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| 1 | Characterization of hepatitis B virus X gene quasispecies complexity in mono-infection and hepatitis delta virus superinfection显示文摘Hepatitis delta virus(HDV) seems to strongly suppress hepatitis B virus(HBV)replication, although little is known about the mechanism of this interaction. Both these viruses show a dynamic distribution of mutants, resulting in viral quasispecies. Next-generation sequencing is a viable approach for analyzing the composition of these mutant spectra. As the regulatory hepatitis B X protein(HBx) is essential for HBV replication, determination of HBV X gene(HBX)quasispecies complexity in HBV/HDV infection compared to HBV monoinfection may provide information on the interactions between these two viruses.AIM To compare HBV quasispecies complexity in the HBX 5' region between chronic hepatitis delta(CHD) and chronic HBV mono-infected patients.METHODS Twenty-four untreated patients were included: 7/24(29.2%) with HBeAgnegative chronic HBV infection(CI, previously termed inactive carriers), 8/24(33.3%) with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B(CHB) and 9/24(37.5%) with CHD. A serum sample from each patient was first tested for HBV DNA levels.The HBX 5' region [nucleotides(nt) 1255-1611] was then PCR-amplified for subsequent next-generation sequencing(MiSeq, Illumina, United States). HBV quasispecies complexity in the region analyzed was evaluated using incidencebased indices(number of haplotypes and number of mutations), abundancebased indices(Hill numbers of order 1 and 2), and functional indices(mutation frequency and nucleotide diversity). We also evaluated the pattern of nucleotide changes to investigate which of them could be the cause of the quasispecies complexity.RESULTS CHB patients showed higher median HBV-DNA levels [5.4 logIU/mL,interquartile range(IQR) 3.5-7.9] than CHD(3.4 logIU/mL, IQR 3-7.6)(P = n.s.)or CI(3.2 logIU/mL, IQR 2.3-3.5)(P < 0.01) patients. The incidence and abundance indices indicated that HBV quasispecies complexity was significantly greater in CI than CHB. A similar trend was observed in CHD patients, although only Hill numbers of order 2 showed statistically significant differences(CHB2.81, IQR 1.11-4.57 vs CHD 8.87, 6.56-11.18, P = 0.038). There were no significant differences in the functional indices, but CI and CHD patients also showed a trend towards greater complexity than CHB. No differences were found for any HBV quasispecies complexity indices between CHD and CI patients. G-to-A and C-to-T nucleotide changes, characteristic of APOBEC3 G, were higher in CHD and CI than in CHB in genotype A haplotypes, but not in genotype D. The proportion of nt G-to-A vs A-to-G changes and C-to-T vs T-to-C changes in genotype A and D haplotypes in CHD patients showed no significant differences. In CHB and CI the results of these comparisons were dependent on HBV genotype.CONCLUSION The lower-replication CHD and CI groups show a trend to higher quasispecies complexity than the higher-replication CHB group. The mechanisms associated with this greater complexity require elucidation. | Cristina Godoy David Tabernero Sara Sopena Josep Gregori Maria Francesca Cortese Carolina González Rosario Casillas Mar?al Yll Ariadna Rando Rosa López-Martínez Josep Quer Gloria González-Aseguinolaza Rafael Esteban Mar Riveiro-Barciela Maria Buti Francisco Rodríguez-Frías | 2019 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2019，25，13： | 6 |
| 2 | Overview of recent advances in metastatic triple negative breast cancer显示文摘Metastatic triple negative breast cancer(TNBC)has an aggressive phenotype with a predilection for visceral organs and brain.Best responses to chemotherapy are predominately in the first line.Recent studies have demonstrated improved progression free survival with the combination of atezolizumab/pembrolizumab and chemotherapy in programmed death-ligand 1 positive metastatic TNBC.However,a recent trial in a similar population showed no benefit for atezolizumab and paclitaxel which led to a Food and Drug Administration alert.Two phase III trials(OLYMPIAD and BROCADE3)demonstrated a benefit in progression free survival(PFS)but not overall survival in patients with BRCAassociated metastatic TNBC treated with Olaparib or Talazoparib respectively.For those treated with Talazoparib,the time to deterioration in health related-quality of life was also longer compared to chemotherapy.The BROCADE3 trial demonstrated that the combination of a platinum and veliparib increased PFS in first-line metastatic TNBC but at the cost of increased toxicity.There are no headto-head comparisons of a poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose)polymerase inhibitors(PARPi)and platinums.There are unanswered questions regarding the role of PARPi maintenance after platinum therapy as is standard of care in BRCAassociated ovarian cancer.Other areas of therapeutic interest include targeting aberrations in the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway,protein kinase B,mammalian target of rapamycin or utilising antibody drug conjugates.This review focusses on recent and emerging therapeutic options in metastatic TNBC.We searched PubMed,clinicaltrials.gov and recent international meetings from American Society of Clinical Oncology,San Antonio Breast Cancer Conference and the European Society of Medical Oncology. | David O'Reilly Maha Al Sendi Catherine M Kelly | 2021 | World Journal of Clinical Oncology2021，12，3： | 5 |
| 3 | Laser produced electromagnetic pulses: generation, detection and mitigation显示文摘This paper provides an up-to-date review of the problems related to the generation,detection and mitigation of strong electromagnetic pulses created in the interaction of high-power,high-energy laser pulses with different types of solid targets.It includes new experimental data obtained independently at several international laboratories.The mechanisms of electromagnetic field generation are analyzed and considered as a function of the intensity and the spectral range of emissions they produce.The major emphasis is put on the GHz frequency domain,which is the most damaging for electronics and may have important applications.The physics of electromagnetic emissions in other spectral domains,in particular THz and MHz,is also discussed.The theoretical models and numerical simulations are compared with the results of experimental measurements,with special attention to the methodology of measurements and complementary diagnostics.Understanding the underlying physical processes is the basis for developing techniques to mitigate the electromagnetic threat and to harness electromagnetic emissions,which may have promising applications. | Fabrizio Consoli Vladimir TTikhonchuk Matthieu Bardon Philip Bradford David CCarroll Jakub Cikhardt Mattia Cipriani Robert JClarke Thomas ECowan Colin NDanson Riccardo De Angelis Massimo De Marco Jean-Luc Dubois Bertr Etchessahar Alejro Laso Garcia David IHillier Ales Honsa Weiman Jiang Viliam Kmetik Josef Krása Yutong Li FredériéLubrano Paul McKenna Josefine Metzkes-Ng Alexre Poyé Irene Prencipe Piotr Ra¸czka Rol ASmith Roman Vrana Nigel CWoolsey Egle Zemaityte Yihang Zhang Zhe Zhang Bernhard Zielbauer David Neely | 2020 | High Power Laser Science and Engineering2020，8，2： | 3 |
| 4 | Consensus Statements for Management of Barrett’s Dysplasia and Early-Stage Esophageal Adenocarcinoma, Based on a Delphi Process显示文摘 | Cathy Bennett Nimish Vakil Jacques Bergman Rebecca Harrison Robert Odze Michael Vieth Scott Sanders Laura Gay Oliver Pech Gaius Longcroft–Wheaton Yvonne Romero John Inadomi Jan Tack Douglas A. Corley Hendrik Manner Susi Green David Al Dulaimi Haythem Ali | 2012 | Gastroenterology2012，，2： | 2 |
| 5 | Increased Quality of Life Among Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients Treated with Radioembolization, Compared with Chemoembolization显示文摘 | Riad Salem Margaret Gilbertsen Zeeshan Butt Khairuddin Memon Michael Vouche Ryan Hickey Talia Baker Michael M. Abecassis Rohi Atassi Ahsun Riaz David Cella James L. Burns Daniel Ganger Al B. Benson Mary F. Mulcahy Laura Kulik Robert Lewandowski | 2013 | Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology2013，，： | 2 |
| 6 | Cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia- Convergence of γ- aminobutyric acid and glutamate alterations 显示文摘 | David AL Bita M | 2006 | Ach Neurol2006，63，： | 1 |
| 7 | Depression among older adults in the United States and England 显示文摘 | Kara Z David JL Iain AL | 2010 | Am J Geriatr Psychiatry2010，18，11： | 1 |
| 8 | Carcinogenic Assessments of Petroleum Product by Neelear Magnetic Resonance显示文摘 | David T Coker Alexander G King Dirk I Mumford el al | 1997 | Analytical Communications1997，34，5： | 1 |
| 9 | Central nervous system hemangioblastomas, endolymphatic sac tumors, and yon Hippel-Lindau disease显示文摘 | Richard S David P Marsot-Dupuch K el al | 2000 | Neurosurg Rev2000，23，1： | 1 |
| 10 | Effect of passive smoking on birth-weight显示文摘 | David Peter John ct al | 1986 | Lancet1986，2，： | 1 |
| 11 | Informal social support and older person's psychological well-being in Hong Kong 显示文摘 | David R Phillips Siu QL el al | 2008 | J Cross Cult Gemotol2008，23，1： | 1 |
| 12 | Vertical Rectus Muscle Transposition and Botulinum Toxin (Oculinum) to Medial Rectus for Abducens Palsy显示文摘 | Rosenbaum AL Kushner B.J Kirschen David | | 0，，06： | 1 |
| 13 | Statin use reduces decline in lung function:VA Normative Aging Study显示文摘 | Stacey EA Augusto AL David S | 2007 | Am J Respir Crit Care Med2007，176，8： | 1 |
| 14 | Annual health outcomes and treatment costs for schizophrenia populations显示文摘 | Mauskopf JA David K Grainger DL ct al | 1999 | J Clin Psychia-try1999，60，19： | 1 |
| 15 | Differences in individuallevel terrorism preparedness in Los Angeles County显示文摘 | David PE Cheryl W Jonathan F ct al | 2006 | American Journal Preventive Medicine2006，30，1： | 1 |
| 16 | Physical activity in the prevention of type 2 diabetes显示文摘 | David EL Jaana L Timo AL | 2005 | Diabetes2005，54，1： | 1 |
| 17 | Important and relevant symptoms including pain concerns in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): a patient interview study显示文摘 | Karen Kaiser Rajiv Mallick Zeeshan Butt Mary F. Mulcahy Al B. Benson David Cella | 2014 | Supportive Care in Cancer2014，，4： | 1 |
| 18 | Ultrasound findings after screen- ing for Down syndrome using the integrated test 显示文摘 | Weisz B Pandya PP David AL et ai | 2007 | Obstet Gynecol2007，109，10： | 1 |
| 19 | Effects ofmanipulating relative and absolute motion information duringobservational learning of an aiming task显示文摘 | AL-ABOOD S A DAVIDS K BENNETT S J’ “ al | 2001 | J Sport Sci2001，19，7： | 1 |
| 20 | Interventional spine research:The evolutionof informed consentl 显示文摘 | David AL Larry HC | 2002 | Pain Physician2002，5，1： | 1 |
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