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| 1 | Reduction of Cancer Risk With an Oral Supplement of Selenium显示文摘The hypothesis that a dietary Supplement of selenium (Se) may reduce cancer risk was tested experimetally in humans. Patients with histories of basal/squarnous cell carcinomas of the skin were assigned randomly in double-blind fashion to dally oral supplements of either Seenriched yeast (200 μg Se/day), or a low-Se yeast placebo. A total of 1312 patients recruited in 1983-1990 were followed with regular dermatologic examinations through 1993 for a total of 8269 person-years of observation. Skin cancer diagnoses were confirmed histologically.Plasma Se concentration was determined at 6-12 months intervals. All deaths and patient-reported illnesses were recorded; reported cancers were confirmed and documented by consultation with the patient medical care providers. The results indicate that Se did not significantly affect the primary endpoints: incidences of recurrent basal/squarnous cell carcinomas of the skin. However, Setreatment was associated with reductions in several secondary endpoints:total mortality, mortality from all cancers combined, as well as the incidence of all cancers combined, lung cancer, colorectal cancer and prostate cancer. The consistencies of these associations over time, between study clinics and for the leading cancer sltes strongly suggests benefits of Se-supplementation for this cohort of patients, supporting the hypopthesis that supplemental Se can reduce cancer risk. Although Se did no shown protective effects against nonmelanoma skin cancers, the suggested reductions in risks to other frequent cancers demand further evaluation in well controlled cliflical intervention | G·F·COMBSJR L·C·CLARK 等 | 1997 | Biomedical and Environmental Sciences1997，10，2： | 21 |
| 2 | Irritable bowel syndrome: A microbiome-gut-brain axis disorder?显示文摘Irritable bowel syndrome(IBS) is an extremely prevalent but poorly understood gastrointestinal disorder. Consequently, there are no clear diagnostic markers to help diagnose the disorder and treatment options are limited to management of the symptoms. The concept of a dysregulated gut-brain axis has been adopted as a suitable model for the disorder. The gut microbiome may play an important role in the onset and exacerbation of symptoms in the disorder and has been extensively studied in this context. Although a causal role cannot yet be inferred from the clinical studies which have attempted to characterise the gut microbiota in IBS, they do confirm alterations in both community stability and diversity. Moreover, it has been reliably demonstrated that manipulation of the microbiota can influence the key symptoms, including abdominal pain and bowel habit, and other prominent features of IBS. A variety of strategies have been taken to study these interactions, including probiotics, antibiotics, faecal transplantations and the use of germ-free animals. There are clear mechanisms through which the microbiota can produce these effects, both humoral and neural. Taken together, these findings firmly establish the microbiota as a critical node in the gut-brain axis and one which is amenable to therapeutic interventions. | Paul J Kennedy John F Cryan Timothy G Dinan Gerard Clarke | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，39： | 20 |
| 3 | 青光眼药物治疗的新进展显示文摘青光眼是一种多元性的视神经和视网膜病变。全世界大约有 70 0万病人因青光眼而失明。眼压升高是青光眼发病过程中的主要危险因素。本文简要地回顾目前常用的药物疗法 ,并介绍正在研发中的新降眼压药的药效和药理机制。 | 彭玉豪 李和平 Abbot F CLARK | 2003 | 中国新药与临床杂志2003，22，8： | 8 |
| 4 | National trends in resection of the distal pancreas显示文摘AIM:To investigate national trends in distal pancreatectomy(DP) through query of three national patient care databases.METHODS:From the Nationwide Inpatient Sample(NIS,2003-2009),the National Surgical Quality Improvement Project(NSQIP,2005-2010),and the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results(SEER,2003-2009) databases using appropriate diagnostic and procedural codes we identified all patients with a diagnosis of a benign or malignant lesion of the body and/or tail of the pancreas that had undergone a partial or distal pancreatectomy.Utilization of laparoscopy was defined in NIS by the International Classification of Diseases,Ninth Revision correspondent procedure code;and in NSQIP by the exploratory laparoscopy or unlisted procedure current procedural terminology codes.In SEER,patients were identified by the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology,Third Edition diagnosis codes and the SEER Program Code Manual,third edition procedure codes.We analyzed the databases with respect to trends of inpatient outcome metrics,oncologic outcomes,and hospital volumes in patients with lesions of the neck and body of the pancreas that underwent operative resection.RESULTS:NIS,NSQIP and SEER identified 4242,2681 and 11 082 DP resections,respectively.Overall,laparoscopy was utilized in 15%(NIS) and 27%(NSQIP).No significant increase was seen over the course of the study.Resection was performed for malignancy in 59%(NIS) and 66%(NSQIP).Neither patient Body mass index nor comorbidities were associated with operative approach(P = 0.95 and P = 0.96,respectively).Mortality(3% vs 2%,P = 0.05) and reoperation(4% vs 4%,P = 1.0) was not different between laparoscopy and open groups.Overall complications(10% vs 15%,P < 0.001),hospital costs [44 741 dollars,interquartile range(IQR) 28 347-74 114 dollars vs 49 792 dollars,IQR 13 299-73 463,P = 0.02] and hospital length of stay(7 d,IQR 4-11 d vs 7 d,IQR 6-10,P < 0.001) were less when laparoscopy was utilized.One and two year survival after resection for malignancy were unchanged over the course of the study(ductal adenocarinoma 1-year 63.6% and 2-year 35.1%,P = 0.53;intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm and nueroendocrine 1-year 90% and 2-year 84%,P = 0.25).The majority of resections were performed in teaching hospitals(77% NIS and 85% NSQIP),but minimally invasive surgery(MIS) was not more likely to be used in teaching hospitals(15% vs 14%,P = 0.26).Hospitals in the top decile for volume were more likely to be teaching hospitals than lower volume deciles(88% vs 43%,P < 0.001),but were no more likely to utilize MIS at resection.Complication rate in teaching and the top decile hospitals was not significantly decreased when compared to non-teaching(15% vs 14%,P = 0.72) and lower volume hospitals(14% vs 15%,P = 0.99).No difference was seen in the median number of lymph nodes and lymph node ratio in N1 disease when compared by year(P = 0.17 and P = 0.96,respectively).CONCLUSION:There appears to be an overall underutilization of laparoscopy for DP.Centralization does not appear to be occurring.Survival and lymph node harvest have not changed. | Armando Rosales-Velderrain Steven P Bowers Ross F Goldberg Tatyan M Clarke Mauricia A Buchanan John A Stauffer Horacio J Asbun | 2012 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2012，18，32： | 8 |
| 5 | 母猪难产的应对措施显示文摘当今猪生产系统中母猪难产并不常见,所占比例不到1%。母猪临近分娩时,大约每隔30~60分钟需进行产前观察。如果清楚母猪正常分娩过程,母猪出现难产时可第一时间采取相关措施。分娩前要保证分娩环境清洁和干燥(图1);预产期前1~5天将妊娠母猪赶往分娩栏(图2)。 | Singleton W Amass S F Clark L K 朱勇文 | 2012 | 养猪2012，，1： | 4 |
| 6 | Mean - value inequalities in Hilbert space显示文摘 | CLARKE F H LEDYAEV Y S | 1994 | Tran Amer Math Soc1994，344，： | 2 |
| 7 | A precision attenuation standard for X-band显示文摘 | Clark R F | 1962 | Trans IRE on Instr1962，11，34： | 1 |
| 8 | Do health changes affect smoking? Evidence from British panel data显示文摘 | Clark A Etile F | 2002 | J Health Econ2002，21，： | 1 |
| 9 | Separation of two diffusion compartments in the human brain 显示文摘 | Kraemer F Darquie A Clark CA | 1999 | Proc Int Soc Magn Reson1999，7，： | 1 |
| 10 | Accumulating Sequence of Ignitions From a Propagating Pulse显示文摘 | Dold J W Short M Clarke J F | 1995 | Combustion and Flame1995，100，3： | 1 |
| 11 | Bone morphgenetic protein 4 inhibits TGF-Beta2 stimulation of extracellular matrix proteins in optic nerve head cells:Role of gremlin in ECM modulation显示文摘 | Zode G S Clark A F Wordinger R J | 2009 | Glia2009，57，7： | 1 |
| 12 | Optimization Nonsmooth Analysis显示文摘 | Clarke F H | 1983 | New York John Wiely1983，，： | 1 |
| 13 | Proteomic analysis of the Arabidopsis nucleolus suggests novel nucleolar functions显示文摘 | Pendle A F Clark G P Boon R | 2005 | Mol Biol Cell2005，16，： | 1 |
| 14 | Spectroscopic determination of leaf biochemistry using band-depth analysis of absorption features and stepwise multiple linear regression显示文摘 | Kokaly R F Clark R N | 1999 | Remote Sensing of Environment1999，67，： | 1 |
| 15 | Origin and subset distribution of peripheral blood dendritic cells in patients with chronic graft versus-host disease 显示文摘 | CLARK F J FREEMAN L DZIONEK A | 2003 | Transplantation2003，75，： | 1 |
| 16 | Internal cycling of 15N in short grass prairie显示文摘 | Clark F E | 1977 | Ecology1977，58，： | 1 |
| 17 | The Association between Unsystematic Security Returns and the Magnitude of Earnings Forecast Errors显示文摘 | Beaver W Clarke R Wright W F | 1979 | Journal of Accounting Research1979，17，2： | 1 |
| 18 | The contributions of lesion laterality and lesion volume to decision-making impairment follwing frontal lobe damage显示文摘 | Clark L Manes F Antoun N | 2003 | Neuropsychologia2003，41，11： | 1 |
| 19 | A silica supportedcobalt Salen complex as sufficient and reusable catalystfor the selective aerobic oxidation of ethyl benzenederivatives 显示文摘 | Rajabi F Luque R Clark J H | 2011 | Catalysis Communications2011，12，6： | 1 |
| 20 | Estimation of tropical forest structural characteristics using large-footprint lidar显示文摘 | Jason B Drake Ralph O Dubayah David B Clark Robert G Knox J.Bryan Blair Michelle A Hofton Robin L Chazdon John F Weishampel Steve Prince | 2001 | Remote Sensing of Environment2001，，2： | 1 |
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