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| 1 | Diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding: A practical guide for clinicians显示文摘Gastrointestinal bleeding is a common problem encountered in the emergency department and in the primary care setting. Acute or overt gastrointestinal bleeding is visible in the form of hematemesis, melena or hematochezia. Chronic or occult gastrointestinal bleeding is notapparent to the patient and usually presents as positive fecal occult blood or iron deficiency anemia. Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding is recurrent bleeding when the source remains unidentified after upper endoscopy and colonoscopic evaluation and is usually from the small intestine. Accurate clinical diagnosis is crucial and guides definitive investigations and interventions. This review summarizes the overall diagnostic approach to gastrointestinal bleeding and provides a practical guide for clinicians. | Bong Sik Matthew Kim Bob T Li Alexander Engel Jaswinder S Samra Stephen Clarke Ian D Norton Angela E Li | 2014 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology2014，5，4： | 13 |
| 2 | Enhanced second-harmonic generation from two-dimensional MoSe_(2) on a silicon waveguide显示文摘Two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides(TMDCs)with intrinsically broken crystal inversion symmetry and large secondorder nonlinear responses have shown great promise for future nonlinear light sources.However,the sub-nanometer monolayer thickness of such materials limits the length of their nonlinear interaction with light.Here,we experimentally demonstrate the enhancement of the second-harmonic generation from monolayer MoSe_(2) by its integration onto a 220-nm-thick silicon waveguide.Such on-chip integration allows for a marked increase in the interaction length between the MoSe_(2) and the waveguide mode,further enabling phase matching of the nonlinear process.The demonstrated TMDC–silicon photonic hybrid integration opens the door to second-order nonlinear effects within the silicon photonic platform,including efficient frequency conversion,parametric amplification and the generation of entangled photon pairs. | Haitao Chen Vincent Corboliou Alexander S Solntsev Duk-Yong Choi Maria A Vincenti Domenico de Ceglia Costantino de Angelis Yuerui Lu Dragomir N Neshev | 2017 | Light(Science & Applications)2017，6，1： | 7 |
| 3 | Prolonged high-fat-diet feeding promotes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and alters gut microbiota in mice显示文摘BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become an epidemic largely due to the worldwide increase in obesity. While lifestyle modifications and pharmacotherapies have been used to alleviate NAFLD, successful treatment options are limited. One of the main barriers to finding safe and effective drugs for long-term use in NAFLD is the fast initiation and progression of disease in the available preclinical models. Therefore, we are in need of preclinical models that (1) mimic the human manifestation of NAFLD and (2) have a longer progression time to allow for the design of superior treatments. AIM To characterize a model of prolonged high-fat diet (HFD) feeding for investigation of the long-term progression of NAFLD. METHODS In this study, we utilized prolonged HFD feeding to examine NAFLD features in C57BL/6 male mice. We fed mice with a HFD (60% fat, 20% protein, and 20% carbohydrate) for 80 wk to promote obesity (Old-HFD group, n = 18). A low-fat diet (LFD)(14% fat, 32% protein, and 54% carbohydrate) was administered for the same duration to age-matched mice (Old-LFD group, n = 15). An additional group of mice was maintained on the LFD (Young-LFD, n = 20) for a shorter duration (6 wk) to distinguish between age-dependent and age-independent effects. Liver, colon, adipose tissue, and feces were collected for histological and molecular assessments.RESULTS Prolonged HFD feeding led to obesity and insulin resistance. Histological analysis in the liver of HFD mice demonstrated steatosis, cell injury, portal and lobular inflammation and fibrosis. In addition, molecular analysis for markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress established that the liver tissue of HFD mice have increased phosphorylated Jnk and CHOP. Lastly, we evaluated the gut microbial composition of Old-LFD and Old-HFD. We observed that prolonged HFD feeding in mice increased the relative abundance of the Firmicutes phylum. At the genus level, we observed a significant increase in the abundance of Adercreutzia, Coprococcus, Dorea, and Ruminococcus and decreased relative abundance of Turicibacter and Anaeroplasma in HFD mice. CONCLUSION Overall, these data suggest that chronic HFD consumption in mice can mimic pathophysiological and some microbial events observed in NAFLD patients. | Kandy T Velázquez Reilly T Enos Jackie E Bader Alexander T Sougiannis Meredith S Carson Ioulia Chatzistamou James A Carson Prakash S Nagarkatti Mitzi Nagarkatti E Angela Murphy | 2019 | World Journal of Hepatology2019，11，8： | 6 |
| 4 | Clinical outcomes following salvage Gamma Knife radiosurgery for recurrent glioblastoma显示文摘Glioblastoma multiforme(GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor with a survival prognosis of 14-16 mo for the highest functioning patients. Despite aggressive, multimodal upfront therapies, the majority of GBMs will recur in approximately six months. Salvage therapy options for recurrent GBM(r GBM) are an area of intense research. This study compares recent survival and quality of life outcomes following Gamma Knife radiosurgery(GKRS) salvage therapy. Following a Pub Med search for studies usingGKRS as salvage therapy for malignant gliomas, nine articles from 2005 to July 2013 were identified which evaluated rG BM treatment. In this review, we compare overall survival following diagnosis, overall survival following salvage treatment, progression-free survival, time to recurrence, local tumor control, and adverse radiation effects. This report discusses results for rG BM patient populations alone, not for mixed populations with other tumor histology grades. All nine studies reported median overall survival rates(from diagnosis, range:16.7-33.2 mo; from salvage, range:9-17.9 mo). Three studies identified median progression-free survival(range:4.6-14.9 mo). Two showed median time to recurrence of GBM. Two discussed local tumor control. Six studies reported adverse radiation effects(range:0%-46% of patients). The greatest survival advantages were seen in patients who received GKRS salvage along with other treatments, like resection or bevacizumab, suggesting that appropriately tailored multimodal therapy should be considered with each rG BM patient. However, there needs to be a randomized clinical trial to test GKRS for rG BM before the possibility of selection bias can be dismissed. | Erik W Larson Halloran E Peterson Wayne T Lamoreaux Alexander R MacKay Robert K Fairbanks Jason A Call Jonathan D Carlson Benjamin C Ling John J Demakas Barton S Cooke Christopher M Lee | 2014 | World Journal of Clinical Oncology2014，5，2： | 5 |
| 5 | Varicocele management in the era of in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection显示文摘精索静脉曲张是男不孕的最普通的通过手术可对待的原因,并且经常在精液参数,精子 DNA 损坏,和精液的周围的变化导致改变。精索静脉曲张修理能与临床的精索静脉曲张在人的多数在这些参数导致改进;与无临床症状的精索静脉曲张在人支持修理的数据是不太权威的。在用帮助繁殖技术(艺术)寻求富饶的夫妇,精索静脉曲张修理可以在能用技术例如增加成功的授精的可能性的精液参数和精子健康提供改进在 vitro 授精( IVF )或 intracytoplasmic 精子注射( ICSI ),或可以减少艺术的水平需要完成成功的怀孕。男不孕是有向健康能便于最佳的屏蔽和这些人的治疗的未来的一只眼睛的不肥沃的男性的一般男健康,和评估的指示物。而且,精索静脉曲张可以代表进步损害,提供为它的修理的争论,尽管这当前是不清楚的。 | Piyush Pathak Aravind Chandrashekar Tariq S Hakky Alexander W Pastuszak | 2016 | Asian Journal of Andrology2016，18，3： | 5 |
| 6 | Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with benign gastrointestinal disorders显示文摘AIM:To explore associations between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)and benign gastrointestinal and pancreato-biliary disorders.METHODS:Patient demographics,diagnoses,and hospital outcomes from the 2010 Nationwide Inpatient Sample were analyzed.Chronic liver diseases were identified using International Classification of Diseases,the 9thRevision,Clinical Modification codes.Patients with NAFLD were compared to those with other chronic liver diseases for the endpoints of total hospital charges,disease severity,and hospital mortality.Multivariable stepwise logistic regression analyses to assess for the independent association of demographic,comorbidity,and diagnosis variables with the event of NAFLD(vs other chronic liver diseases)were also performed.RESULTS:Of 7800441 discharge records,32347(0.4%)and 271049(3.5%)included diagnoses of NAFLD and other chronic liver diseases,respectively.NAFLD patients were younger(average 52.3 years vs55.3 years),more often female(58.8%vs 41.6%),less often black(9.6%vs 18.6%),and were from higher income areas(23.7%vs 17.7%)compared to counterparts with other chronic liver diseases(all P<0.0001).Diabetes mellitus(43.4%vs 28.9%),hypertension(56.9%vs 47.6%),morbid obesity(36.9%vs 8.0%),dyslipidemia(37.9%vs 15.6%),and the metabolic syndrome(28.75%vs 8.8%)were all more common among NAFLD patients(all P<0.0001).The average total hospital charge($39607 vs$51665),disease severity scores,and intra-hospital mortality(0.9%vs6.0%)were lower among NALFD patients compared to those with other chronic liver diseases(all P<0.0001).Compared with other chronic liver diseases,NAFLD was significantly associated with diverticular disorders[OR=4.26(3.89-4.67)],inflammatory bowel diseases[OR=3.64(3.10-4.28)],gallstone related diseases[OR=3.59(3.40-3.79)],and benign pancreatitis[OR=2.95(2.79-3.12)]on multivariable logistic regression(all P<0.0001)when the latter disorders were the principal diagnoses on hospital discharge.Similar relationships were observed when the latter disorders were associated diagnoses on hospital discharge.CONCLUSION:NAFLD is associated with diverticular,inflammatory bowel,gallstone,and benign pancreatitis disorders.Compared with other liver diseases,patients with NAFLD have lower hospital charges and mortality. | Srinevas K Reddy Min Zhan H Richard Alexander Samer S El-Kamary | 2013 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2013，19，45： | 4 |
| 7 | Enhanced expression of interleukin-18 in serum and pancreas of patients with chronic pancreatitis显示文摘AIM: To investigate interleukin-18 (IL-18) in patients with chronic panreatitis (CP). METHODS: We studied 29 patients with CP and 30 healthy controls. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated and incubated with 50 mmol/L ethanol, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (doses 25 g/L, 250 g/L, 2500 g/L) and both agents for 24 h. Levels of IL-18 in the supernatants, and levels of IL-18, IL-12, interferon (IFN)-γ and soluble CD14 in the serum were analysed by ELISA technique. Expression of IL-18 in PBMC was investigated by reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR. IL-18 protein levels in CP tissue and in normal pancreas were studied by ELISA technique. IL-18 levels in PBMC and pancreatic tissue were determined by Westernblot. Im-munohistochemistry for pancreatic IL-18 expression was performed. RESULTS: In patients, IL-18 serum levels were signifi-cantly enhanced by 76% (mean: 289.9 ± 167.7 ng/L) compared with controls (mean: 165.2 ± 43.6 ng/L; P < 0.0005). IL-12 levels were enhanced by 25% in patients (18.3 ± 7.3 ng/L) compared with controls (14.7 ± 6.8ng/L, P = 0.0576) although not reaching the statistical significance. IFN-γ and soluble CD14 levels were not in-creased. In vitro, LPS stimulated significantly and dose-dependently IL-18 secretion from PBMC. Incubation with ethanol reduced LPS-stimulated IL-18 secretion by about 50%. The mRNA expression of IL-18 in PBMC and the response of PBMC to ethanol and LPS was similar in CP patients and controls. In PBMC, no significant differences in IL-18 protein levels were detected between patients and controls. IL-18 protein levels were increased in CP tissues compared to normal pancreatic tissues. IL-18 was expressed by pancreatic acinar cells and by infiltrating inflammatory cells within the pancreas. CONCLUSION: IL-18 originates from the chronically inflammed pancreas and appears to be involved in the fibrotic destruction of the organ. | Alexander Schneider Stephan L Haas Ralf Hildenbrand Sren Siegmund Iris Reinhard Helmut Nakovics Manfred V Singer Peter Feick | 2006 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2006，12，40： | 4 |
| 8 | 血栓素(thromboxane)合成酶抑制剂——Dazmegrel(UK38,485)对烧伤皮肤血流灌注的影响显示文摘近十年来,血栓素(thromboxane)被认为在烧伤后真皮进行性缺血过程中起重要作用,有报导前列腺素、血栓素抑制剂可改善局部血循环,从而促进深Ⅱ度烧伤刨而愈合。本实验以啄鼠深Ⅱ度烧伤模型,肌注血栓素合成酶抑制剂Dazmegrel(UK38,485或uk)3.4mg/kg/天(UK3.4mg)、10mE/kg/天(UK10mg)、或30mg/kg/天(UK30mg),使用印度墨汁灌注及UK-133(氙-133)清除试验,未发现Dazfilegrel能改善烧伤局部血流。这与有的实验结论不同,肌注Dazmegrel 3.4rag/kg/天的促进烧伤创面愈合作用,不是由于该药改善局部血流量所致。此外,Xe-133清除试验示伤后7小时深Ⅱ度烧伤皮肤血流量有一明显下降过程,伤后24小时则有一明显增加过程,如何认识及应用这一'先低后高。现象,对促进深Ⅱ度烧伤创面愈合显然是有意义的。 | 汪仕良 黎鳌 Alexander JW Silberstein EB Robb E Lukes S Trocki O Ogle DK 邹万忠 | 1989 | 中华整形烧伤外科杂志1989，5，3： | 3 |
| 9 | Sofosbuvir and Ribavirin Prevent Recurrence of HCV Infection after Liver Transplantation: An Open-Label Study显示文摘 | Michael P. Curry Xavier Forns Raymond T. Chung Norah A. Terrault Robert Brown Jonathan M. Fenkel Fredric Gordon Jacqueline O’Leary Alexander Kuo Thomas Schiano Gregory Everson Eugene Schiff Alex Befeler Edward Gane Sammy Saab John G. McHutchison G. Mani S | 2014 | Gastroenterology2014，，： | 3 |
| 10 | 分娩所致Valsalva视网膜病变治疗方法的探讨(英文)显示文摘目的:讨论孕妇Valsalva视网膜病变保守或手术治疗方法的选择。方法:一健康孕妇在自然阴道分娩时,右眼底发生黄斑前玻璃体后界膜下出血,本文报道其保守治疗的效果。结果:右眼发病3wk时积血收缩,视力为眼前手动,但病程6mo时,积血溶解,视力恢复至6/5。结论:大多数Valsalva视网膜病变能够自愈。对一些难治性病例,采用Nd:YAG激光行内界膜切开具有一定的效果。而早期玻璃体切除术的增殖膜切除,对预防眼底新生血管膜的发生也具有一定的效果。 | Konstantinos I Papageorgiou Rashmi G Mathew AlexanderS Ioannidis Ajay Sinha Petros S Andreou | 2007 | 国际眼科杂志2007，7，3： | 3 |
| 11 | Accuracy of Magnetic Resonance Enterography in Assessing Response to Therapy and Mucosal Healing in Patients With Crohn’s Disease显示文摘 | Ingrid Ordás Jordi Rimola Sonia Rodríguez José M. Paredes María J. Martínez-Pérez Esther Blanc Juan A. Arévalo Marta Aduna Montserrat Andreu Alexander Radosevic Anna M. Ramírez-Morros Susana Pinó Marta Gallego Aranzazu Jauregui-Amezaga Elena Ricart Julián | 2013 | Gastroenterology2013，，： | 3 |
| 12 | Fondaparinux预防老年急性内科患者发生静脉血栓形成的效果与安全性:随机安慰剂对照研究显示文摘目的:观察 Fondaparinux 对具有中高度静脉血栓发生危险的老年急性内科住院患者的抗凝效果与安全性。设计:双盲随机安慰剂对照研究。背景:8个国家的35个中心。参与者:849例≥60岁内科患者,住院原因分别为充血性心力衰竭、慢性肺病合并急性呼吸系统疾患、急性炎症性或感染性疾病,预期至少住院4天以上。干预:2.5 mg Fondaparinux 或安慰剂,每天1次皮下注射,持续6~14天。观察指标:主要指标为静脉血栓形成(治疗后15天内采用双侧静脉造影检查)及有症状的静脉血栓;次要指标为死亡与出血。患者随访时间为1个月。结果:Fondaparinux 治疗组425例患者和安慰剂组414例患者接受了安全性分析(10例未治疗)。644例患者(75.9%)可接受主要指标分析。静脉血栓检出率在 Fondaparinux 治疗组为5.6%(18/321),安慰剂组为10.5%(34/323),相对危险减少46.7%(95% CI 7.7%~69.3%)。安慰剂组5例患者发生有症状的静脉血栓,Fondaparinux治疗组无患者发生有症状的静脉血栓(P=0.029)。两组均有1例(0.2%)患者发生严重出血。随访结束时,安慰剂组、Fondaparinux 治疗组分别死亡25(6.0%)、14(3.3%)例患者。结论:Fondaparinux 可有效预防急性内科老年患者无症状性及有症状的静脉血栓。严重出血几率两组相似。 | Alexander T Cohen Bruce L Davidson Alexander S Gallus Michael R Lassen Martin H Prins Witold Tomkowski Alexander G G Turpie Jan F M Egberts Anthonie W A Lensing 石汉平(译) 王深明(校) | 2006 | 英国医学杂志中文版2006，9，5： | 3 |
| 13 | Direct characterization of a nonlinear photonic circuit’s wave function with laser light显示文摘Integrated photonics is a leading platform for quantum technologies including nonclassical state generation1–4,demonstration of quantum computational complexity5 and secure quantum communications6.As photonic circuits grow in complexity,full quantum tomography becomes impractical,and therefore an efficient method for their characterization7,8 is essential.Here we propose and demonstrate a fast,reliable method for reconstructing the two-photon state produced by an arbitrary quadratically nonlinear optical circuit.By establishing a rigorous correspondence between the generated quantum state and classical sum-frequency generation measurements from laser light,we overcome the limitations of previous approaches for lossy multimode devices9,10.We applied this protocol to a multi-channel nonlinear waveguide network and measured a 99.28±0.31%fidelity between classical and quantum characterization.This technique enables fast and precise evaluation of nonlinear quantum photonic networks,a crucial step towards complex,largescale,device production. | Francesco Lenzini Alexander N Poddubny James Titchener Paul Fisher Andreas Boes Sachin Kasture Ben Haylock Matteo Villa Arnan Mitchell Alexander S Solntsev Andrey A Sukhorukov Mirko Lobino | 2018 | Light(Science & Applications)2018，7，1： | 2 |
| 14 | 大功率离子推力器和流动控制单元验证现状及其2000小时寿命试验(英文)显示文摘为了发展基于电推进的大功率空间运输系统,需要开发和验证功率达数十千瓦的电推进系统,深空任务电推进系统优化的比冲要求高达105s。凯尔迪什研究中心(KeRC)正在开发这样的电推进部件。本文概述了35kW离子推力器IT-500及其流动单元FCU-500的验证现状。作为其验证的一部分,完成了IT-500和FCU-500的2000h寿命试验。其中,离子推力器大部分验证条件是:输入功率17.8kW,使用了40kg氙,2018h寿命试验。本文介绍了磁场和离子光学以及石墨格栅开发现状。 | Alexander S Lovtsov Michael Y Selivanov Andrey N Kostin Andrey A Shagayda | 2020 | 推进技术2020，41，1： | 2 |
| 15 | Catalytically active, molecularly imprinted polymers in bead form显示文摘 | ALEXANDE S HRADIL J WULFF G | 2003 | Reactive & Functional Polymer2003，54，： | 2 |
| 16 | Some 7-Substituted 4-aminoquinoline derivatives显示文摘 | Alexander R S Henry F H | 1946 | J Am Chem Soc1946，18，： | 2 |
| 17 | Challenges for land system science显示文摘 | Mark D.A. Rounsevell Bas Pedroli Karl-Heinz Erb Marc Gramberger Anne Gravsholt Busck Helmut Haberl S?ren Kristensen Tobias Kuemmerle Sandra Lavorel Marcus Lindner Hermann Lotze-Campen Marc J. Metzger David Murray-Rust Alexander Popp Marta Pérez-Soba Anett | 2012 | Land Use Policy2012，，4： | 2 |
| 18 | Risk factors associated with major cerebrovascular complications after intracranial stenting显示文摘 | F Nahab M J. Lynn S E. Kasner M J. Alexander R Klucznik O O. Zaidat J Chaloupka H Lutsep S Barnwell M Mawad B Lane M I. Chimowitz | 2009 | Neurology2009，，23： | 2 |
| 19 | Label-retaining liver cancer cells are relatively resistant to sorafenib显示文摘 | Hong-Wu Xin Chenwi M Ambe Danielle M Hari Gordon W Wiegand Tyler C Miller Jin-Qiu Chen Andrew J Anderson Satyajit Ray John E Mullinax Tomotake Koizumi Russell C Langan Douglas Burka Michelle A Herrmann Paul K Goldsmith Alexander Stojadinovic Udo Rudloff S | 2013 | Gut2013，，12： | 2 |
| 20 | Bulbocavernosus muscle area measurement: a novel method to assess androgenic activity显示文摘浆液睾丸激素不与雄激素织物活动相关,并且优化工具在男性评估如此的活动是批评的。bulbocavernosus 肌肉(BCM ) 的超声测量被用来在雄激素受体(AR ) 和 BCM 尺寸估计在 CAG 重复(CAGn ) 的数字之间的关系;在 CAGn 超龄的数字的变化也被评估。BCM 的 Transperineal 超声测量也被执行。AR CAGn 被高效液体层析,和早上荷尔蒙决定层次用免疫分析被决定。48 个人让 CAG 重复分析。25 是 < 30 岁,平均数 23.7 年(s.d = 3.24 ) 并且 23 是 > 45 岁,平均数 53 年(s.d = 5.58 ) 。中部的 CAGn 是 21 (13-29 ) 。当 CAGn 的数字是 < 时, BCM 区域更大; 18 作为与 CAGn > 的数字相比; 24 (P = 0.04 ) 。在 CAGn 和 BCM 区域 R 2= 的数字之间有线性关联 16%(P = 0.01 ) 。在 45 到 65-years-old 组,强壮得多的否定关联(R 2=29% , P = 0.01 ) 被注意。在 19,到 29-years-old 组,,没有如此的关联被发现(R 2=4% , P = 0.36 ) 。在老人, CAGn 的数字与年龄增加了(R 2=32% , P = 0.01 ) 。在 AR 的 CAGn 的数字与 BCM 的区域相关。对 BCM 的超声评价是一个有效代理人评估雄激素的结束器官活动。CAGn 的数字可以与年龄增加。 | Ali A Dabaja Matthew S Wosnitzer Anna Mielnik Alexander Bolyakov Peter N Schlegel Darius A Paduch | 2014 | Asian Journal of Andrology2014，16，4： | 2 |
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