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| 1 | State-of-the-Art management of knee osteoarthritis显示文摘Osteoarthritis(OA) is the most common type of arthritis found in the United States' population and is also the most common disease of joints in adults throughout the world with the knee being the most frequently affected of all joints. As the United States' population ages along with the increasing trends in obesity prevalence in other parts of the world, it is expected that the burden of OA on the population, healthcare system, and overall economy will continue to increase in the future without making major improvements in managing knee OA. Numerous therapies aim to reduce symptoms of knee OA and continued research has helped to further understand the complex pathophysiology of its disease mechanism attempting to uncover new potential targets for the treatment of OA. This review article seeks to evaluate the current practices for managing knee OA and discusses emerging therapies on the horizon. These practices include non-pharmacological treatments such as providing patient education and self-management strategies, advising weight loss, strengthening programs, and addressing biomechanical issues with bracing or foot orthoses. Oral analgesics and anti-inflammatories are pharmacologicals that are commonly used and the literature overall supports that some of these medications can be helpful for managing knee OA in the short-term but are less effective for long-term management. Additionally, more prolonged use significantly increases the risk of serious associated side effects that are not too uncommon. Diseasemodifying osteoarthritis drugs are being researched as a treatment modality to potentially halt or slow disease progression but data at this time is limited and continued studies are being conducted to further investigate their effectiveness. Intra-articular injectables are also implemented to manage knee OA ranging from corticosteroids to hyaluronans to more recently plateletrich plasma and even stem cells while several other injection therapies are presently being studied. The goal of developing new treatment strategies for knee OA is to prolong the need for total knee arthroplasty which should be utilized only if other strategies have failed. High tibial osteotomy and unicompartmental knee arthroplasty are potential alternatives if only a single compartment is involved with more data supporting unicompartmental knee arthroplasty as a good treatment option in this scenario. Arthroscopy has been commonly used for many years to treat knee OA to address degenerative articular cartilage and menisci, however, several high-quality studies have shown that it is not a very effective treatment for the majority of cases and should generally not be considered when managing knee OA. Improving the management of knee OA requires a multi-faceted treatment approach along with continuing to broaden our understanding of this complex disease so that therapeutic advancements can continue to be developed with the goal of preventing further disease progression and even potentially reversing the degenerative process. | Kenton H Fibel Howard J Hillstrom Brian C Halpern | 2015 | World Journal of Clinical Cases2015，3，2： | 19 |
| 2 | Treatment of meniscal tears: An evidence based approach显示文摘Treatment options for meniscal tears fall into three broad categories;non-operative,meniscectomy or meniscal repair.Selecting the most appropriate treatment for a given patient involves both patient factors(e.g.,age,co-morbidities and compliance)and tear characteristics(e.g.,location of tear/age/reducibility of tear).There is evidence suggesting that degenerative tears in older patients without mechanical symptoms can be effectively treated non-operatively with a structured physical therapy programme as a first line.Even if these patients later require meniscectomy they will still achieve similar functional outcomes than if they had initially been treated surgically.Partial meniscectomy is suitable for symptomatic tears not amenable to repair,and can still preserve meniscal function especially when the peripheral meniscal rim is intact.Meniscal repair shows 80%success at 2 years and is more suitable in younger patients with reducible tears that are peripheral(e.g.,nearer the capsular attachment)and horizontal or longitudinal in nature.However,careful patient selection and repair technique is required with good compliance to post-operative rehabilitation,which often consists of bracing and non-weight bearing for 4-6 wk. | Simon C Mordecai Nawfal Al-Hadithy Howard E Ware Chinmay M Gupte | 2014 | World Journal of Orthopedics2014，5，3： | 18 |
| 3 | Current and future applications of in vitro magnetic resonance spectroscopy in hepatobiliary disease显示文摘原子磁性的回声光谱学允许细胞的生物化学和新陈代谢的学习,在整个身体在活体内并且在更高的磁场力量在试管内。因为这种技术非侵略、非选择,磁性的回声光谱学方法论广泛地在生物化学和药被使用了。房间,身体液体和纸巾的在试管内磁性的回声光谱学研究在医药生物化学被使用了调查 pathophysiological 过程,更最近,这种技术被医生使用了决定疾病畸形在活体内。这个加亮的话题说明在试管内的潜力在学习肝胆管系统的磁性的回声光谱学。在恶意、非恶意的肝疾病和胆汁作文的学习的磁性的回声光谱学学习的在试管内质子和磷的角色被讨论,特别地与关联词在活体内的参考整个身体的磁性的回声光谱学应用。在摘要,磁性的回声光谱学技术能在到内在的 pathophysiological 过程的疾病严厉和指针上提供非侵略的生物化学的信息。磁性的回声光谱学为疾病简历标记,以及估计的治疗学的反应作为一个屏蔽工具保持潜在的诺言。 | I Jane Cox Amar Sharif Jeremy FL Cobbold Howard C Thomas Simon D Taylor-Robinson | 2006 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2006，12，30： | 10 |
| 4 | Current and future applications of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy of the brain in hepatic encepha-lopathy显示文摘肝的脑病(他) 普通 neuro 精神病学的畸形,它从肝细胞失败或 portosystemic 与肝疾病和结果复杂化病人的功课正在推延。表明他是广泛地可变的并且从温和无临床症状的骚乱包含一个系列到深昏迷。研究兴趣集中于传播导出勇气的毒素的角色,特别地氨,胀大的大脑的开发和在导致全球 CNS 消沉和混乱功能的服的 neurotransmitter 系统的变化。直到最近,服的功能的直接调查有在人是困难的。然而,当磁性的回声光谱学( 1H 太太)检测的质子在大脑生物化学变化时,新磁性的回声成像( MRI )技术在大脑体积( coregistered MRI )和损害大脑功能( fMRI )提供对变化的评价的一个非侵略的工具,包括服的 osmolytes 的直接测量,例如 myoinositol ,充斥管理对细胞的动态平衡内在的过程的使挫折和夫酸安,包括细胞内部的水的累积。这些细胞内部的 osmolytes 的集中与 hyperammonaemia 改变。有 neuropsychiatric 缺陷并且自从先生系列的严厉的检测太太的代谢物畸形相互关联向正常术后疗法回来,技术可能具有在客观耐心的监视并且在估计各种各样的治疗政体的有效性的使用。 | VP Bob Graver M Alex Dresner Daniel M Forton Serena Counsell David J Larkman Nayna Patel Howard C Thomas Simon D Taylor-Robinson | 2006 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2006，12，19： | 8 |
| 5 | Advancing research diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer’s disease: the IWG-2 criteria显示文摘 | Bruno Dubois Howard H Feldman Claudia Jacova Harald Hampel José Luis Molinuevo Kaj Blennow Steven T DeKosky Serge Gauthier Dennis Selkoe Randall Bateman Stefano Cappa Sebastian Crutch Sebastiaan Engelborghs Giovanni B Frisoni Nick C Fox Douglas Galasko Ma | 2014 | Lancet Neurology2014，，6： | 7 |
| 6 | Cholangiocarcinoma显示文摘 | Shahid A Khan Howard C Thomas Brian R Davidson Simon D Taylor-Robinson | 2005 | The Lancet . 2005 (9493)2005，，： | 3 |
| 7 | Listeria monocytogenes following orthotopic liver transplantation:Central nervous system involvement and review of the literature显示文摘Listeria monocytogene is a well-recognized cause of bacteremia in immunocompromised individuals,including solid organ transplant recipients,but has been rarely reported following orthotopic liver transplantation. We describe a case of listeria meningitis that occurred within a week after liver transplantation. The patient developed a severe headache that mimicked tacrolimus encephalopathy,and was subsequently diagnosed with listeria meningitis by cerebrospinal fluid culture. The infection was successfully treated with three-week course of intravenous ampicillin. Recurrent hepatitis C followed and was successfully treated with interferon alfa and ribavirin. Fourteen cases of listeriosis after orthotopic liver transplantation have been reported in the English literature. Most reported cases were successfully treated with intravenous ampicillin. There were four cases of listeria meningitis,and the mortality of them was 50%. Early detection and treatment of listeria meningitis are the key to obtaining a better prognosis. | Shugo Mizuno Ivan R Zendejas Alan I Reed Robin D Kim Richard J Howard Alan W Hemming Denise C Schain Consuelo Soldevila-Pico Roberto J Firpi Shiro Fujita | 2007 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2007，13，32： | 2 |
| 8 | Role of microbubble ultrasound contrast agents in the non-invasive assessment of chronic hepatitis C-related liver disease显示文摘长期地感染丙肝病毒的病人经常得长期的肝疾病,对肝损伤的严厉的评价在认为病毒的根除是治疗以前被要求。这篇文章检验从标准答案肝活体检视当前可得到的各种各样的评价方法到血清学的标记和成像。超声是在临床的实践的最广泛地使用的成像形式之一并且已经是为肝疾病的一个首要的诊断工具。Microbubble 超声对比代理人允许更高的分辨率要获得的图象和对要执行的微脉管的变化的功能的评价。在确定的这些代理人的角色肝的损害的状态作为与丙肝在病人决定肝疾病的阶段和等级的一个可行方法被讨论。尽管当前限制了到专家中心,提高对比的超声将不可避免地在临床的背景增加的微水泡的可获得性。 | Scott Grier Adrian KP Lim Nayna Patel Jeremy FL Cobbold Howard C Thomas Isobel J Cox Simon D Taylor-Robinson | 2006 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2006，12，22： | 2 |
| 9 | 锌转运体8自身抗体对急性起病糖尿病患者分型诊断的价值显示文摘目的 探讨锌转运体8自身抗体(ZnT8A)对急性起病糖尿病患者分型诊断的价值.方法 453例急性起病糖尿病患者根据谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体(GADA)和酪氨酸磷酸酶抗体(IA2-A)阳性分为A+组276例(任一抗体阳性)和A-组177例(抗体皆为阴性) 将555例2型糖尿病患者和405名健康者作为对照.分析ZnT8A在急性起病糖尿病患者和亚组中的分布规律、相关因素和ZnT8A阳性者的临床特征.抗体检测采用放射配体法.结果 (1)ZnT8A在急性起病糖尿病组的阳性率为24.3%,显著高于2型糖尿病组(1.8%)和健康对照组(1.0%)(均P<0.01) 而且ZnT8A在A+组中的检出率为29.7%,显著高于A-组患者15.8%(x2=11.318,P<0.01).(2)ZnT8A阳性率在<30岁各亚组高于≥30岁亚组(0~9岁,34.9% 10~19岁,26.7% 20~29岁,26.3%比≥30岁,18.3% 均P<0.05) 在体质指数(BMI)<21.0 kg/m2和21.0~25.0 kg/m2亚组高于BMI>25.0 kg/m2亚组(25.5%和25.9%比8.7%,均P<0.05).(3)ZnT8A水平与IA2-A滴度间呈正相关(r=0.165,P=0.01).(4)3种抗体联合测定使自身免疫检出率从60.9%提高到67.1%.(5)与抗体阴性者相比,ZnT8A单独阳性者日胰岛素需要量较多[(35.5±9.3)U/d比(29.8±14.7)U/d,P<0.05],而收缩压和舒张压均较低[(107±15)mm Hg比(113±16)mm Hg,(69±12)mm Hg比(73±12)mm Hg,均P<0.05].结论 ZnT8A对急性起病糖尿病患者的免疫分型诊断有一定价值,在常见抗体(GADA和IA2-A)阴性者中可识别出一类更接近于经典1型糖尿病的临床表型. | 杨琳 罗说明 黄干 彭健 颜湘 Janet Wenzlau Howard W Davidson John C Hutton 周智广 | 2010 | 中华医学杂志2010，90，36： | 2 |
| 10 | Cholangiocarcinoma显示文摘 | Shahid A Khan Howard C Thomas Brian R Davidson Simon D Taylor-Robinson | 2005 | The Lancet2005，，9493： | 2 |
| 11 | NF-kappa B is Activated and ICAM-1 Gene Expression is Upregulated During Reoxygenation of Human Brain Endothelial Cells显示文摘 | Howard E Chen O Cheng C | 2004 | Neurosci Lett(S0304-3940)2004，248，3： | 1 |
| 12 | NF-κB is activated and ICAM-1 gene expression is upregulated during reoxygenation of human brain endothelial cells显示文摘 | Howard E F Chen Q Cheng C | 1998 | Neurosci Lett1998，248，3： | 1 |
| 13 | Induction of antibodies against GD3 ganglioside in melanoma patients by vaccination with GD3-1actone-KLH conjugate plus immunological adjuvant QS-21 显示文摘 | Ragupathi G Meyers M Adluri S Howard L Musselli C Livingston PO | 2000 | Int J Cancer2000，85，5： | 1 |
| 14 | The immunogenicity of single and combination DNA vaccines against tuberculosis显示文摘 | Morris S Kelley C Howard A | 2000 | Vaccine2000，18，20： | 1 |
| 15 | Cost-utility analysis of varenicline versus existing smoking cessation strategies using the BENESCO simulation model:Application to a population of US adult smokers显示文摘 | HOWARD P KNIGHT C BOLER A | 2008 | Pharmaco Economics2008，26，6： | 1 |
| 16 | Vaccination of boars with a GnRH(Improvac) eliminates boar taint and increases growth performance显示文摘 | Dunshea F R Colantoni C Howard H | 2001 | J Anim Sci2001，79，10： | 1 |
| 17 | Preferential induction of apoptosis for primary human leukemic stem cells显示文摘 | GUZMAN M L SWIDERSKI C F HOWARD D S | 2002 | Proc Natl Acad Sci USA2002，99，16： | 1 |
| 18 | Therapy for pancreatic cancer with a recombinant humanizied antibody anti-HER2(Hercepitin) 显示文摘 | Peter B Howard A Mannuela C | 2001 | J Gastrointestinal Surgery2001，31，5： | 1 |
| 19 | Hypertonie marmitol loading of NF- kappaB transcription factor decoys in human brain microvascular endothelial cells blocks upregulation of ICAM - 1 显示文摘 | Hess DC Howard E Cheng C | 2000 | Stroke2000，31，5： | 1 |
| 20 | An examination of methods of assessing interacting surface cracks by comparison with experimental data显示文摘 | Leek T H Howard I C | 1996 | Int J Pres & Piping1996，68，： | 1 |
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