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| 1 | Risk for emerging bipolar disorder, variants, and symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, now grown up显示文摘AIM: To determine the prevalence of bipolar disorder(BD) and sub-threshold symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) through 14 years' follow-up, when participants were between 21-24 years old.METHODS: First, we examined rates of BD type Ⅰ?and Ⅱ diagnoses in youth participating in the NIMH-funded Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD(MTA). We used the diagnostic interview schedule for children(DISC), administered to both parents(DISC-P) and youth(DISCY). We compared the MTA study subjects with ADHD(n = 579) to a local normative comparison group(LNCG, n = 289) at 4 different assessment points: 6, 8, 12, and 14 years of follow-ups. To evaluate the bipolar variants, we compared total symptom counts(TSC) of DSM manic and hypomanic symptoms that were generated by DISC in ADHD and LNCG subjects. Then we sub-divided the TSC into pathognomonic manic(PM) and non-specific manic(NSM) symptoms. We compared the PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG at each assessment point and over time. We also evaluated the irritability as category A2 manic symptom in both groups and over time. Finally, we studied the irritability symptom in correlation with PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG subjects.RESULTS: DISC-generated BD diagnosis did not differ significantly in rates between ADHD(1.89%) and LNCG 1.38%). Interestingly, no participant met BD diagnosis more than once in the 4 assessment points in 14 years. However, on the symptom level, ADHD subjects reported significantly higher mean TSC scores: ADHD 3.0; LNCG 1.7; P < 0.001. ADHD status was associated with higher mean NSM: ADHD 2.0 vs LNCG 1.1; P < 0.0001. Also, ADHD subjects had higher PM symptoms than LNCG, with PM means over all time points of 1.3 ADHD; 0.9 LNCG; P = 0.0001. Examining both NSM and PM, ADHD status associated with greater NSM than PM. However, Over 14 years, the NSM symptoms declined and changed to PM over time(df 3, 2523; F = 20.1; P < 0.0001). Finally, Irritability(BD DSM criterion-A2) rates were significantly higher in ADHD than LNCG(χ2 = 122.2, P < 0.0001), but irritability was associated more strongly with NSM than PM(df 3, 2538; F = 43.2; P < 0.0001).CONCLUSION: Individuals with ADHD do not appear to be at significantly greater risk for developing BD, but do show higher rates of BD symptoms, especially NSM. The greater linkage of irritability to NSM than to PM suggests caution when making BD diagnoses based on irritability alone as one of 2(A-level) symptoms for BD diagnosis, particularly in view of its frequent presentation with other psychopathologies. | Ahmed Z Elmaadawi Peter S Jensen L Eugene Arnold Brooke SG Molina Lily Hechtman Howard B Abikoff Stephen P Hinshaw Jeffrey H Newcorn Laurence Lee Greenhill James M Swanson Cathryn A Galanter | 2015 | World Journal of Psychiatry2015，5，4： | 3 |
| 2 | Comparison of thermodilution measured extravascular lung water with chest radiographic assessment of pulmonary oedema in patients with acute lung injury显示文摘 | Brown L M Calfee C S Howard J P | 2013 | Ann Intensive Care2013，3，1： | 1 |
| 3 | Use of organic carbon and loss - on - ignition to estimate soil organic matter in different soil types and horizons显示文摘 | Howard P J A Howard D M | 1990 | Biology and Fertility of soils1990，9，： | 1 |
| 4 | Leptin prevents the fall in plasma osteocalcin during starvation in male mice显示文摘 | Goldstone A P Howard J K Lord G M | 2002 | Biochem Biophys Res Commun2002，295，2： | 1 |
| 5 | Expression of HAND gene products may be sufficient for the differentiation of avian neu- ral crest - derived cells into catecholaminergic neurons in culture 显示文摘 | HOWARD M FOSTER D N CSERJESI P | 1999 | DevBiol1999，215，1： | 1 |
| 6 | Gland development on leaf surfaces of Nepeta racemosa显示文摘 | BOURETT T M HOWARD R J OKEEFE D P | 1994 | International Journal of Plant Science1994，155，： | 1 |
| 7 | A context- based theory of recency and contiguity in free recall 显示文摘 | Sederberg P B Howard M W Kahana M J | 2008 | Psychological Review2008，115，4： | 1 |
| 8 | Immunity bovine viral diarrhea virus calves:the role of different T-cell sub-populations analysed by specific depletion in vivo with monoclonal antibodies显示文摘 | Clarke M C Sopp P | 1992 | Vet Immunolpathol1992，32，： | 1 |
| 9 | Relationshipbetween blood pressure and stroke risk in patients with symp-tomatic carotid occlusive disease显示文摘 | Rothwell P M Howard S C Spence J D | 2003 | Stroke2003，34，11： | 1 |
| 10 | Control of friction显示文摘 | Suh N P Mosleh M Howard P S | 1994 | Wear1994，175，1： | 1 |
| 11 | Prognostic significance ofvisit-to-visit variability,maximum systolic blood pressure,and episodichypertension显示文摘 | othwell P M Howard S C Dolan E | 2010 | Lancet2010，375，9718： | 1 |
| 12 | Distal symmetric polyneuropathy: A definition for clinical research: Report of the American Academy of Neurology, the American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine, and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation显示文摘 | J D. England G S. Gronseth G Franklin R G. Miller A K. Asbury G T. Carter J A. Cohen M A. Fisher J F. Howard L J. Kinsella N Latov R A. Lewis P A. Low A J. Sumner | 2005 | Neurology2005，，2： | 1 |
| 13 | Nucleo- tide sequence of the gene for the holeforming toxin aerolysin of Aeromonas hydrophila 显示文摘 | HOWARD S P GARLAND W J GREEN M J | 1987 | Journal of Bacteriology1987，169，6： | 1 |
| 14 | Design, synthesis, and evaluation of a novel sequence-selective epoxidecontaining DNA cross-linking agent based on the pyrrolo benzodiazepine system显示文摘 | Wilson S C Howard P W Forrow S M | 1999 | J Med Chem1999，42，20： | 1 |
| 15 | Expression of HAND gene products may be sufficient for the differentiation of avian neural crest-derived cells into catecholaminergic neurons in culture 显示文摘 | Howard M Foster DN Cserjesi P | 1999 | Dev Bion1999，215，1： | 1 |
| 16 | Improved method for estimating bioconcentration/bioaccumulation factor from octanol/water partition coefficient显示文摘 | MEYLAN W M HOWARD P H BOETHLING R S | 1999 | Environ Toxicol Chem1999，18，4： | 1 |
| 17 | Pluripotent stem cells engrafted into the normal or lesioned adult rat spinal cord are restricted to a glial lineage 显示文摘 | Zhang Y P Howard R M | 2001 | Exp Neurol2001，167，1： | 1 |
| 18 | The estimation of dehydrogenase activity in soil显示文摘 | Benefield C B Howard P J A Howard D M 1977 | 1977 | Soil Biol Biochem1977，9，： | 1 |
| 19 | Neuroprotective signaling pathways are modulated by adenosine in the anoxia tolerant turtle显示文摘 | GAURI H N HOWARD M P SARAH L M | 2011 | J Cereb Blood Flow Metab2011，31，2： | 1 |
| 20 | Fumonisin B1 carcinoge- nicity in a two-year feeding study using F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice 显示文摘 | Howard P C Eppley R M Stack M E | 2001 | Environmental Health Perspectives2001，109，2： | 1 |
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