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| 1 | A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns显示文摘发展史长通知了蕨类植物分类。当我们推断进化的树的能力改善了,针对认出生来的组的分类变得逐渐地预兆、稳定。这里,我们为 lycophytes 和蕨纲植物提供一个现代、全面分类,在下面,利用一条基于社区的途径类水平。我们 monophyly 用作主要标准让 taxa,而且目的识别保存两个广泛地被接受的存在 taxa 和界限并且与我们蕨类植物发展史的理解一致。总共,这个分类对待一在 337 个类, 51 个家庭, 14 目,和二个班估计了 11 916 种类。这个分类没在 lycophyte 和蕨纲植物上作为最后的词被打算分类,而是当前的假设的概括陈述,源于最好的可得到的数据并且在问题由熟悉植物的那些大多数塑造了。我们希望它将在蕨类植物上为最近的文学的那些想要的参考用作一个资源发展史和分类,为指导未来调查的一个框架,和推进讲话的刺激。 | Eric Schuettpelz Harald Schneider Alan R. Smith Peter Hovenkamp Jefferson Prado Germinal Rouhan Alexandre Salino Michael Sundue Thafs Elias Almeida Barbara Parris Emily B. Sessa Ashley R. Field Andre Luis de Gasper Carl J. Rothfels Michael D. Windham Marcus Lehnert Benjamin Dauphin Atsushi Ebihara Samuli Lehtonen Pedro Bond Schwartsburd Jordan Metzgar Li-Bing Zhang Li-Yaung Kuo Patrick J. Brownsey Masahiro Kato Marcelo Daniel Arana Francine C. Assis Michael S. Barker David S. Barrington Ho-Ming Chang Yi-Han Chang Yi-Shan Chao Cheng-Wei Chen De-Kui Chen Wen-Liang Chiou Vinicius Antonio de Oliveira Dittrich Yi-Fan Duan Jean-Yves Dubuisson Donald R. Farrar Susan Fawcett Jose Maria Gabriel y Galan Luiz Armando de Araujo Goes-Neto Jason R. Grant Amanda L. Grusz Christopher Haufler Warren Hauk Hai He Sabine Hennequin Regina Yoshie Hirai Layne Huiet Michael Kessler Petra Korall Paulo H. Labiak Anders Larsson Blanca Leen Chun-Xiang Li Fay-Wei Li Melanie Link-Perez Hong-Mei Liu Ngan Thi Lu Esteban I. Meza-Torres Xin-Yuan Miao Robbin Moran Claudine Massi Mynssens Nathalie Nagalingum Benjamin Ollgaard Alison M. Paul Jovani B. de S. Pereira Leon R. Perrie Monica Ponce Tom A. Ranker Christian Schulz Wataru Shinohara Alexander Shmakov Erin M. Sigel Filipe Soares de Souza Lana da Silva Sylvestre Weston Testo Luz Amparo Triana-Moreno Chie Tsutsumi Hanna Tuomisto IvAn A. Valdespino Alejandra Vasco Raquel Stauffer Viveros Alan Weakley Ran Wei Stina Weststrand Paul G. Wolf George Yatskievych Xiao-Gang Xu Yue-Hong Yan Liang Zhang Xian-Chun Zhang Xin-Mao Zhou | 2016 | Journal of Systematics and Evolution2016，54，6： | 44 |
| 2 | Cross-kingdom inhibition of breast cancer growth by plant miR159显示文摘MicroRNAs (miRNAs ) 是基因表示的批评管理者,并且在优核质的开发,生理学,和疾病施加广泛的影响。并行的高度在植物和动物在 miRNA 生物的续生说和行动的分子的基础被发现。最近的研究有趣地建议导出植物的 miRNAs 的一个潜在的跨王国的行动,通过饮食的吸入,在调整哺乳动物的基因表示。尽管在哺乳动物的标本检测的植物 miRNAs 的来源和范围仍然保持争论,这些起始的研究鼓舞了我们决定植物 miRNAs 是否能在西方的人的 sera 被检测并且这些植物 miRNAs 是否能影响与象癌症那样的人的疾病有关的基因表示和细胞的过程。这里,我们发现西方的施主 sera 包含了植物 miRNA miR159,其在浆液的丰富相反地在病人与乳癌发生和前进被相关。在人的 sera, miR159 主要在细胞外的泡被检测,并且对在 3 ′ 上建议发源植物的 2'-O-methylation 的钠 periodate 氧化抵抗;终端核糖。在乳癌房间然而并非非癌的乳房的上皮的房间,一合成 miR159 模仿能够由指向编码表明抄写因素的 Wnt 的 TCF7 禁止增长,在 MYC 蛋白质层次导致减少。miR159 的口头的管理显著地模仿在老鼠压制了异种皮移植胸肿瘤的生长。这些结果第一次证明植物 miRNA 能在哺乳动物禁止癌症生长。 | Andrew R Chin Miranda Y Fong George Somlo Jun Wu Piotr Swiderski Xiwei Wu Shizhen Emily Wang | 2016 | Cell Research2016，26，2： | 35 |
| 3 | Cardiac remodeling and physical training post myocardial infarction显示文摘After myocardial infarction(MI), the heart undergoes extensive myocardial remodeling through the accumulation of fibrous tissue in both the infarcted and noninfarcted myocardium, which distorts tissue structure, increases tissue stiffness, and accounts for ventricular dysfunction. There is growing clinical consensus that exercise training may beneficially alter the course of post-MI myocardial remodeling and improve cardiac function. This review summarizes the present state of knowledge regarding the effect of post-MI exercise training on infarcted hearts. Due to the degree of difficulty to study a viable human heart at both protein and molecular levels, most of the detailed studies have been performed by using animal models. Although there are some negative reports indicating that post-MI exercise may further cause deterioration of the wounded hearts, a growing body of research from both human and animal experiments demonstrates that post-MI exercise may beneficially alter the course of wound healing and improve cardiac function. Furthermore, the improved function is likely due to exercise training-induced mitigation of reninangiotensin-aldosterone system, improved balance between matrix metalloproteinase-1 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1, favorable myosin heavy chain isoform switch, diminished oxidative stress, enhanced antioxidant capacity, improved mitochondrial calcium handling, and boosted myocardial angiogenesis. Additionally, meta-analyses revealed that exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation has proven to be effective, and remains one of the least expensive therapies for both the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease, and prevents re-infarction. | Michael A Garza Emily A Wason John Q Zhang | 2015 | World Journal of Cardiology2015，7，2： | 28 |
| 4 | 加强“将健康融入所有政策”的实施:基于现实主义的解释性案例研究显示文摘目前,世界各国普遍采取跨部门行动解决健康的宏观社会和经济决定因素。'将健康融入所有政策(Hi AP)'是各国采取跨部门行动的策略之一,它以广义的健康决定因素而非单纯的卫生服务为目标,在决策过程中系统解决健康问题。近几十年来出现了很多关于Hi AP的案例,但这些案例成功或失败的原因并未得到系统的研究,这就导致以证据为基础的有关促进或阻碍Hi AP策略实施的相关因素的研究较少。本文基于现实主义视角,采用解释性案例研究,分析了不同地区Hi AP策略的实施情况。本研究在提出概念性框架的基础上,分析了与Hi AP可持续实施有关的背景、社会机制及结果,并利用相关文献以及从关键知情人访谈中得到的证据,寻找相关的模式和主题对现象加以解释。最后,通过对瑞典和加拿大魁北克实施卫生影响力评估的情况进行比较,揭示了Hi AP成功实施的经验。此方法能够帮助研究者对某一地区内成功实施Hi AP的社会机制和背景因素的大量证据信息加以审核并做三角测量,还可用于分析其他形式的部门间行动,以减少不同背景、不同地区之间的卫生不公平性现象。 | Ketan Shankardass Emilie Renahy Carles Muntaner Patricia O’Campo | 2015 | 中国卫生政策研究2015，8，3： | 17 |
| 5 | Beneficial mechanisms of aerobic exercise on hepatic lipid metabolism in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease显示文摘BACKGROUND:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)refers to any fatty liver disease that is not due to excessive use of alcohol.NAFLD probably results from abnormal hepatic lipid metabolism and insulin resistance.Aerobic exercise is shown to improve NAFLD.This review aimed to evaluate the molecular mechanisms involved in the beneficial effects of aerobic exercise on NAFLD.DATA SOURCE:We searched articles in English on the role of aerobic exercise in NAFLD therapy in Pub Med. | Rui Guo Emily C Liong Kwok Fai So Man-Lung Fung George L Tipoe | 2015 | Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International2015，14，2： | 16 |
| 6 | Reactive Oxygen Species during Plant-microorganism Early Interactions显示文摘Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are continuously produced as a result of aerobic metabolism or in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. ROS are not only toxic by-products of aerobic metabolism, but are also signalling molecules involved in several developmental processes in all organisms. Previous studies have clearly shown that an oxidative burst often takes place at the site of attempted invasion during the early stages of most plant-pathogen interactions. Moreover, a second ROS production can be observed during certain types of plant-pathogen interactions, which triggers hypersensitive cell death (HR). This second ROS wave seems absent during symbiotic interactions. This difference between these two responses is thought to play an important signalling role leading to the establishment of plant defense. In order to cope with the deleterious effects of ROS, plants are fitted with a large panel of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant mechanisms. Thus,increasing numbers of publications report the characterisation of ROS producing and scavenging systems from plants and from microorganisms during interactions. In this review, we present the current knowledge on the ROS signals and their role during plant-microorganism interactions. | Amrit K.Nanda Emilie Andrio Daniel Marino Nicolas Pauly Christophe Dunand | 2010 | Journal of Integrative Plant Biology2010，52，2： | 15 |
| 7 | Therapeutic approaches to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: past achievements and future challenges显示文摘BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a leading cause of chronic liver injury and mortality in Western countries and China. However, as to date, there is no direct and effective therapy for this disease. The aim of this review is to analyze the key progress and challenges of main current therapeutic approaches in NAFLD. DATA SOURCE: We carried out a PubMed search of English-language articles relevant to NAFLD therapy. RESULTS: There are two major therapeutic strategies for NAFLD treatment: (1) lifestyle interventions (including weight reduction, dietary modification and physical exercise) and (2) pharmaceutical therapies. Lifestyle interventions, particularly chronic and moderate intensity exercise, are the most effective and recognized clinical therapies for NAFLD. For pharmaceutical therapies, although their effects and mechanisms have been extensively investigated in laboratory studies, they still need further tests and investigations in clinical human trials. CONCLUSION: Future advancement of NAFLD therapy should focus on the mechanistic studies on cell based and animal models and human clinical trials of exercise, as well as the combination of lifestyle intervention and pharmaceutical therapy specifically targeting main signaling pathways related to lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammation. | Jia Xiao Rui Guo Man Lung Fung Emily C Liong George L Tipoe | 2013 | Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International2013，12，2： | 14 |
| 8 | 美国临床药学的发展与实践显示文摘目的:介绍美国临床药学的发展史及其实践领域的拓展。方法:简要总结20世纪美国临床药学发展史及其临床实践领域从住院部拓展到门诊,并描述临床药师的主要职责。结果与结论:美国临床药学的重心已从用药和药物调剂向'以患者为中心'、以提高用药安全和有效为目标的临床实践上倾斜。20世纪初,在大多数医院尚无雇佣药师时,一些药师中的有识之士就已开始参加患者监护查房。此后,出现了更多开创性临床实践模式,昭示着药学职业的巨大潜力。这一系列改变也催生了药学博士项目发展,将药师更好地培养为临床人员,运用其药学专长优化患者监护。虽然临床药学的进步并非一蹴而就和一帆风顺,但经过药师和专业组织的努力,临床药学发展方向发生转变,药师已成为多学科团队中不可或缺的一员。 | Kimberly K.Scarsi Emily A.Prinz Hannah K.Snyder Keith M.Olsen 张伶俐 曾力楠 归舸 | 2015 | 中国药房2015，26，26： | 14 |
| 9 | Disruptions in AUXl-Dependent Auxin Influx Alter Hypocotyl Phototropism in Arabidopsis显示文摘 | Bethany B. Stonea Emily L. Stowe-Evans Reneé M. Harper R. Brandon Celaya Karin Ljung Goran Sandbergc Emmanuel Liscum | 2008 | Molecular Plant2008，1，1： | 13 |
| 10 | EMT and Dissemination Precede Pancreatic Tumor Formation显示文摘 | Andrew D. Rhim Emily T. Mirek Nicole M. Aiello Anirban Maitra Jennifer M. Bailey Florencia McAllister Maximilian Reichert Gregory L. Beatty Anil K. Rustgi Robert H. Vonderheide Steven D. Leach Ben Z. Stanger | 2012 | Cell2012，，1： | 13 |
| 11 | TREM-1 multimerization is essential for its activation on monocytes and neutrophils显示文摘The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1(TREM-1)is a receptor expressed on innate immune cells.By promoting the amplification of inflammatory signals that are initially triggered by Toll-like receptors(TLRs),TREM-1 has been characterized as a major player in the pathophysiology of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases,such as septic shock,myocardial infarction,atherosclerosis,and inflammatory bowel diseases.However,the molecular events leading to the activation of TREM-1 in innate immune cells remain unknown.Here,we show that TREM-1 is activated by multimerization and that the levels of intracellular Ca 2+release,reactive oxygen species,and cytokine production correlate with the degree of TREM-1 aggregation.TREM-1 activation on primary human monocytes by LPS required a two-step process consisting of upregulation followed by clustering of TREM-1 at the cell surface,in contrast to primary human neutrophils,where LPS induced a rapid cell membrane reorganization of TREM-1,which confirmed that TREM-1 is regulated differently in primary human neutrophils and monocytes.In addition,we show that the ectodomain of TREM-1 is able to homooligomerize in a concentration-dependent manner,which suggests that the clustering of TREM-1 on the membrane promotes its oligomerization.We further show that the adapter protein DAP12 stabilizes TREM-1 surface expression and multimerization.TREM-1 multimerization at the cell surface is also mediated by its endogenous ligand,a conclusion supported by the ability of the TREM-1 inhibitor LR12 to limit TREM-1 multimerization.These results provide evidence for ligand-induced,receptor-mediated dimerization of TREM-1.Collectively,our findings uncover the mechanisms necessary for TREM-1 activation in monocytes and neutrophils. | Kevin Carrasco Amir Boufenzer Lucie Jolly Helene Le Cordier Guanbo Wang Albert JR Heck Adelheid Cerwenka Emilie Vinolo Alexis Nazabal Alexandre Kriznik Pierre Launay Sebastien Gibot Marc Derive | 2019 | Cellular & Molecular Immunology2019，16，5： | 13 |
| 12 | 汶川地震断裂作用研究新认识显示文摘2008年汶川地震后,人们不得不思考问题是:大地震是如何发生的?下一次大地震什么时候发生?也就是涉及地质学家和地球物理学家一直未解决的科学问题:断层是如何破裂的?震后断裂是如何愈合的?我们试图通过对汶川地震断裂带结构、断裂摩擦行为和断裂愈合过程的研究来回答这些问题。本文将介绍通过对地表露头和汶川地震断裂科学钻探一号孔(WFSD)岩心中汶川地震主滑移带的详细研究,以及钻孔中长期温度监测来分析有关汶川地震断裂动态弱化和摩擦行为,并结合钻孔中长期水文监测计算所得断裂带渗透率变化,分析震后断裂愈合过程,进而探讨和认识汶川地震断裂作用所涉及的上述问题。经过详细研究,确定了汶川地震断裂带(映秀—北川断裂带)宽105~240 m、具有五个不同断裂岩组合的内部结构,是一条经常发生大地震、具多种弱化机制的断裂带;发现了汶川地震不仅具有同震石墨化作用,而且测量到目前世界上最低的动态摩擦系数(≤0.02),同时首次记录到大地震后断裂快速愈合信息。这些研究结果不仅直接回答了一直困扰在地震地质和地震物理学领域几十年的关键问题,而且对完善地震断裂理论和认识汶川地震机制具有极其重要的意义,为防震减灾提供了理论依据。 | 王焕 李海兵 司家亮 孙知明 付小方 刘栋梁 裴军令 李成龙 张佳佳 宋圣荣 郭力伟 MORI James 薛莲 BRODSKY E. Emily 云锟 龚正 | 2015 | 地球学报2015，36，3： | 12 |
| 13 | Colon cancer-associated B2 Escherichia coli colonize gut mucosa and promote cell proliferation显示文摘AIM:To provide further insight into the characterization of mucosa-associated Escherichia coli(E.coli)isolated from the colonic mucosa of cancer patients.METHODS:Phylogroups and the presence of cyclomodulin-encoding genes of mucosa-associated E.coli from colon cancer and diverticulosis specimens weredetermined by PCR.Adhesion and invasion experiments were performed with I-407 intestinal epithelial cells using gentamicin protection assay.Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 6(CEACAM6)expression in T84 intestinal epithelial cells was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and by Western Blot.Gut colonization,inflammation and procarcinogenic potential were assessed in a chronic infection model using CEABAC10 transgenic mice.Cell proliferation was analyzed by real-time mRNA quantification of PCNA and immunohistochemistry staining of Ki67.RESULTS:Analysis of mucosa-associated E.coli from colon cancer and diverticulosis specimens showed that whatever the origin of the E.coli strains,86%of cyclomodulin-positive E.coli belonged to B2 phylogroup and most harbored polyketide synthase(pks)island,which encodes colibactin,and/or cytotoxic necrotizing factor(cnf)genes.In vitro assays using I-407 intestinal epithelial cells revealed that mucosa-associated B2 E.coli strains were poorly adherent and invasive.However,mucosa-associated B2 E.coli similarly to Crohn’s disease-associated E.coli are able to induce CEACAM6expression in T84 intestinal epithelial cells.In addition,in vivo experiments using a chronic infection model of CEACAM6 expressing mice showed that B2 E.coli strain11G5 isolated from colon cancer is able to highly persist in the gut,and to induce colon inflammation,epithelial damages and cell proliferation.CONCLUSION:In conclusion,these data bring new insights into the ability of E.coli isolated from patients with colon cancer to establish persistent colonization,exacerbate inflammation and trigger carcinogenesis. | Jennifer Raisch Emmanuel Buc Mathilde Bonnet Pierre Sauvanet Emilie Vazeille Amélie de Vallée Pierre Déchelotte Claude Darcha Denis Pezet Richard Bonnet Marie-Agnès Bringer Arlette Darfeuille-Michaud | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，21： | 12 |
| 14 | A carbon-based 3D current collector with surface protection for Li metal anode显示文摘因为它为这类房间展出最高特定的能力和最低氧化还原作用潜力,锂金属为 Li-ion-based 电池被认为理想的阳极材料。然而,李树突,不稳定的稳固的电解质分裂期间,低 Coulombic 效率,和安全危险的生长显著地妨碍了金属性的李阳极的实际申请。此处,我们求婚一三维(3D ) 碳 nanotube 海绵(CNTS ) 作为一位李免职主人。CNTS 的高特定的表面区域为李成核启用同质的费用分发并且最小化有效当前的密度克服树突生长。另外的保角的艾尔 2 由原子层免职(ALD ) 涂的 CNTS 上的 O 3 层要用体力地由于好化学稳定性和层的高机械力量保护李金属电极 / 电解质接口。Li@ALD-CNTS 电极展出稳定的电压侧面,小过电位在在 1.0 妈骑车的 100 h 上从 16 ~ 30 | Ying Zhang Boyang Liu Emily Hitz Wei Luo Yonggang Yao Yiju Li diaqi Dai Chaoji Chen Yanbin Wang Chunpeng Yang Hongbian Li Liangbing Hu | 2017 | Nano Research2017，10，4： | 11 |
| 15 | Canadian Agility and Movement Skill Assessment(CAMSA):Validity, objectivity, and reliability evidence for children 8–12 years of age显示文摘Purpose: The primary aim of this study was to develop an assessment of the fundamental, combined, and complex movement skills required to support childhood physical literacy. The secondary aim was to establish the feasibility, objectivity, and reliability evidence for the assessment.Methods: An expert advisory group recommended a course format for the assessment that would require children to complete a series of dynamic movement skills. Criterion-referenced skill performance and completion time were the recommended forms of evaluation. Children, 8–12 years of age, self-reported their age and gender and then completed the study assessments while attending local schools or day camps. Face validity was previously established through a Delphi expert(n = 19, 21% female) review process. Convergent validity was evaluated by age and gender associations with assessment performance. Inter-and intra-rater(n = 53, 34% female) objectivity and test–retest(n = 60, 47% female) reliability were assessed through repeated test administration.Results: Median total score was 21 of 28 points(range 5–28). Median completion time was 17 s. Total scores were feasible for all 995 children who self-reported age and gender. Total score did not differ between inside and outside environments(95% confidence interval(CI) of difference:-0.7 to 0.6;p = 0.91) or with/without footwear(95%CI of difference:-2.5 to 1.9; p = 0.77). Older age(p < 0.001, η2= 0.15) and male gender(p < 0.001, η2= 0.02)were associated with a higher total score. Inter-rater objectivity evidence was excellent(intraclass correlation coefficient(ICC) = 0.99) for completion time and substantial for skill score(ICC = 0.69) for 104 attempts by 53 children(34% female). Intra-rater objectivity was moderate(ICC = 0.52) for skill score and excellent for completion time(ICC = 0.99). Reliability was excellent for completion time over a short(2–4 days; ICC = 0.84) or long(8–14days; ICC = 0.82) interval. Skill score reliability was moderate(ICC = 0.46) over a short interval, and substantial(ICC = 0.74) over a long interval.Conclusion: The Canadian Agility and Movement Skill Assessment is a feasible measure of selected fundamental, complex and combined movement skills, which are an important building block for childhood physical literacy. Moderate-to-excellent objectivity was demonstrated for children 8–12 years of age. Test–retest reliability has been established over an interval of at least 1 week. The time and skill scores can be accurately estimated by 1 trained examiner. | Patricia E.Longmuir Charles Boyer Meghann Lloyd Michael M.Borghese Emily Knight Travis J.Saunders Elena Boiarskaia Weimo Zhu Mark S.Tremblay | 2017 | Journal of Sport and Health Science2017，6，2： | 10 |
| 16 | Biological mesh reconstruction of the pelvic floor following abdominoperineal excision for cancer:A review显示文摘Extralevator abdominoperineal excision and pelvic exenteration are mutilating operations that leave wide perineal wounds.Such large wounds are prone to infection and perineal herniation,and their closure is a major concern to most surgeons.Different approaches to the perineal repair exist,varying from primary or mesh closure to myocutaneous flaps.Each technique has its own associated advantages and potential complications and the ideal approach is still debated.In the present study,we reviewed the current literature and our own local data regarding the use of biological mesh for perineal wound closure.Current evidence suggests that the use of biological mesh carries an acceptable risk of wound complications compared to primary closure and is similar to flap reconstruction.In addition,the rate of perineal hernia is lower in early follow-up,while long-term hernia occurrence appears to be similar between the different techniques.Finally,it is an easy and quick reconstruction method.Although more expensive than primary closure,the cost associated with the use of a biological mesh is at least equal,if not less,than flap reconstruction. | Boris Schiltz Nicolas Christian Buchs Marta Penna Cosimo Riccardo Scarpa Emilie Liot Philippe Morel Frederic Ris | 2017 | World Journal of Clinical Oncology2017，8，3： | 10 |
| 17 | Advances in immuno-oncology biomarkers for gastroesophageal cancer:programmed death ligand 1,microsatellite instability,and beyond显示文摘Blockade of the programmed death ligand 1(PD-L1) and programmed cell death 1(PD-1) receptor axis represents an effective form of cancer immunotherapy. Preclinical evidence initially suggested that gastric and gastroesophageal junction(GEJ) cancers are potentially immunotherapy-sensitive tumors. Early phase clinical trials have demonstrated promising antitumor activity with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in advanced or metastatic gastric/GEJ cancer. Microsatellite instability(MSI) and PD-L1 expression have been shown to predict higher response to PD-1 inhibitors as highlighted by the recent approvals of pembrolizumab in treatmentrefractory solid tumors with MSI status and the thirdline or greater treatment of PD-L1 positive advanced gastric/GEJ cancers. However, predictive and prognostic biomarkers remain an ongoing need. In this review, we detail the preclinical evidence and early tissue biomarker analyses illustrating potential predictive biomarkers to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in gastric/GEJ cancer. We also review the clinical development of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in gastric/GEJ cancer and highlight several areas in need of future investigation in order to optimize the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in gastric/GEJ cancer. | Emily M Lin Jun Gong Samuel J Klempner Joseph Chao | 2018 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2018，24，25： | 10 |
| 18 | 高砷含水层沉积物矿物学特征及砷的活化显示文摘利用X射线衍射和X射线荧光分析、沉积物序列提取试验及矿物饱和度的计算,对采自江汉平原中部沙湖地区典型高砷含水层钻孔沉积物样品矿物学进行了分析,并讨论了控制含水层中砷释放和迁移的地球化学机制。对矿物在沉积物与土壤中的分布及组成的对比分析,在一定程度上指示了矿物赋存环境和/或高砷水形成的环境背景:土壤与沉积物中高岭石以低于其他3种粘土矿物的含量普遍存在,指示了含水层沉积物形成过程江汉平原存在一定的湿热古气候环境;沉积物绿泥石含量低于土壤中绿泥石,恰恰反映了土壤比沉积物略强的碱性环境;沉积物中黄铁矿的存在,显示了含水层局部的强还原性环境,指示地下水中广泛存在的Fe2+容易与二价硫发生沉淀并结合砷。砷主要以无定形铁锰氧化物结合态(平均在31%以上)形式存在,其次以碳酸盐和有机质结合态存在。无定形铁锰氧化物的还原溶解可能是控制砷迁移到地下水中主要的地球化学机制。相对高含量的绿泥石容易在含水层中发生风化,其溶解过程可以将铁释放到地下水中,从而成为影响地下水中砷活化的潜在因素。 | 黄爽兵 Emilie Even 王焰新 | 2012 | 矿物岩石2012，32，4： | 9 |
| 19 | Highly efficient GaAs solar cells by limiting light emission angle显示文摘In a conventional flat plate solar cell under direct sunlight,light is received from the solar disk,but is re-emitted isotropically.This isotropic emission corresponds to a significant entropy increase in the solar cell,with a corresponding drop in efficiency.Here,using a detailed balance model,we show that limiting the emission angle of a high-quality GaAs solar cell is a feasible route to achieving power conversion efficiencies above 38%with a single junction.The highest efficiencies are predicted for a thin,light trapping cell with an ideal back reflector,though the scheme is robust to a non-ideal back reflector.Comparison with a conventional planar cell geometry illustrates that limiting emission angle in a light trapping geometry not only allows for much thinner cells,but also for significantly higher overall efficiencies with an excellent rear reflector.Finally,we present ray-tracing and detailed balance analysis of two angular coupler designs,show that significant efficiency improvements are possible with these couplers,and demonstrate initial fabrication of one coupler design. | Emily D Kosten Jackson H Atwater James Parsons Albert Polman Harry A Atwater | 2013 | Light(Science & Applications)2013，2，1： | 9 |
| 20 | Open abdomen in gastrointestinal surgery:Which technique is the best for temporary closure during damage control?显示文摘AIM To compare the 3 main techniques of temporary closure of the abdominal cavity,vacuum assisted closure(vacuum-assisted closure therapy- VAC),Bogota bag and Barker technique,in damage control surgery.METHODS After systematic review of the literature,33 articles were selected to compare the efficiency of the three procedures.Criteria such as cost,infections,capacity of reconstruction of the abdominal wall,diseases associated with the technique,among others were analyzed.RESULTS The Bogota bag and Barker techniques present as advantage the availability of material and low cost,what is not observed in the VAC procedure.The VAC technique is the most efficient,not only because it reduces the tension on the boarders of the lesion,but also removes stagnant fluids and debris and acts at cellular level increasing cell proliferation and division.Bogota bag presents the higher rates of skin laceration and evisceration,greater need for a stent for draining fluids and wash-ups,higher rates of intestinal adhesion to the abdominal wall.The Barker technique presents lack of efficiency in closing the abdominal wall and difficulty on maintaining pressure on the dressing.The VAC dressing can generate irritation and dermatitis when the drape is applied,in addition to pain,infection and bleeding,as well as toxic shock syndrome,anaerobic sepsis and thrombosis.CONCLUSION The VAC technique,showed to be superior allowing a better control of liquid on the third space,avoiding complications such as fistula with small mortality,low infection rate,and easier capability on primary closure of the abdominal cavity. | Marcelo A F Ribeiro Junior Emily Alves Barros Sabrina Marques de Carvalho Vinicius Pereira Nascimento José Cruvinel Neto Alexandre Zanchenko Fonseca | 2016 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery2016，8，8： | 9 |
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