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| 1 | Semiautomated 3D Root Segmentation and Evaluation Based on X-Ray CT Imagery显示文摘Background.Computed X-ray tomography(CTX)is a high-end nondestructive approach for the visual assessment of root architecture in soil.Nevertheless,in order to evaluate high-resolution CTX data of root architectures,manual segmentation of the depicted root systems from large-scale volume data is currently necessary,which is both time consuming and error prone.The duration of such a segmentation is of importance,especially for time-resolved growth analysis,where several instances of a plant need to be segmented and evaluated.Specifically,in our application,the contrast between soil and root data varies due to different growth stages and watering situations at the time of scanning.Additionally,the root system itself is expanding in length and in the diameter of individual roots.Objective.For semiautomated and robust root system segmentation from CTX data,we propose the RootForce approach,which is an extension of Frangi’s“multi-scale vesselness”method and integrates a 3D local variance.It allows a precise delineation of roots with diameters down to severalμm in pots with varying diameters.Additionally,RootForce is not limited to the segmentation of small below-ground organs,but is also able to handle storage roots with a diameter larger than 40 voxels.Results.Using CTX volume data of full-grown bean plants as well as time-resolved(3D+time)growth studies of cassava plants,RootForce produces similar(and much faster)results compared to manual segmentation of the regarded root architectures.Furthermore,RootForce enables the user to obtain traits not possible to be calculated before,such as total root volume(Vroot),total root length(Lroot),root volume over depth,root growth angles(θmin,θmean,andθmax),root surrounding soil density Dsoil,or form fraction F.Discussion.The proposed RootForce tool can provide a higher efficiency for the semiautomatic high-throughput assessment of the root architectures of different types of plants from large-scale CTX.Furthermore,for all datasets within a growth experiment,only a single set of parameters is needed.Thus,the proposed tool can be used for a wide range of growth experiments in the field of plant phenotyping. | Stefan Gerth Joelle Claußen Anja Eggert Norbert Wörlein Michael Waininger Thomas Wittenberg Norman Uhlmann | 2021 | Plant Phenomics2021，3，1： | 2 |
| 2 | Effect of a fall in malaria transmission on morbidity and mortality in Kilifi, Kenya显示文摘 | Wendy P O'Meara Phillip Bejon Tabitha W Mwangi Emelda A Okiro Norbert Peshu Robert W Snow Charles RJC Newton Kevin Marsh | 2008 | The Lancet2008，，9649： | 2 |
| 3 | Bcl9/Bcl91 are critical for Wnt-mediated regulation of stem cell traits in colon epithelium and adenocarcinomas显示文摘 | JURGEN D NORBERT W PASCALE A | 2010 | Cancer Research2010，70，16： | 1 |
| 4 | Interleukin-16 and T-cell chemoattractant activity in bronchoalveolar lavage 24 hours after allergen challenge in asthma显示文摘 | Norbert K William W Cruikshank | 2000 | Am J Respire Crit Care Med2000，162，： | 1 |
| 5 | An Ontology-Based Approach to Personalized Situation-Aware Mobile Service Supply显示文摘 | Norbert W Agnes V Rudiger G | 2006 | GeoInformatica2006，，10： | 1 |
| 6 | Degradable biomaterials based on Magnesium corrosion 显示文摘 | Frank W Norbert H Carla V Smadar C Karl U K Regine W Frank F | 2008 | Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science2008，12，56： | 1 |
| 7 | Screen- printed bienzymatic sensor based on sol gel immobilized Nippostrongylus brasiliensis acetylcholinesterase and a cytochrome P450 BM-3 (CYP102- A1) mutant 显示文摘 | Michael W Holger S Norbert H | 2006 | Biosensors and Bioelectronics2006，21，： | 1 |
| 8 | Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of resin monomers in human salivar- y gland tissue and lymphocytes as assessed by the single cell micro- gel electrophoresis ( Comet ) assay 显示文摘 | Kleinsasser Norbert H Schmid Katharina Sassen Andrea W | 2006 | Biomater2006，27，9： | 1 |
| 9 | Differen- tiation-specific action of orphan nuclear receptor NR5A1 (SF-1) : transcriptional regulation in luteini- zing bovine theca cells显示文摘 | NORBERT W WASIMA A RICHARD I | 2006 | Reprod Biol Endocrinol2006，4，： | 1 |
| 10 | Management of knowledge intensive business processes 显示文摘 | Norbert G Edzard W | 2004 | Lecture Notes in Computer Science2004，3080，： | 1 |
| 11 | On the oxidation and combustion of A1H3 a potential fuel for rocket propellants and gas generators 显示文摘 | Volker W Norbert E Andresa K | 2007 | Propellants Explosives Pyrotechnics2007，32，3： | 1 |
| 12 | Laseroptical investigation of highly preheated combustion with strong exhaust gas recirculation显示文摘 | Tobias Plessing Norbert Peters Joachim G. Wünning | 1998 | Symposium (International) on Combustion1998，，2： | 1 |
| 13 | Bond Strength Development with Maturity of High-Early-Strength Bonded Concrete Overlays显示文摘 | M Scott Williamson David W Fowler | 2000 | ACI Materials Journal2000，97，2： | 1 |
| 14 | Bacteria ingestion by Daphnia galeata in a biomanipulated reservoir:a mechanism stabilizing bioma- nipulation? 显示文摘 | Norbert K Angela B Clemens W | 1999 | Hydrobiologia1999，403，： | 1 |
| 15 | Adult stem cell therapy in stroke 显示文摘 | Sebastian H Norbert W Jurgen W | 2005 | Cur Opinion Neurol2005，18，： | 1 |
| 16 | Fast emission spectroscopy for a better understanding of pyrotechnic combustion behavior显示文摘 | Volker W Norbert E | 2005 | Propellants Explosives Pyrotechnics2005，30，1： | 1 |
| 17 | Hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccinations:immuneogenicity of combined vaccine and of simultaneously or separately applied single vaccine显示文摘 | Peter AC Norbert B Ute W | 2000 | Vaccines2000，18，： | 1 |
| 18 | Early changes in glucose and phospholipid metabolism following apoptosis induction by IFN-γ/TNF-α in HT-29 cells显示文摘 | Norbert W Lutz Margaret E Tome Patrick J Cozzone | 2003 | FEBS Letters2003，，1： | 1 |
| 19 | Degradable biomaterials based on magnesium corrosion显示文摘 | Frank W Norbert H Carla V | 2008 | Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science2008，12，56： | 1 |
| 20 | MR imaging and CT in osteoarthritis of the lumbar facet joints 显示文摘 | Dominik W Marco Z Norbert B | 1999 | Skeletal Radiology1999，25，4： | 1 |
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