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| 1 | GRADE:证据质量和推荐强度分级的共识显示文摘GRADE工作组致中国读者:推荐分级的评估、制定与评价(GRADE)工作组已取得长足进步。我们制定了系列指南文件,除发表文章外,该非正式组织已经发展成为一个评价证据、转化卫生保健领域知识用以指导决策者的智囊团。80余位国际专家研究和制定了该评价系统。正如其他科学一样,证据评价和指南制定科学不会停滞不前。经过十年发展,GRADE的工作将借助中国Cochrane中心的推广在中国的卫生保健领域更加广为人知。GRADE工作组的成员期待与中国的指南制定组织、方法学家、临床医生和决策者合作,实现我们的共同目标:人人享有更好的卫生保健。中国Cochrane中心翻译GRADE工作组在BMJ上发表的系列文章,是朝这个方向迈出的重要一步,也是对下一步在中国推广GRADE工作的直接贡献。感兴趣的读者可登录我们的网站www.gradeworkinggroup.org和在以下网址获取我们的软件GRADEprohttp://gffzz73f9075754ca43bbhpo9pkxcno65v6bqx.ffgz.tsg.suse.edu.cn. | Gordon H Guyatt Andrew D Oxman Gunn E Vist Regina Kunz Yngve Falck-Ytter Pablo Alonso-Coello Holger J Schünemann GRADE工作组 陈佩贤 陈耀龙 李幼平 | 2009 | 中国循证医学杂志2009，9，1： | 60 |
| 2 | GRADE:从证据到推荐显示文摘GRADE系统将指南中的推荐分为强弱两级。本文旨在探索这种分级的含义及对患者、临床医生、政策制定者各自的意义。 | Gordon H Guyatt Andrew D Oxman Regina Kunz Yngve Falck-Ytter Gunn E Vist Alessandro Liberati Holger J Schünemann 谭培勇 陈耀龙 李幼平 | 2009 | 中国循证医学杂志2009，9，3： | 26 |
| 3 | GRADE:什么是“证据质量”?为什么它对临床医生重要?显示文摘指南制定者们利用各式各样的系统对证据质量进行分级,并据此给出他们的推荐意见。但这些分级系统有些过于简单,有的不易理解,还有的尽管详细却很复杂。 | Gordon H Guyatt Andrew D Oxman Regina Kunz Gunn E Vist Yngve Falck-Ytter Holger J Schünemann 陈柳 陈耀龙 李幼平 | 2009 | 中国循证医学杂志2009，9，2： | 12 |
| 4 | 诊断性试验和策略的证据质量和推荐强度的分级显示文摘GRADE系统能对诊断性试验或策略的证据质量和推荐强度进行分级。本文旨在阐释在此过程中如何考虑患者的重要结局, | Holger J Schünemann Andrew D Oxman Jan Brozek Paul Glasziou Roman Jaeschke Gunn E Vist John W Williams Jr Regina Kunz Jonathan Craig Victor M Montori Patrick Bossuyt Gordon H Guyatt 李晓 黄程 陈耀龙 李幼平 | 2009 | 中国循证医学杂志2009，9，5： | 7 |
| 5 | 指南制定中专家意见与专家证据的区别显示文摘Holger J Schünemann及其同事表示,制定指南时,专家经验非常有用,但需要有明确的使用方法,以避免意见和证据的混淆。循证指南制定团队应该包括临床、公共卫生或其他相关领域的专家,团队具备对证据进行综合判断的能力。对做出一系列判断的依据——证据,进行识别、选择、评价和归纳的过程应以系统和透明的方式进行呈现。但针对证据可能尚未发表、间接证据、疾病罕见、背景信息缺失,或资源有限等情况,系统而透明地呈现证据则存在一定难度。在这种情况下,使用专家提供的证据是有效的,即专家可能是证据的唯一或主要来源。 | Holger J Schünemann Yuqing Zhang Andrew D Oxman 王瑞(译者) 张崇凡(译者) 夏君(译者) 张誉清(译者) | 2020 | 英国医学杂志中文版2020，23，6： | 3 |
| 6 | 分层喷水对降低氮氧排放的影响显示文摘介绍的方法是在喷油嘴中两个燃料层之间充填水,并分层喷入燃烧室。在NO开始生成之前将水喷入燃烧室,那末通过有针对性的供水就可理想地降低NO排放。着火滞后期应避免喷水,以便压力上升速度保持在允许的极限内。阐明了最佳的喷水时间间隔和喷水量。分层喷水并不影响燃油耗。随着转速的升高、负荷的增大和喷水始点的延迟,水对降低NO排放的效果将变得更显著。分层喷水时,试验负荷区的炭烟、CO和HC的排放量基本保持不变。 | Rauscher M Remmls W Schnfeld D 黄保康 | 1997 | 国外内燃机1997，29，1： | 3 |
| 7 | <ce:link locator='fx1'/> A Review of Activity Indices and Efficacy End Points for Clinical Trials of Medical Therapy in Adults With Ulcerative Colitis显示文摘 | Geert D’Haens William J. Sandborn Brian G. Feagan Karel Geboes Stephen B. Hanauer E. Jan Irvine Marc Lémann Philippe Marteau Paul Rutgeerts Jurgen Sch?lmerich Lloyd R. Sutherland | 2007 | Gastroenterology2007，，2： | 2 |
| 8 | 22-gauge core vs 22-gauge aspiration needle for endoscopic ultrasound-guided sampling of abdominal masses显示文摘AIM To compare the aspiration needle(AN) and core biopsy needle(PC) in endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration(EUS-FNA) of abdominal masses.METHODS Consecutive patients referred for EUS-FNA were included in this prospective single-center trial. Each patient underwent a puncture of the lesion with both standard 22-gauge(G) AN(Echo Tip Ultra; Cook Medical, Bloomington, Indiana, United States) and the novel 22 G PC(Echo Tip Pro Core; Cook Medical, Bloomington, Indiana, United States) in a randomized fashion; histology was attempted in the PC group only. The main study endpoint was the overall diagnostic accuracy, including the contribution of histology to the final diagnosis. Secondary outcome measures included material adequacy, number of needle passes, and complications.RESULTS Fifty six consecutive patients(29 men; mean age 68 years) with pancreatic lesions(n = 38), lymphadenopathy(n = 13), submucosal tumors(n = 4), or others lesions(n = 1) underwent EUS-FNA using both of the needles in a randomized order. AN and PC reached similar overall results for diagnostic accuracy(AN: 88.9 vs PC: 96.1, P = 0.25), specimen adequacy(AN: 96.4% vs PC: 91.1%, P = 0.38), mean number of passes(AN: 1.5 vs PC: 1.7, P = 0.14), mean cellularity score(AN: 1.7 vs PC: 1.1, P = 0.058), and complications(none). A diagnosis on the basis of histology was achieved in the PC group in 36(64.3%) patients, and in 2 of those as the sole modality. In patients with available histology the mean cellularity score was higher for AN(AN: 1.7 vs PC: 1.0, P = 0.034); no other differences were of statistical significance.CONCLUSION Both needles achieved high overall diagnostic yields and similar performance characteristics for cytological diagnosis; histological analysis was only possible in 2/3 of cases with the new needle. | William Sterlacci Athanasios D Sioulas Lothar Veits Pervin G?nüllü Guido Schachschal Stefan Groth Mario Anders Christos K Kontos Theodoros Topalidis Andrea Hinsch Michael Vieth Thomas R?sch Ulrike W Denzer | 2016 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2016，22，39： | 2 |
| 9 | GRADE:在推荐分级中体现对资源利用的考虑显示文摘指南小组成员对资源利用是否会影响个体患者的治疗决策有不同看法。由于医疗费用上涨,必须考虑资源利用的影响,但指南小组成员可能会发现这有很大的挑战性。 | Gordon H Guyatt Andrew D Oxman Regina Kunz Roman Jaeschke Mark Helfand Alessandro Liberati Gunn E Vist Holger J Schьnemann 王菊芬 陈耀龙 李幼平 | 2009 | 中国循证医学杂志2009，9，6： | 2 |
| 10 | Allogeneic partially HLA-matched dendritic cells pulsed with autologous tumor cell lysate as a vaccine in metastatic renal cell cancer显示文摘 | Anne Fl?rcken Joachim Kopp Antje van Lessen Kamran Movassaghi Anna Takvorian Korinna J?hrens Markus M?bs Constanze Sch?nemann Birgit Sawitzki Karl Egerer Bernd D?rken Antonio Pezzutto J?rg Westermann | 2013 | Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics2013，，： | 2 |
| 11 | <ce:link locator='fx1'/> A Review of Activity Indices and Efficacy End Points for Clinical Trials of Medical Therapy in Adults With Ulcerative Colitis显示文摘 | Geert D'Haens William J. Sandborn Brian G. Feagan Karel Geboes Stephen B. Hanauer E. Jan Irvine Marc Lémann Philippe Marteau Paul Rutgeerts Jurgen Sch?lmerich Lloyd R. Sutherland | 2007 | Gastroenterology2007，，2： | 2 |
| 12 | Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt:present status,comparison with endoscopic therapy and shunt surgery,and future prospectives显示文摘 | J R(O)SCH M D FREDERCK S KELLER M D | 2001 | World J Surg2001，25，： | 1 |
| 13 | Novel efficient DOPObased flame-retardants for PWB relevant epoxy resins with high glass transition temperatures显示文摘 | Ciesielski M Sch(a)er A D(o)ring M | 2008 | Polym Advan Techn2008，19，6： | 1 |
| 14 | Behavior of dialifor,dimethoate,and methidathion in artificially fortified grape juice processed into wine显示文摘 | Kawar NS Iwata Y Düsch ME | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 15 | The effect of tree height on crown level stomatal conductance显示文摘 | Sch?fer K V R Oren R Tenhunen J D | 2000 | Plant Cell and Environment2000，23，： | 1 |
| 16 | Drosophila odorant receptors are both ligand-gated and cyclic-nucleotide-activated cation channels显示文摘 | Wicher D Schfer R Bauernfeind R | 2008 | Nature2008，452，7190： | 1 |
| 17 | A chromatin-modifying function of JNK during stem cell differentiation显示文摘 | Tiwari V K Stadler M B Wirbelauer C Paro R Schübeler D Beisel C | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 18 | sur face r ough ness and EDS ch ar acter ization of aY- TZP dentalcer amic tr eated w ith th e Co Jetl TM Sand 显示文摘 | Mar ia Catcani Lor ent Susar lne S Sch er r er Jacque S Rich ar d | 2010 | Dental Mater ials2010，26，11： | 1 |
| 19 | The determination of ammonia in rumen fluid显示文摘 | Reichardt W Hartung H Schüler D | | 0，，02： | 1 |
| 20 | Photocatalytic oxidation of water to O2 on AgCl-coated electrodes显示文摘 | Lanz M Schürch D Calzaferri G | 1999 | Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A:Chemistry1999，120，2： | 1 |
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