonathan Klein Hans T Chung Joseph M Herman Edward Y Kim William Small Nina A Mayr Simon S Lo | 2017 | World Journal of Hepatology2017，9，14： | 2 |
| 20 | Patterns in visual interpretation of coronary after rograms as detected by quantitative coronary arteriography 显示文摘 | Fleming R M Kirkeeide R L Smalling R W | 1991 | J Am Coll Cardiol1991，18，7： | 1 |
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