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| 1 | Dementia and osteoporosis in a geriatric population: Is there a common link?显示文摘AIM To determine the existence of a common pathological link between dementia and osteoporosis through reviewing the current evidence base. METHODS This paper reviews the current literature on osteoporosis and dementia in order to ascertain evidence of a common predisposing aetiology. A literature search of Ovid MEDLINE(1950 to June 2016) was conducted. The keywords 'osteoporosis', 'osteoporotic fracture', 'dementia' and 'Alzheimer's disease'(AD) were used to determine the theoretical links with the most significant evidence base behind them. The key links were found to be vitamins D and K, calcium, thyroid disease, statins, alcohol and sex steroids. These subjects were then searched in combination with the previous terms and the resulting papers manually examined. Theoretical, in vitro and in vivo research were all used to inform this review which focuses on the most well developed theoretical common causes for dementia(predominantly Alzheimer's type) and osteoporosis.RESULTS Dementia and osteoporosis are multifaceted disease processes with similar epidemiology and a marked increase in prevalence in elderly populations. The existence of a common link between the two has been suggested despite a lack of clear pathological overlap in our current understanding. Research to date has tended to be fragmented and relatively weak in nature with multiple confounding factors reflecting the difficulties of in vivo experimentation in the population of interest. Despite exploration of various possible mechanisms in search for a link between the two pathologies, this paper found that it is possible that these associations are coincidental due to the nature of the evidence available. One finding in this review is that prior investigation into common aetiologies has found raised amyloid beta peptide levels in osteoporotic bone tissue, with a hypothesis that amyloid beta disorders are systemic disorders resulting in differing tissue manifestations. However, our findings were that the most compelling evidence of a common yet independent aetiology lies in the APOE4 allele, which is a well-established risk for AD but also carries an independent association with fracture risk. The mechanism behind this is thought to be the reduced plasma vitamin K levels in individuals exhibiting the APOE4 allele which may be amplified by the nutritional deficiencies associated with dementia, which are known to include vitamins K and D. The vitamin theory postulates that malnutrition and reduced exposure to sunlight in patients with AD leads to vitamin deficiencies. CONCLUSION Robust evidence remains to be produced regarding potential links and regarding the exact aetiology of these diseases and remains relevant given the burden of dementia and osteoporosis in our ageing population. Future research into amyloid beta, APOE4 and vitamins K and D as the most promising aetiological links should be welcomed. | Candice L Downey Adam Young Emily F Burton Simon M Graham Robert J Macfarlane Eva-Maria Tsapakis Eleftherios Tsiridis | 2017 | World Journal of Orthopedics2017，8，5： | 6 |
| 2 | Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trials显示文摘 | Naveed Sattar David Preiss Heather M Murray Paul Welsh Brendan M Buckley Anton JM de Craen Sreenivasa Rao Kondapally Seshasai John J McMurray Dilys J Freeman J Wouter Jukema Peter W Macfarlane Chris J Packard David J Stott Rudi G Westendorp James Shepherd | 2010 | The Lancet2010，，9716： | 2 |
| 3 | Randomised controlled trial of combined spinal epidural vs. spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section: vasopressor requirements and cardiovascular changes显示文摘 | Alan JR Macfarlane Artur Pryn Kerry N Litchfield Fiona Bryden Steven Young Christopher Weir Elizabeth M McGrady | 2009 | European Journal of Anaesthesiology2009，，1： | 2 |
| 4 | Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trials显示文摘 | Naveed Sattar David Preiss Heather M Murray Paul Welsh Brendan M Buckley Anton JM de Craen Sreenivasa Rao Kondapally Seshasai John J McMurray Dilys J Freeman J Wouter Jukema Peter W Macfarlane Chris J Packard David J Stott Rudi G Westendorp James Shepherd | 2010 | The Lancet2010，，9716： | 2 |
| 5 | TRAIL-induced signalling and apoptosis 显示文摘 | MacFarlane M | 2003 | Toxicol Lett2003，139，： | 1 |
| 6 | Lithium-doped plastic crystal electrolytes exhibiting fast ion conduction for secondary batteries 显示文摘 | Macfarlane D R Huang J Forsyth M | 1999 | Nature1999，402，： | 1 |
| 7 | Protein complexes ac- tivate distinct caspase cascades in death receptor and stress-in- duced apoptosis显示文摘 | Bratton SB Macfarlane M Cain K | 2000 | Exp Cell Res2000，256，1： | 1 |
| 8 | Clinical presentation and pre-mortem diagnosis of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease associated with blood transfusion: a case report显示文摘 | Stephen J Wroe Suvankar Pal Durrenajaf Siddique Harpreet Hyare Rebecca Macfarlane Susan Joiner Jacqueline M Linehan Sebastian Brandner Jonathan DF Wadsworth Patricia Hewitt John Collinge | 2006 | The Lancet2006，，9552： | 1 |
| 9 | Protein complexes activate distinct caspase cascades in death receptor and stress-induced apoptosis 显示文摘 | Bratton S B MacFarlane M Cain K | 2000 | Exp Cell Res2000，256，： | 1 |
| 10 | Distinct caspase cascades are initiated in receptor-mediated and chemical-induced apoptosis显示文摘 | Sun XM MacFarlane M Zhuang J | 1999 | J Biol Chem1999，274，8： | 1 |
| 11 | Importance of black carbon to sorption of native PAHs,PCBs and PCDDs in Boston and New York Harbor sediments显示文摘 | R Lohmann J K MacFarlane P M Gschwend | 2002 | Environ Sci Technol2002，36，19： | 1 |
| 12 | Resonant Ramanscattering from FeS2(pyrite)显示文摘 | Macfarlane R M Ushioda S Blazey K W | 1974 | Solid State Communica-tions1974，14，9： | 1 |
| 13 | Protein complexes activatedistinct caspase cascades in death receptor and stress induced ap-optosis 显示文摘 | Bratton SB MacFarlane M Cain K | 2009 | Exp Cell Res2009，256，： | 1 |
| 14 | Im- pacts of increased fire frequency and aridity on euealypt forest structure,biomass and composition in southwest Australia显示文摘 | Burak K Pekin Matthias M Boer Craig Macfarlane | 2009 | Forest Ecology and Management2009，258，： | 1 |
| 15 | Glass transition and free volume be- haviour of poly( acrylonitfile)/LiCF3SO3 polymer- in - salt electrolytes compared to poly(ether urethane)/LiClO4solid polymer electrolytes显示文摘 | Forsyth M MacFarlane D R Hill A | 2000 | Electrochimica Acta2000，45，89： | 1 |
| 16 | Effect on biopsy technique of the breast imaging reporting and data system (BI-RADS) for nonpalpable mammographic abnormalities显示文摘 | Ball C G Butchart M MacFarlane J K | 2002 | Can J Surg2002，45，4： | 1 |
| 17 | Vitrification as an approach to cryopreservation显示文摘 | Fahy G M Macfarlane D R Angell C A | 1984 | Cryobiology1984，21，： | 1 |
| 18 | Mechanisms of resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis in primary B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia显示文摘 | MacFarlane M Harper N Snowden R T etal | 2002 | Oncogene2002，21，68： | 1 |
| 19 | Templated techniques for the synthesis and assembly of plasmonic nanostructures显示文摘 | Jones M R Osberg K D Macfarlane R J | 2011 | Chemical Reviews2011，111，6： | 1 |
| 20 | Biodegradable antibiotic delivery systems 显示文摘 | E1 - Husseiny M Patel S MacFarlane RJ | 2011 | J Bone Joint Surg Br2011，93，2： | 1 |
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