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| 1 | Traditional knowledge, use and conservation of plants by the communities of Tharaka-Nithi County, Kenya显示文摘Rural communities in Kenya largely depend on plant resources for their livelihood.The utilization of these resources depends on the availability of plant resources and the level of knowledge of the residents.We conducted an ethnobotanical study in Tharaka-Nithi County in Kenya to determine the knowledge and utilization of various plant species by the local communities.The study was conducted in four major administrative regions from June 2018 to February 2019,involving interview schedules using semi-structured open-ended questionnaires and guided field collections with 48 informants.A total of 214 plant species distributed in 73 families and 169 genera with 616 Use Reports(URs)were documented.Fabaceae was the highest family cited by the informants(31 species)followed by Lamiaceae and Euphorbiaceae(each with 11 species).Trees(49%)and shrubs(32%)were the top life forms of the plants frequently utilized by the local residents.The general plant uses reported were medicinal,food,fodder,construction,fuel,pesticidal,religious,live fencing,and making crafts.Zanthoxylum gilletii,Prunus africana,and Solanum incanum were found to be highly valued by the local communities.Plant utilization as food and medicinal uses against snake-bite related problems had the highest Informant Consensus Factor(ICF).Only 29(13.6%)of the species reported had their status assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN).Conservation measures,alongside awareness creation in this region,are highly recommended for the species endemic to the region,highly depended on by the community,and those threatened according to IUCN standards. | Vivian Kathambi Fredrick Munyao Mutie Peninah Cheptoo Rono Neng Wei Jacinta Ndunge Munyao Peris Kamau Robert Wahiti Gituru Guang-Wan Hu Qing-Feng Wang | 2020 | Plant Diversity2020，42，6： | 2 |
| 2 | Farmer Participatory Evaluation of Nursery Bed Treatments for the Control of Root-Knot Nematodes [Meloidogynejavanica (Treub) Chitwood and Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood] in Smallholder Farms in Kenya显示文摘 | D. K. Karanja S. R. Gowen B. Ndung u R. O. Musebe S. Simons A McLeod B. R. Kerry P. K. Karanja B. Pembroke | 2011 | Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(A)2011，1，5： | 2 |
| 3 | Development ofLeishmania vaccines:predicting the future from past and present experience显示文摘Leishmaniasis is a disease that ranges in severity from skin lesions to serious disfigurement and fatal systemic infection. Resistance to infection is associated with a T-helper-1 immune response that activates macrophages to kill the intracellular parasite in a nitric oxide-dependent manner. Conversely, disease progression is generally associated with a T-helper-2 response that activates humoral immunity. Current control is based on chemotherapeutic treatments which are expensive, toxic and associated with high relapse and resistance rates. Vaccination remains the best hope for control of all forms of the disease, and the development of a safe, effective and affordable antileishmanial vaccine is a critical global public-health priority. Extensive evidence from studies in animal models indicates that solid protection can be achieved by immunization with defined subunit vaccines or live-attenuated strains of Leishmania. However, to date, no vaccine is available despite substantial efforts by many labo-ratories. Major impediments in Leishmania vaccine development include: lack of adequate funding from national and international agencies, problems related to the translation of data from animal models to human disease, and the transition from the laboratory to the field. Furthermore, a thorough understanding of protective immune responses and generation and maintenance of the immunological memory, an important but least-studied aspect of antiparasitic vaccine development, during Leishmania infection is needed. This review focuses on the progress of the search for an effective vaccine against human and canine leishmaniasis. | Joshua Muli Mutiso John Chege Macharia Maria Ndunge Kiio James Maina Ichagichu Hitler Rikoi Michael Muita Gicheru | 2013 | The Journal of Biomedical Research2013，27，2： | 2 |
| 4 | Adaptation of HIV-1to human leukocyte antigen class I显示文摘 | Kawashima Y Pfafferott K Frater J Matthews P Payne R Addo M Gatanaga H Fujiwara M Hachiya A Koizumi H Kuse N Oka S Duda A Prendergast A Crawford H Leslie A Brumme Z Brumme C Allen T Brander C Kaslow R Tang J Hunter E Allen S Mulenga J Branch S Roach T John M Mallal S Ogwu A Shapiro R Prado J G Fidler S Weber J Pybus O G Klenerman P Ndung'u T Phillips R Heckerman D Harrigan P R Walker B D Takiguchi M Goulder P | 2009 | Nature2009，458，7238： | 1 |
| 5 | Determination of lead in vinegar by ICP-MS and GFAAS显示文摘 | KURIA NDUNG'U SHARON HIBDON A Russell Flegal | 2004 | Talanta2004，64，： | 1 |
| 6 | Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification(LAMP)Method for Rapid Detection of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense显示文摘 | Zablon Kithinji Njiru Andrew Stanislaw John Mikosza Tanya Armstrong John Charles Enyaru Joseph Mathu Ndung'u Andrew Richard Christopher Thompson | 2008 | PLoS Negl Trop Dis2008，2，2： | 1 |
| 7 | Abscisic acid,carbohydrates,and nitrogen contents of Kyoho grapevines in relation to bud break induction by water stress显示文摘 | NDUNG'U C K SHIMIZU M OKAMOTO G | 1997 | Am J Vit Enol1997，48，1： | 1 |
| 8 | Translating HIV sequences into quantitative fitness landscapes predicts viral vulnerabilities for rational immunogen design显示文摘 | Ferguson A L Mann J K Omarjee S Ndung'u T Walker B D Chakraborty A K | 2013 | Immunity2013，38，3： | 1 |
| 9 | Abscisic acid, carbohydrates, and nitrogen contents of Kyoho grapevines in relation to budbreak induction by water stress显示文摘 | Ndung' u CK | 1997 | Am J Vit Enol1997，48，1： | 1 |
| 10 | Determination of lead in vinegar by ICP - MS and GFAAS : evaluation of different sample preparation procedures显示文摘 | NDUNG K HIBDON S FLEGAL A R | 2004 | Talanta2004，64，1： | 1 |
| 11 | New Mosquito Larvicidal Tetranortriterpenoids from Turraea Wakefieldii and Turraea Floribunda显示文摘 | Ndung'u M W Kaoneka B Hassanali A | 2004 | Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry2004，52，50： | 1 |
| 12 | Ultrasonicextraction of hexavalent chromium in solid samplesfollowed by automated analysis using a combination ofsupported liquid membrane extraction and UVdetection in a flow system显示文摘 | Ndung'u K Djane N K Malcus F | 1999 | Analyst1999，124，9： | 1 |
| 13 | Detection of Anaplasrna ovis infection in goats by major surface protein 5 competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay显示文摘 | NDUNG'U L W AGUIRRE C RURANGIRWA F R | 1995 | J Clin Microbiol1995，33，3： | 1 |
| 14 | Concordance between bio-impedance analysis and clinical score in fluid-status assessment of maintenance haemodialysis patients: A single centre experience显示文摘BACKGROUND The burden of chronic kidney disease(CKD)is rising rapidly globally.Fluid overload(FO),an independent predictor of mortality in CKD,should be accurately assessed to guide estimation of the volume of fluid to be removed during haemodialysis(HD).Clinical score(CS)and bio-impedance analysis(BIA)have been utilized in assessment of FO and BIA has demonstrated reproducibility and accuracy in determination of fluid status in patients on HD.There is need to determine the performance of locally-developed CSs in fluid status assessment when evaluated against BIA.AIM To assess the hydration status of patients on maintenance HD using BIA and a CS,as well as to evaluate the performance of that CS against BIA in fluid status assessment.METHODS This was a single-centre,hospital-based cross-sectional study which recruited adult patients with CKD who were on maintenance HD at Kenyatta National Hospital.The patients were aged 18 years and above and had been on maintenance HD for at least 3 mo.Those with pacemakers,metallic implants,or bilateral limbs amputations were excluded.Data on the patients’clinical history,physical examination,and chest radiograph findings were collected.BIA was performed on each of the study participants using the Quantum®II bio-impedance analyser manufactured by RJL Systems together with the BC 4®software.In evaluating the performance of the CS,BIA was considered as the gold standard test.A 2-by-2 table of the participants’fluid status at each of the CS values obtained compared to their paired BIA results was constructed(either++,+-,--or-+for FO using the CS and BIA,respectively).The results from this 2-by-2 table were used to compute the sensitivity and specificity of the CS at the various reference points and subsequently plot a receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve that was used to determine the best cut-off point.Those above and below the best CS cut-off point as determined by the ROC were classified as being positive and negative for FO,respectively.The proportions of participants diagnosed with FO by the CS and BIA,respectively,were computed and summarized in a 2-by-2 contingency table for comparison.McNemar’s chi-squared test was used to assess any statistically significant difference in proportions of patients diagnosed as having FO by CS and BIA.Logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess whether the variables for the duration of dialysis,the number of missed dialysis sessions,advisement by health care professional on fluid or salt intake,actual fluid intake,the number of anti-hypertensives used,or body mass index were associated with a patient’s odds of having FO as diagnosed by BIA.RESULTS From 100 patients on maintenance HD screened for eligibility,80 were recruited into this study.Seventy-one(88.75%)patients were fluid overloaded when evaluated using BIA with mean extracellular volume of 3.02±1.79 L as opposed to the forty-seven(58.25%)patients who had FO when evaluated using the CS.The difference was significant,with a P value of<0.0001(95%confidence interval:0.1758-0.4242).Using CS,values above 4 were indicative of FO while values less than or equal to 4 denoted the best cut-off for no FO.The sensitivity and specificity for the CS were 63%and 78%respectively.None of the factors evaluated for association with FO showed statistical significance on the multivariable logistic regression model.CONCLUSION FO is very prevalent in patients on chronic HD at the Kenyatta National Hospital.CS detects FO less frequently when compared with BIA.The sensitivity and specificity for the CS were 63%and 78%respectively.None of the factors evaluated for association with FO showed statistical significance on the multivariable logistic regression model. | Kamiti Muchiri Joshua K Kayima Elijah N Ogola Seth McLigeyo Sally W Ndung’u Samuel K Kabinga | 2022 | World Journal of Nephrology2022，11，4： | 1 |
| 15 | Lead isotopes reveal different sources of lead in balsamic and other vinegars显示文摘 | Kuria Ndung’u Sharon Hibdon Alain Véron A. Russell Flegal | 2011 | Science of the Total Environment2011，，14： | 1 |
| 16 | Highly active antiretroviral therapy started during pregnancy or postpartum suppresses HIV-1 RNA, but not DNA, in breastmilk显示文摘 | Shapiro RL Ndung' u T Lockman S | 2005 | Infect Dis2005，192，5： | 1 |
| 17 | Determination of lead in vinegar by ICP-MS and GFAAS: evaluation of different sample preparation procedures显示文摘 | Kuria Ndung’u Sharon Hibdon A.Russell Flegal | 2004 | Talanta2004，，1： | 1 |
| 18 | Determination of lead in vinegar by ICP-MS and GFAAS: evaluation of different sample preparation procedures显示文摘 | NDUNG'U K HIBDON S FLEGAL A R | 2004 | Talanta2004，64，1： | 1 |
| 19 | High expression of CD26 accurately identifies human bacteria‐reactive MR1‐restricted MAIT cells显示文摘 | Prabhat K. Sharma Emily B. Wong Ruth J. Napier William R. Bishai Thumbi Ndung’u Victoria O. Kasprowicz Deborah A. Lewinsohn David M. Lewinsohn Marielle C. Gold | 2015 | Immunology2015，，3： | 1 |
| 20 | Differential clade-specific HLA-B*3501 association with HIV-1 disease outcome is linked to immunogenicity of a single Gag epitope显示文摘 | Matthews P C Koyanagi M Klverpris H N Harndahl M Stryhn A Akahoshi T Gatanaga H Oka S Juarez Molina C Valenzuela Ponce H Avila Rios S Cole D Carlson J Payne RP Ogwu A Bere A Ndung'u T Gounder K Chen F Riddell L Luzzi G Shapiro R Brander C Walker B Sewell A K Reyes Teran G Heckerman D Hunter E Buus S Takiguchi M Goulder P J | 2012 | J Virol2012，86，12： | 1 |
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