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| 1 | What we should know about portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients:A changing perspective显示文摘Portal vein thrombosis(PVT) is one of the most common complications occurring during the natural course of liver cirrhosis.Even though PVT is often asymptomatic,the worsening of liver function,an unexpected episode of gastrointestinal bleeding or ascitic decompensation may be landmarks of PVT development.Beyond these clinical manifestations,it is debated whether PVT really has an impact on liver cirrhosis natural history or rather represents only one of its consequences.Probably PVT development should not only be considered as a matter of impaired blood flow or pro-coagulation tendency.On one hand,PVT seems a consequence of the worsening in portal vein outflow due to the increased hepatic resistance in cirrhotic livers.On the other hand,vascular microthrombosis secondary to necroinflammation may cause liver ischemia and infarction,with loss of hepatic tissue(parenchymal extinction) which is replaced by fibrotic tissue.Therefore,PVT might also be considered as the overt manifestation of the liver fibrosing process evolution and anticoagulant therapy may thus have microscopic indirect effects also on the progression of liver disease.At present,a connection between PVT development and the progression of liver fibrosis/cirrhosis has not yet been demonstrated.Nevertheless,it is not clear if PVT development may worsen cirrhotic patients' outcome by itself.Some authors tried to assess liver transplant benefit in PVT cirrhotic patients but data are contrasting.In this review,we will try to answer these questions,providing a critical analysis of data reported in literature. | Francesca Romana Ponziani Maria Assunta Zocco Matteo Garcovich Francesca D'Aversa Davide Roccarina Antonio Gasbarrini | 2012 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2012，18，36： | 24 |
| 2 | Portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis: Why a well-known complication is still matter of debate显示文摘Portal vein thrombosis(PVT)represents a well-known complication during the natural course of liver cirrhosis(LC),ranging from asymptomatic cases to lifethreating conditions related to portal hypertension and hepatic decompensation.Portal flow stasis,complex acquired hypercoagulable disorders and exogenous factors leading to endothelial dysfunction have emerged as key factors for PVT development.However,PVT occurrence remains unpredictable and many issues regarding its natural history,prognostic significance and treatment are still elusive.In particular although spontaneous resolution or disease stability occur in most cases of PVT,factors predisposing to disease progression or recurrence after spontaneous recanalization are not clarified as yet.Moreover,PVT impact on LC outcome is still debated,as PVT may represent itself a consequence of liver fibrosis and hepatic dysfunction progression.Anticoagulation and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt are considered safe and effective in this setting and are recommended in selected cases,even if the safer therapeutic option and the optimal therapy duration are still unknown.Nevertheless,their impact on mortality rates should be addressed more extensively.In this review we present the most debated questions regarding PVT,whose answers should come from prospective cohort studies and large sample-size randomized trials. | Mariella Faccia Maria Elena Ainora Francesca Romana Ponziani Laura Riccardi Matteo Garcovich Antonio Gasbarrini Maurizio Pompili Maria Assunta Zocco | 2019 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2019，25，31： | 23 |
| 3 | Eubiotic properties of rifaximin: Disruption of the traditional concepts in gut microbiota modulation显示文摘Antibiotics are usually prescribed to cure infections but they also have significant modulatory effects on the gut microbiota. Several alterations of the intestinal bacterial community have been reported during antibiotic treatment, including the reduction of beneficial bacteria as well as of microbial alpha-diversity. Although after the discontinuation of antibiotic therapies it has been observed a trend towards the restoration of the original condition, the new steady state is different from the previous one, as if antibiotics induced some kind of irreversible perturbation of the gut microbial community. The poorly absorbed antibiotic rifaximin seem to be different from the other antibiotics, because it exerts non-traditional effects additional to the bactericidal/bacteriostatic activity on the gut microbiota. Rifaximin is able to reduce bacterial virulence and translocation, has anti-inflammatory properties and has been demonstrated to positively modulate the gut microbial composition. Animal models, culture studies and metagenomic analyses have demonstrated an increase in Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Lactobacillus abundance after rifaximin treatment, probably consequent to the induction of bacterial resistance, with no major change in the overall gut microbiota composition. Antibiotics are therefore modulators of the symbiotic relationship between the host and the gut microbiota. Specific antibiotics, such as rifaximin, can also induce eubiotic changes in the intestinal ecosystem; this additional property may represent a therapeutic advantage in specific clinical settings. | Francesca Romana Ponziani Maria Assunta Zocco Francesca D’Aversa Maurizio Pompili Antonio Gasbarrini | 2017 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2017，23，25： | 17 |
| 4 | Prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy: Focusing on gut microbiota显示文摘The gut flora plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the complications of cirrhosis. Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) represents a broad continuum of neuropsychological dysfunction in patients with acute or chronic liver disease and/or porto-systemic shunting of blood flow and it manifests with progressive deterioration of the superior neurological functions. The pathophysiology of this disease is complex, as it involves overproduction and reduced metabolism of various neurotoxins, particularly ammonia. Management of HE is diversified and requires several steps: elimination of precipitating factors, removal of toxins, proper nutritional support, modulation of resident fecal flora and downregulation of systemic and gut-derived inflammation. This review will provide an overview of gut barrier function and the influence of gut-derived factors on HE, focusing on the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of HE and the recent literature findings on its therapeutic manipulation. | Matteo Garcovich Maria Assunta Zocco Davide Roccarina Francesca Romana Ponziani Antonio Gasbarrini | 2012 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2012，18，46： | 16 |
| 5 | Effect of rifaximin on gut microbiota composition in advanced liver disease and its complications显示文摘Liver cirrhosis is a paradigm of intestinal dysbiosis. The qualitative and quantitative derangement of intestinal microbial community reported in cirrhotic patients seems to be strictly related with the impairment of liver function. A kind of gut microbial 'fingerprint',characterized by the reduced ratio of 'good' to 'potentially pathogenic' bacteria has recently been outlined,and is associated with the increase in Model for End-Stage Liver Disease and Child Pugh scores. Moreover,in patients presenting with cirrhosis complications such as spontaneous bacterial peritonitis(SBP),hepatic encephalopathy(HE),and,portal hypertension intestinal microbiota modifications or the isolation of bacteria deriving from the gut are commonly reported. Rifaximin is a non-absorbable antibiotic used in the management of several gastrointestinal diseases. Beyond bactericidal/bacteriostatic,immune-modulating and anti-inflammatory activity,a little is known about its interaction with gut microbial environment. Rifaximin has been demonstrated to exert beneficial effects on cognitive function in patients with HE,and also to prevent the development of SBP,to reduce endotoxemia and to improve hemodynamics in cirrhotics. These results are linked to a shift in gut microbes functionality,triggering the production of favorable metabolites. The low incidence of drug-related adverse events due to the small amount of circulating drug makes rifaximin a relatively safe antibiotic for the modulation of gut microbiota in advanced liver disease. | Francesca Romana Ponziani Viviana Gerardi Silvia Pecere Francesca D'Aversa Loris Lopetuso Maria Assunta Zocco Maurizio Pompili | 2015 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2015，21，43： | 16 |
| 6 | Subclinical atherosclerosis is linked to small intestinal bacterial overgrowth via vitamin K2-dependent mechanisms显示文摘AIM To assess the rate of matrix Gla-protein carboxylation in patients with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth(SIBO) and to decipher its association with subclinical atherosclerosis.METHODS Patients with suspected SIBO who presented with a low risk for cardiovascular disease and showed no evidence of atherosclerotic plaques were included in the study. A glucose breath test was performed in order to confirm the diagnosis of SIBO and vascular assessment was carried out by ultrasound examination. Plasma levels of the inactive form of MGP(dephosphorylateduncarboxylated matrix Gla-protein) were quantified by ELISA and vitamin K2 intake was estimated using a food frequency questionnaire.RESULTS Thirty-nine patients were included in the study. SIBO was confirmed in 12/39(30.8%) patients who also presented with a higher concentration ofdephosphorylated-uncarboxylated matrix Gla-protein(9.5 μg/L vs 4.2 μg/L; P = 0.004). Arterial stiffness was elevated in the SIBO group(pulse-wave velocity 10.25 m/s vs 7.68 m/s; P = 0.002) and this phenomenon was observed to correlate linearly with the levels of dephosphorylated-uncarboxylated matrix Gla-protein(β = 0.220, R2 = 0.366, P = 0.03). Carotid intima-media thickness and arterial calcifications were not observed to be significantly elevated as compared to controls.CONCLUSION SIBO is associated with reduced matrix Gla-protein activation as well as arterial stiffening. Both these observations are regarded as important indicators of subclinical atherosclerosis. Hence, screening for SIBO, intestinal decontamination and supplementation with vitamin K2 has the potential to be incorporated into clinical practice as additional preventive measures. | Francesca Romana Ponziani Maurizio Pompili Enrico Di Stasio Maria Assunta Zocco Antonio Gasbarrini Roberto Flore | 2017 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2017，23，7： | 9 |
| 7 | Cutaneous manifestations of hepatitis C in the era of new antiviral agents显示文摘The association of chronic hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection with a wide spectrum of cutaneous manifestations has been widely reported in the literature, with varying strength of epidemiological association. Skin diseases which are certainly related with chronic HCV infection due to a strong epidemiological and pathogenetic association are mixed cryoglobulinemia, lichen planus and porphyria cutanea tarda. Chronic pruritus and necrolytic acral erythema are conditions that may share a possible association with HCV infection, while several immune-mediated inflammatory skin conditions, such as psoriasis, chronic urticaria and vitiligo, have been only anecdotally reported in the setting of chronic HCV infection. Traditional interferonbased treatment regimens for HCV infection are associated with substantial toxicity and a high-risk of immune-related adverse events, while the advent of new direct-acting antivirals with sustained virological response and improved tolerability will open the door for all-oral, interferon-free regimens. In the new era of these direct acting antivirals there will be hopefully a renewed interest in extra-hepatic manifestations of HCV infection. The aim of the present paper is to review the main cutaneous HCV-related disorders- mixed cryoglobulinemia, lichen planus, porphyria cutanea tarda and chronic pruritus- and to discuss the potential impact of new antiviral treatments on the course of these extrahepatic manifestations of chronic HCV infection. | Simone Garcovich Matteo Garcovich Rodolfo Capizzi Antonio Gasbarrini Maria Assunta Zocco | 2015 | World Journal of Hepatology2015，7，27： | 5 |
| 8 | Diagnosis of bowel diseases:The role of imaging and ultrasonography显示文摘Examinations with a visualisation of the anatomy and pathology of the gastrointestinal(GI) tract are often necessary for the diagnosis of GI diseases.Traditional radiology played a crucial role for many years.Endoscopy,despite some limitations,remains the main technique in the differential diagnosis and treatment of GI diseases.In the last decades,the introduction of,and advances in,non-invasive cross-sectional imaging modalities,including ultrasound(US),computed tomography(CT),positron-emission tomography(PET),and magnetic resonance imaging,as well as improvements in the resolution of imaging data,the acquisition of 3D images,and the introduction of contrast-enhancement,have modified the approach to the examination of the GI tract.Moreover,additional co-registration techniques,such as PET-CT and PET-MRI,allow multimodal data acquisition with better sensitivity and specificity in the study of tissue pathology.US has had a growing role in the development and application of the techniques for diagnosis and management of GI diseases because it is inexpensive,non-invasive,and more comfortable for the patient,and it has sufficient diagnostic accuracy toprovide the clinician with image data of high temporal and spatial resolution.Moreover,Doppler and contrastenhanced ultrasound(CEUS) add important information about blood flow.This article provides a general review of the current literature regarding imaging modalities used for the evaluation of bowel diseases,highlighting the role of US and recent developments in CEUS. | Davide Roccarina Matteo Garcovich Maria Elena Ainora Gianluigi Caracciolo Francesca Ponziani Antonio Gasbarrini Maria Assunta Zocco | 2013 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2013，19，14： | 5 |
| 9 | Thrombotic risk factors in patients with liver cirrhosis: Correlation with MELD scoring system and portal vein thrombosis development显示文摘 | Maria Assunta Zocco Enrico Di Stasio Raimondo De Cristofaro Marialuisa Novi Maria Elena Ainora Francesca Ponziani Laura Riccardi Stefano Lancellotti Angelo Santoliquido Roberto Flore Maurizio Pompili Gian Lodovico Rapaccini Paolo Tondi Giovanni Battista G | 2009 | Journal of Hepatology2009，，4： | 5 |
| 10 | Future of liver disease in the era of direct acting antivirals for the treatment of hepatitis C显示文摘Hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection has been a global health problem for decades, due to the high number of infected people and to the lack of effective and welltolerated therapies. In the last 3 years, the approval of new direct acting antivirals characterized by high rates of virological clearance and excellent tolerability has dramatically improved HCV infection curability, especially for patients with advanced liver disease and for liver transplant recipients. Long-term data about the impact of the new direct acting antivirals on liver fibrosis and liver disease-related outcomes are not yet available, due to their recent introduction. However, previously published data deriving from the use of pegylatedinterferon and ribavirin lead to hypothesizing that we are going to observe, in the future, a reduction in mortality and in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma, as well as a regression of fibrosis for people previously affected by hepatitis C. In the liver transplant setting, clinical improvement has already been described after treatment with the new direct acting antivirals, which has often led to patients delisting. In the future, this may hopefully reduce the gap between liver organ request and availability, probably expanding liver transplant indications to other clinical conditions. Therefore, these new drugs are going to change the natural history of HCV-related liver disease and the epidemiology of HCV infection worldwide. However, the global consequences will depend on treatment accessibility and on the number of countries that could afford the use of the new direct acting antivirals. | Francesca Romana Ponziani Francesca Mangiola Cecilia Binda Maria Assunta Zocco Massimo Siciliano Antonio Grieco Gian Lodovico Rapaccini Maurizio Pompili Antonio Gasbarrini | 2017 | World Journal of Hepatology2017，9，7： | 3 |
| 11 | Usefulness of contrast enhanced ultrasound in monitoring therapeutic response after hepatocellular carcinoma treatment显示文摘In the last years, the development in the oncology field has been huge and rapid. In particular, the evaluation of response to anti-tumour treatments has been being object of intense research, producing significant changes. Response assessment after therapy in solid neoplasias has always used radiological imaging techniques, with tumour size reduction representing a presumed therapeutic efficacy. However, with the introduction of anti-angiogenetic drugs the evaluation of tumour size has become unsuitable because some tumours, under treatment, show only tumour perfusion changes rather than lesion shrinkage. Between different imaging techniques with contrast-enhancement, contrastenhanced ultrasound(CEUS) and, in particular, dynamic CEUS have arisen as a promising and non-invasive device for monitoring cancer treatments. Moreover, the introduction of perfusion software has even more refined the technique since it is able to provide quantitative parameters related to blood flow and blood volume that can be associated with tumour response and clinical outcome such as the progression free survival and the overall survival. Here, we give an overview of the current status of CEUS in monitoring hepatocellular carcinoma response to different kind of treatments. | Davide Roccarina Matteo Garcovich Maria Elena Ainora Laura Riccardi Maurizio Pompili Antonio Gasbarrini Maria Assunta Zocco | 2015 | World Journal of Hepatology2015，7，14： | 3 |
| 12 | Contrast-enhanced ultrasound Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System:Lights and shadows in hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocellular carcinoma diagnosis显示文摘BACKGROUND Contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS)is considered a secondary examination compared to computed tomography(CT)and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),due to the risk of misdiagnosing intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma(ICC).The introduction of CEUS Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System(CEUS LI-RADS)might overcome this limitation.Even though data from the literature seems promising,its reliability in real-life context has not been well-established yet.AIM To test the accuracy of CEUS LI-RADS for correctly diagnosing HCC and ICC in cirrhosis.METHODS CEUS LI-RADS class was retrospectively assigned to 511 nodules identified in 269 patients suffering from liver cirrhosis.The diagnostic standard for all nodules was either biopsy(102 nodules)or CT/MRI(409 nodules).Common diagnostic accuracy indexes such as sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value(PPV),and negative predictive value(NPV)were assessed for the following associations:CEUS LR-5 and HCC;CEUS LR-4 and 5 merged class and HCC;CEUS LR-M and ICC;and CEUS LR-3 and malignancy.The frequency of malignant lesions in CEUS LR-3 subgroups with different CEUS patterns was also determined.Inter-rater agreement for CEUS LI-RADS class assignment and for major CEUS pattern identification was evaluated.RESULTS CEUS LR-5 predicted HCC with a 67.6%sensitivity,97.7%specificity,and 99.3%PPV(P<0.001).The merging of LR-4 and 5 offered an improved 93.9%sensitivity in HCC diagnosis with a 94.3%specificity and 98.8%PPV(P<0.001).CEUS LR-M predicted ICC with a 91.3%sensitivity,96.7%specificity,and 99.6%NPV(P<0.001).CEUS LR-3 predominantly included benign lesions(only 28.8%of malignancies).In this class,the hypo-hypo pattern showed a much higher rate of malignant lesions(73.3%)than the iso-iso pattern(2.6%).Inter-rater agreement between internal raters for CEUS-LR class assignment was almost perfect(n=511,k=0.94,P<0.001),while the agreement among raters from separate centres was substantial(n=50,k=0.67,P<0.001).Agreement was stronger for arterial phase hyperenhancement(internal k=0.86,P<2.7×10-214;external k=0.8,P<0.001)than washout(internal k=0.79,P<1.6×10-202;external k=0.71,P<0.001).CONCLUSION CEUS LI-RADS is effective but can be improved by merging LR-4 and 5 to diagnose HCC and by splitting LR-3 into two subgroups to differentiate iso-iso nodules from other patterns. | Gianpaolo Vidili Marco Arru Giuliana Solinas Diego Francesco Calvisi Pierluigi Meloni Assunta Sauchella Davide Turilli Claudio Fabio Antonio Cossu Giordano Madeddu Sergio Babudieri Maria Assunta Zocco Giovanni Iannetti Enza Di Lembo Alessandro Palmerio Delitala Roberto Manetti | 2022 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2022，28，27： | 3 |
| 13 | Thrombotic risk factors in patients with liver cirrhosis: Correlation with MELD scoring system and portal vein thrombosis development显示文摘 | Maria Assunta Zocco Enrico Di Stasio Raimondo De Cristofaro Marialuisa Novi Maria Elena Ainora Francesca Ponziani Laura Riccardi Stefano Lancellotti Angelo Santoliquido Roberto Flore Maurizio Pompili Gian Lodovico Rapaccini Paolo Tondi Giovanni Battista G | 2009 | Journal of Hepatology2009，，4： | 2 |
| 14 | Portal vein thrombosis and liver transplantation: Implications for waiting list period, surgical approach, Early and late follow-up显示文摘 | Francesca Romana Ponziani Maria Assunta Zocco Marco Senzolo Maurizio Pompili Antonio Gasbarrini Alfonso Wolfango Avolio | 2014 | Transplantation Reviews2014，，： | 2 |
| 15 | Elastography as a predictor of liver cirrhosis complications after hepatitis C virus eradication in the era of direct-acting antivirals显示文摘Chronic inflammation due to hepatitis C virus(HCV)infection leads to liver fibrosis and rearrangement of liver tissue,which is responsible for the development of portal hypertension(PH)and hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).The advent of direct-acting antiviral drugs has revolutionized the natural history of HCV infection,providing an overall eradication rate of over 90%.Despite a significant decrease after sustained virological response(SVR),the rate of HCC and liver-related complications is not completely eliminated in patients with advanced liver disease.Although the reasons are still unclear,cirrhosis itself has a residual risk for the development of HCC and other PH-related complications.Ultrasound elastography is a recently developed non-invasive technique for the assessment of liver fibrosis.Following the achievement of SVR,liver stiffness(LS)usually decreases,as a consequence of reduced inflammation and,possibly,fibrosis.Recent studies emphasized the application of LS assessment in the management of patients with SVR in order to define the risk for developing the complications of chronic liver disease(functional decompensation,gastrointestinal bleeding,HCC)and to optimize long-term prognostic outcomes in clinical practice. | Lucia Cerrito Maria Elena Ainora Alberto Nicoletti Matteo Garcovich Laura Riccardi Maurizio Pompili Antonio Gasbarrini Maria Assunta Zocco | 2021 | World Journal of Hepatology2021，13，11： | 1 |
| 16 | Early prediction of response to Sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: the role of dynamic contrast enhanced ultrasound显示文摘 | Zocco Maria Assunta Garcovich Matteo Lupascu Andrea Di Stasio Enrico Roccarina Davide Annicchiarico Brigida Elenora Riccardi Laura Ainora Maria Elena Ponziani Francesca Caracciolo Gianluigi Rapaccini Gian Lodovico Landolfi Raffaele Siciliano Massimo Pompi | 2013 | Journal of Hepatology2013，，： | 1 |
| 17 | CD133+ stem cell mobilization after partial hepatectomy depends on resection extent and underlying disease显示文摘 | Maria Assunta Zocco Anna Chiara Piscaglia Felice Giuliante Vincenzo Arena Marialuisa Novi Emanuele Rinninella Annalisa Tortora Carlo Rumi Gennaro Nuzzo Fabio Maria Vecchio Giuseppe Bombardieri Antonio Gasbarrini | 2010 | Digestive and Liver Disease2010，，2： | 1 |
| 18 | Reverse time-dependent effect of alphafetoprotein and disease control on survival of patients with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage C hepatocellular carcinoma显示文摘AIM To characterize the survival of cirrhotic patients with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer(BCLC) stage C hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) and to ascertain the factors predicting the achievement of disease control(DC).METHODS The cirrhotic patients with BCLC stage C HCC evaluated by the Hepatocatt multidisciplinary group were subjected to the investigation. Demographic, clinical and tumor features, along with the best tumor response and overall survival were recorded. RESULTS One hundred and ten BCLC stage C patients were included in the analysis; the median overall survival was 13.4 mo(95%CI: 10.6-17.0). Only alphafetoprotein(AFP) serum level > 200 ng/m L and DC could independently predict survival but in a time dependent manner, the former was significantly associated with increased risk of mortality within the first 6 mo of follow-up(HR = 5.073, 95%CI: 2.159-11.916, P = 0.0002), whereas the latter showed a protective effect against death after one year(HR = 0.110, 95%CI: 0.038-0.314, P < 0.0001). Only patients showing microvascular invasion and/or extrahepatic spread recorded lower chances of achieving DC(OR = 0.263, 95%CI: 0.111-0.622, P = 0.002).CONCLUSION The BCLC stage C HCC includes a wide heterogeneous group of cirrhotic patients suitable for potentially curative treatments. The reverse and time dependent effect of AFP serum level and DC on patients' survival confers them as useful predictive tools for treatment management and clinical decisions. | Francesca Romana Ponziani Irene Spinelli Emanuele Rinninella Lucia Cerrito Antonio Saviano Alfonso Wolfango Avolio Michele Basso Luca Miele Laura Riccardi Maria Assunta Zocco Brigida Eleonora Annicchiarico Matteo Garcovich Marco Biolato Giuseppe Marrone Anna Maria De Gaetano Roberto Iezzi Felice Giuliante Fabio Maria Vecchio Salvatore Agnes Giovanni Addolorato Massimo Siciliano Gian Lodovico Rapaccini Antonio Grieco Antonio Gasbarrini Maurizio Pompili | 2017 | World Journal of Hepatology2017，9，36： | 1 |
| 19 | Expression of ECM proteins fibulin-1 and -2 in acute and chronic liver disease and in cultured rat liver cells显示文摘 | Fabio Piscaglia József Dudás Thomas Knittel Paola Rocco Dominik Kobold Bernhard Saile Maria Assunta Zocco Rupert Timpl Giuliano Ramadori | 2009 | Cell and Tissue Research2009，，3： | 1 |
| 20 | Dynamic contrast enhanced ultrasound in gastrointestinal diseases:A current trend or an indispensable tool?显示文摘Contrast enhanced ultrasound(CEUS)has been widely implemented in clinical practice because of the enormous quantity of information it provides,along with its low cost,reproducibility,minimal invasiveness,and safety of the secondgeneration ultrasound contrast agents.To overcome the limitation of CEUS given by the subjective evaluation of the contrast enhancement behaviour,quantitative analysis of contrast kinetics with generation of time-intensity curves has been introduced in recent years.The quantification of perfusion parameters[named as dynamic-CEUS(D-CEUS)]has several applications in gastrointestinal neoplastic and inflammatory disorders.However,the limited availability of large studies and the heterogeneity of the technologies employed have precluded the standardisation of D-CEUS,which potentially represents a valuable tool for clinical practice in management of gastrointestinal diseases.In this article,we reviewed the evidence exploring the application of D-CEUS in gastrointestinal diseases,with a special focus on liver,pancreas,and inflammatory bowel diseases. | Mattia Paratore Matteo Garcovich Maria Elena Ainora Laura Riccardi Antonio Gasbarrini Maria Assunta Zocco | 2023 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2023，29，25： | 0 |
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