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| 1 | The amazing potential of fungi:50 ways we can exploit fungi industrially显示文摘Fungi are an understudied,biotechnologically valuable group of organisms.Due to the immense range of habitats that fungi inhabit,and the consequent need to compete against a diverse array of other fungi,bacteria,and animals,fungi have developed numerous survival mechanisms.The unique attributes of fungi thus herald great promise for their application in biotechnology and industry.Moreover,fungi can be grown with relative ease,making production at scale viable.The search for fungal biodiversity,and the construction of a living fungi collection,both have incredible economic potential in locating organisms with novel industrial uses that will lead to novel products.This manuscript reviews fifty ways in which fungi can potentially be utilized as biotechnology.We provide notes and examples for each potential exploitation and give examples from our own work and the work of other notable researchers.We also provide a flow chart that can be used to convince funding bodies of the importance of fungi for biotechnological research and as potential products.Fungi have provided the world with penicillin,lovastatin,and other globally significant medicines,and they remain an untapped resource with enormous industrial potential. | Kevin D.Hyde Jianchu Xu Sylvie Rapior Rajesh Jeewon Saisamorn Lumyong Allen Grace T.Niego Pranami D.Abeywickrama Janith V.S.Aluthmuhandiram Rashika S.Brahamanage Siraprapa Brooks Amornrat Chaiyasen K.W.Thilini Chethana Putarak Chomnunti Clara Chepkirui Boontiya Chuankid Nimali I.de Silva Mingkwan Doilom Craig Faulds Eleni Gentekaki Venkat Gopalan Pattana Kakumyan Dulanjalee Harishchandra Hridya Hemachandran Sinang Hongsanan Anuruddha Karunarathna Samantha C.Karunarathna Sehroon Khan Jaturong Kumla Ruvishika S.Jayawardena Jian-Kui Liu Ningguo Liu Thatsanee Luangharn Allan Patrick G.Macabeo Diana S.Marasinghe Dan Meeks Peter E.Mortimer Peter Mueller Sadia Nadir Karaba N.Nataraja Sureeporn Nontachaiyapoom Meghan O’Brien Watsana Penkhrue Chayanard Phukhamsakda Uma Shaanker Ramanan Achala R.Rathnayaka Resurreccion B.Sadaba Birthe Sandargo Binu C.Samarakoon Danushka S.Tennakoon Ramamoorthy Siva Wasan Sriprom T.S.Suryanarayanan Kanaporn Sujarit Nakarin Suwannarach Thitipone Suwunwong Benjarong Thongbai Naritsada Thongklang Deping Wei S.Nuwanthika Wijesinghe Jake Winiski Jiye Yan Erandi Yasanthika Marc Stadler | 2019 | Fungal Diversity2019，，4： | 3 |
| 2 | Managing mistletoes:the value of local practices for a non - timber forest resource 显示文摘 | Lucy Rist R Uma Shaanker E J Milner - Gulland | 2008 | Forest Ecology and Management2008，255，5： | 1 |
| 3 | Isolation of endophytic bacteria producing the anti-cancer alkaloid camptothecine from Miquelia dentata Bedd. (Icacinaceae)显示文摘 | S. Shweta J. Hima Bindu J. Raghu H.K. Suma B.L. Manjunatha P. Mohana Kumara G. Ravikanth K.N. Nataraja K.N. Ganeshaiah R. Uma Shaanker | 2013 | Phytomedicine2013，，10： | 1 |
| 4 | Endophytic fungi from Miquelia dentata Bedd., produce the anti-cancer alkaloid, camptothecine显示文摘 | Singh Shweta Bukkambudhi Rudrappa Gurumurthy Gudasalamani Ravikanth Uma Shaanker Ramanan Manchanahally Byrappa Shivanna | 2012 | Phytomedicine2012，，： | 1 |
| 5 | Endophytic fungal strains of Fusarium solani, from Apodytes dimidiata E. Mey. ex Arn (Icacinaceae) produce camptothecin, 10-hydroxycamptothecin and 9-methoxycamptothecin显示文摘 | S. Shweta S. Zuehlke B.T. Ramesha V. Priti P. Mohana Kumar G. Ravikanth M. Spiteller R. Vasudeva R. Uma Shaanker | 2009 | Phytochemistry2009，，1： | 1 |
| 6 | Invasive alien species as drivers in socio-ecological systems: local adaptations towards use of Lantana in Southern India显示文摘 | Ramesh Kannan Charlie M. Shackleton R. Uma Shaanker | 2014 | Environment, Development and Sustainability2014，，3： | 1 |
| 7 | The spa- tial distribution of mistletoe in a southern Indian tropi- cal forest at multiple scales 显示文摘 | RIST L UMA SHAANKER R GHAZOUL J | 2011 | Biotropica2011，43，1： | 1 |
| 8 | Evolution of style-length variability in figs and optimization of ovipositor length in their pollinator wasps:a coevolutionary model显示文摘 | Ganeshaiah K N Kathuria P Shaanker R U | 1995 | Journal Genetics1995，74，： | 1 |
| 9 | DNA barcoding: An exercise in futility or utility 显示文摘 | Aravind K Ravikanth G Shaanker RU | 2007 | Current Science2007，92，9： | 1 |
| 10 | Does optimal packing of flowers in syconia shape style length variation in monoecious figs显示文摘 | Ganeshaiah KN Kathuria P Shaanker RU | | 0，，02： | 1 |
| 11 | Genetic re-latedness among developing seeds and intra fruit seed abortion inDalbergia sissoo显示文摘 | Mohana G S Uma Shaanker R Ganeshaiah K N | 2001 | American Journal of Botany2001，88，： | 1 |
| 12 | Is there dimorphism for style lengths in monoecious figs显示文摘 | Ganeshaiah K N Shaanker R U | 1995 | Current Science1995，68，： | 1 |
| 13 | Evolution of style-length wariability in figs and optimization of ovipositor length in their pollinator wasps:a coevolution model显示文摘 | Kathuria P Shaanker R U | 1995 | Journal of Genetics1995，74，： | 1 |
| 14 | Ecological consequences of forest use:from genes to ecosystem:a case study in the Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary,South India显示文摘 | Shaanker R U Ganeshaiah K N Rao M N Aravind N A | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 15 | Does optimal packing of flowers in syconia shape style length variation in monoecious figs显示文摘 | Ganeshaiah K N Kathuria P Shaanker R U | 1999 | Biotropica1999，，31： | 1 |
| 16 | Prospecting for Camptothecines from Nothapodytes nimmoniana in the Western Ghats, South India: Identification of High-Yielding Sources of Camptothecin and New Families of Camptothecines显示文摘 | B.T. Ramesha T. Amna G. Ravikanth Rajesh P. Gunaga R. Vasudeva K.N. Ganeshaiah R. Uma Shaanker R.K. Khajuria S.C. Puri G.N. Qazi | 2008 | Journal of Chromatographic Science2008，，4： | 1 |
| 17 | Morphological parameters and genetic diversity of progenies from seed production areas and unimproved stands of teak(Tectona grandis L.f.)in India显示文摘We compared morphological and genetic attributes of progeny obtained from three seed production areas(SPAs) and three corresponding unimproved stands(UIS) of teak(Tectona grandis L.f) at three broad teak growing regions in the state of Karnataka, India.In general,seed morphological parameters such as seed weight, seed size and seed emptiness were significantly superior in SPAs compared to UISs.Seed germination percentage was also higher in seeds from SPAs.Seedling performance measured at two monthly intervals for six months was observed to be superior in SPAs at two of the three regions compared.Although the genetic diversity of progeny of SPAs was lower than UIS at all regions, the values were moderately high.Germination percent was positively correlated with fruit weight and kernel weight per seed, while diversity indices were negatively correlated with fruit weight, fruit diameter and kernel weight per seed.SPAs proved important as a source of moderately improved planting material with no severe threat to the genetic diversity of future plantations. | N.Lyngdoh Geeta Joshi G.Ravikanth R.Vasudeva R.Uma Shaanker | 2013 | Journal of Forestry Research2013，24，4： | 0 |
| 18 | Floral resources, pollinators and fruiting in a threatened tropical deciduous tree显示文摘Nothapodytes nimmoniana(Family Icacinaceae)is a deciduous tree species distributed in Asia facing severe population decline.Wood chips from the tree are a source of camptothecin,a globally soughtafter alkaloid with cancer-treating properties,and are harvested unsustainably in natural forests.We studied the pollination ecology of the species and asked if there are constraints in pollination and fruiting success in its natural populations.We also discuss the potential effects of wood extraction on pollinators and reproductive success in the population.Methods The study was carried out during the flowering season in two populations with varying exploitation levels,both located in the Protected Area Network in the Western Ghats of Karnataka State.We assessed floral resource availability and measured pollinator diversity and activity in the canopy from the perspective of the biology of the species.We quantified pollinator abundance and percent fruit set as a function of population density.Important Findings Flowers belong to the fly pollination syndrome and are open to visits by generalists such as Apis dorsata and Trigona iridipennis.Fruiting success did not vary between exploited and unexploited sites,but there was a significant difference in pollinator assemblage.In a lean male flowering year,fruit set was low,suggesting pollen limitation in the population.No fruiting was recorded in the second year at the site where trees were felled soon after the flowering period.We argue that when male floral resources are altered in exploited populations,pollinators of generalist nature may show a shift in foraging pattern.Also,generalist plants may be as susceptible to pollination loss as are specialist plants.The need for outcrossing in the species would probably exacerbate this vulnerability. | Manju V.Sharma R.Uma Shaanker Simon R.Leather R.Vasudeva Kundaranahalli R.Shivanna | 2011 | Journal of Plant Ecology2011，4，4： | 0 |
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