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| 1 | 地下水铀污染的原位微生物还原与固定:在美国能源部田纳西橡树岭放射物污染现场的试验显示文摘总结了美国斯坦福大学和橡树岭国家实验室等在美国能源部田纳西州橡树岭综合试验基地进行的铀污染原位微生物修复阶段性试验结果.本试验利用微生物以乙醇为电子供体还原地下水和沉积物中的六价铀为不溶解的四价铀,使之原位固定化.随后通过加入溶解氧和硝酸盐来试验微生物还原后的地下水层中还原固定态铀的稳定性.通过预处理和长期间隔注入乙醇溶液,地下水中铀浓度从40~60mg·L-1降至0.03mg·L-1以下,达到了美国环保署饮用水的标准.还原的四价铀主要以U(Ⅳ)-Fe复合物的形态存在.结果表明,固定化后的四价铀只有在厌氧条件下才是稳定的,溶解氧和硝酸盐侵入地下水层后会使固定化的四价铀重新氧化为溶解态的六价铀.在试验过程中,采用多种分子生物学方法检测了微生物种群的变化和与铀氧化还原反应有关的功能微生物.本研究表明,在维持试验系统无氧和无硝酸盐的条件下,通过添加乙醇为电子供体可有效地促进地下水中土著功能微生物的活性,从而实现铀的原位还原固定与稳定. | 吴唯民 Jack Carley David Watson 顾宝华 Scott Brooks Shelly D.Kelly Kenneth Kemner Joy D.van Nostrand 吴力游 许玫英 周集中 罗剑 Erick Cardenas 黄家琪 Matthew W.Fields Terence L.Marsh James M.Tiedje Stefan J.Green Joel E.Kostka Peter K.Kitanidis Philip M.Jardme CraigS.Criddle | 2011 | 环境科学学报2011，31，3： | 28 |
| 2 | pH对土壤微生物C/P比的影响显示文摘【目的】了解pH对土壤微生物量的影响,揭示磷素转化机理及提高磷素利用率的生物调控措施。【方法】以英国洛桑研究所长期定位试验pH梯度土壤为研究对象,研究不同pH下,耕地土壤微生物碳磷比(C/P)及磷素有效性的差异。【结果】微生物C/P比与土壤pH、全碳、无机磷含量以及磷素回收率之间具有一定的相关性。磷素回收率和微生物C/P比随pH的增加而增加,土壤全碳、全磷、C/N和微生物量磷则随pH的增加而减少。土壤呼吸强度随培养时间延长呈线性增加。微生物量碳和ATP呈现出明显的正相关,相关系数高达0.912(n=16)。【结论】pH对于磷素的利用起着重要的作用。微生物C/P比可以作为土壤磷素利用的一个重要指示指标,微生物量C/P比的大小反映土壤微生物对土壤磷有效性的调节作用。 | 李春越 王益 Philip Brookes 党廷辉 王万忠 | 2013 | 中国农业科学2013，46，13： | 25 |
| 3 | A 1000-year chironomid-based salinity reconstruction from varved sediments of Sugan Lake,Qaidam Basin,arid Northwest China,and its palaeoclimatic significance显示文摘A 1000-year high-resolution(~10 years) chironomid record from varved sediments of Sugan Lake,Qaidam Basin on the northern Tibetan Plateau,is presented.The chironomid assemblages are mainly composed of the relatively high-saline-water taxa Psectrocladius barbimanus-type and Orthocladius/Cricotopus,and the relatively low-saline-water taxa Procladius and Psectrocladius sordidellus-type.Variations in the chironomid fauna and inferred salinities suggest that over the last millennium,the Sugan Lake catchment has alternated between contrasting climatic conditions,having a dry climate during the period 990―1550 AD,a relatively humid climate during the Little Ice Age(LIA)(1550―1840 AD),and a dry climate again from 1840 AD onwards.At the decadal to centennial scale,a wet event around 1200―1230 AD,interrupting the generally arid period(990―1550 AD),and a dry event around 1590―1700 AD,punctuating the generally humid period(1550―1840 AD),are clearly documented.Trends in the chironomid-based salinity time series indicate a highly unstable climate during the LIA when salinity fluctuations were of greater magnitude and higher frequency.The effective moisture evolution in the Sugan Lake catchment during the last millennium reconstructed by chironomid analysis is in broad agreement with previous palaeo-moisture data derived from other sites in arid Northwest China(ANC).The LIA,characterized by generally humid conditions over the west-erly-dominated ANC was distinctly different from that in monsoonal China,implying an 'out-of-phase' relationship between moisture evolution in these two regions during the past 1000 years. | CHEN JianHui CHEN FaHu ZHANG EnLou BROOKS Stephen J ZHOU AiFeng ZHANG JiaWu | 2009 | Chinese Science Bulletin2009，54，20： | 20 |
| 4 | 标准·方案·指南——2014年美国癌症学会最新宫颈癌筛查指南及筛查中存在的问题显示文摘美国癌症学会(ACS)每年都会发布有关癌症早期检测、癌症筛查率数据与趋势报告及相关问题的指南,并会持续关注可能需要在癌症筛查指南中做出相应改变与更新的医学科学文献中出现的新证据以及需要传达给临床工作者与公众的筛查相关信息。在制定新指南的过程中,ACS至少每5年对指南更新1次,如有重要新证据出现,则更新间隔时间会更短。本期就2014年ACS关于宫颈癌筛查的最新指南报道如下。 | Robert A Smith Deana Manassaram-Baptiste Durado Brooks Vilma Cokkinides Mary Doroshenk Debbie Saslow Richard C Wender Otis W Brawley 王静 | 2014 | 中国全科医学2014，17，27： | 16 |
| 5 | 柴达木盆地苏干湖年纹层岩芯摇蚊记录的过去1000年干旱区湿度变化及其意义显示文摘利用柴达木盆地苏干湖具有年纹层的沉积岩芯,以摇蚊亚化石分析恢复了研究区近千年来10年分辨率的湿度演变历史.研究表明,苏干湖岩芯中的摇蚊亚化石主要由高咸水属种Psectrocladius barbimanus-type和Orthocladius/Cricotopus与低咸水属种Procladius和Psectrocladius sordidellus-type组成,依据其相对丰度的变化,结合摇蚊-盐度转换函数重建的盐度波动,区域过去1000年湿度变化可划分为3个阶段:990~1550AD为气候整体干旱期、1550~1840AD为气候整体湿润期、1840~2000AD为全球变暖下的气候再次干旱期.高分辨率的记录还发现,在年代际到百年尺度上,存在1200~1230AD干旱背景下的湿润阶段和1590~1700AD湿润小冰期内部的干旱阶段;就气候变率而言,湿润小冰期时段摇蚊种群组合及重建的盐度变化幅度增大,频率加快,指示出小冰期气候的不稳定性特征.该记录得到西风环流影响区的其他古湿度资料支持.苏干湖高分辨率摇蚊记录的湿润小冰期气候与中国东部季风区降水变化存在明显的差异,表明中国内陆干旱区和东部季风区湿度变化即使在近1000年来也存在相位差. | 陈建徽 陈发虎 张恩楼 Stephen J Brooks 周爱锋 张家武 | 2009 | 科学通报2009，54，20： | 13 |
| 6 | 健康成人动脉粥样硬化斑块易感性和血栓形成的生物标志物变化与极端空气污染水平相关:北京AIRCHD研究显示文摘空气污染与心血管事件恶化的病理生理机制尚不完全清楚。该文探讨环境空气污染是否可以触发易损斑块.通过全身炎症途径促进血栓形成。方法:在北京AIRCHD研究中.2014-2016年间对73名健康成年人[年龄(23.3±5.4)岁]进行了随访。研究者使用线性混合效应模型评估了空气污染物与动脉粥样硬化斑块易损性、血栓形成和炎症相关生物标志物之间的关系,并使用中介效应分析(mediation analyses)探讨涉及的生物学途径。通过受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线分析评估每种生物标记物预测环境空气污染暴露的能力。 | 刘青 叶鹏 Xu H Wang T Liu S Brook RD Feng B Zhao Q Song X Yi T Chen J Zhang Y Wang Y Zheng L Rajagopalan S Li J Huang W | 2019 | 中华高血压杂志2019，27，4： | 13 |
| 7 | Increased hepcidin expression in colorectal carcinogenesis显示文摘AIM:To investigate whether the iron stores regulator hepcidin is implicated in colon cancer-associated anae- mia and whether it might have a role in colorectal car- cinogenesis. METHODS: Mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS and SELDI-TOF MS) was employed to measure hepcidin in urine collected from 56 patients with colorectal cancer. Quantitative Real Time RT-PCR was utilised to determine hepcidin mRNA expression in colorectal cancer tissue. Hepcidin cellular localisation was determined using im- munohistochemistry. RESULTS: We demonstrate that whilst urinary hepcidin expression was not correlated with anaemia it was posi- tively associated with increasing T-stage of colorectal cancer (P < 0.05). Furthermore, we report that hepcidin mRNA is expressed in 34% of colorectal cancer tissue specimens and was correlated with ferroportin repres- sion. This was supported by hepcidin immunoreactivity in colorectal cancer tissue. CONCLUSION: We demonstrate that systemic hepcidin expression is unlikely to be the cause of the systemic anaemia associated with colorectal cancer. However, we demonstrate for the first time that hepcidin is expressed by colorectal cancer tissue and that this may represent a novel oncogenic signalling mechanism. | Douglas G Ward Keith Roberts Matthew J Brookes Howard Joy Ashley Martin Tariq Ismail Robert Spychal Tariq Iqbal Chris Tselepis | 2008 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2008，14，9： | 12 |
| 8 | 媒介转型时期新闻教育再思考显示文摘当今美国报业面临巨大的挑战和变革。正如美国铁路运输的衰败一样,报业面临着与当时铁路业类似的困境和危机。正因为这些变革和挑战才使当今的报业变得更加激动人心。现在的新闻记者工作在不确定的媒介环境下,也使新闻工作变得更富于挑战和充满激情。 | BrainS Brooks【美】 撰周婵(译) | 2006 | 国际新闻界2006，28，12： | 10 |
| 9 | New insights into p53 activation显示文摘肿瘤 suppressor p53 是一多功能,高度调整了,并且对 DNA 特别地敏感的倡导者特定的 transcriptional 因素发信号的损坏和细胞的应力。p53 由指导一个损坏房间的机制击倒小径遗体糟糕理解的房间生长拘捕或 apoptotic。证据建议在里面 p53 的 vivo 功能似乎与发生的损坏的类型和严厉平衡房间命运选择。antirepression 的概念,或通常在海湾保留 p53 的因素的抑制,帮助可以为 p53 激活解释生理的机制。这些因素也在怀有基因的一个野类型的拷贝的肿瘤为 p53 的复活提供新奇化学疗法的目标。 | Christopher L Brooks Wei Gu | 2010 | Cell Research2010，20，6： | 9 |
| 10 | Moisture and temperature controls on nitrification differ among ammonia oxidizer communities from three alpine soil habitats显示文摘气候变化正在改变在许多 highelevation 生态系统预定和 biogeochemical 流动的大小。处于高山的氮的硝化作用率的作为结果的变化有潜力影响生态系统规模回答。为了更好理解变化温度和潮湿怎么调节,可以影响氨氧化剂和氮的硝化作用活动,我们在从三个高山的产地(冰川的冰川边碛外的沉积,距骨,和草地) 在一个科罗拉多分水岭收集的土壤上进行了实验室孵化。我们发现细菌,不是 archaea,统治了所有氨氧化剂社区。氮的硝化作用在所有土壤并且在所有温度处理下面与潮湿增加了。然而,温度没在所有土壤与氮的硝化作用率被相关。地点特定的温度趋势在土壤建议通晓各方面知识经验丰富的人氨 oxidzer 社区的发展与在在有更稳定的温度政体的土壤的 situ 温度变化和专家更大。很快增加的温度和变化土壤潮湿条件能在一些高山的土壤解释增加的硝酸盐生产的最近的观察。 | Brooke B. OSBORNE Jill S. BARON Matthew D. WALLENSTEIN | 2016 | Frontiers of Earth Science2016，10，1： | 8 |
| 11 | Screening and Surveillance for the Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer and Adenomatous Polyps, 2008: A Joint Guideline From the American Cancer Society, the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, and the American College of Radiology显示文摘 | Bernard Levin David A. Lieberman Beth McFarland Kimberly S. Andrews Durado Brooks John Bond Chiranjeev Dash Francis M. Giardiello Seth Glick David Johnson C. Daniel Johnson Theodore R. Levin Perry J. Pickhardt Douglas K. Rex Robert A. Smith Alan Thorson S | 2008 | Gastroenterology2008，，5： | 8 |
| 12 | Malnutrition in cirrhosis:More food for thought显示文摘Malnutrition is highly prevalent in liver cirrhosis and its presence carries important prognostic implications.The clinical conditions and pathophysiological mechanisms that cause malnutrition in cirrhosis are multiple and interrelated.Anorexia and liver decompensation symptoms lead to poor dietary intake;metabolic changes characterised by elevated energy expenditure,reduced glycogen storage,an accelerated starvation response and protein catabolism result in muscle and fat wasting;and,malabsorption renders the cirrhotic patient unable to fully absorb or utilise food that has been consumed.Malnutrition is therefore a considerable challenge to manage effectively,particularly as liver disease progresses.A high energy,high protein diet is recognised as standard of care,yet patients struggle to follow this recommendation and there is limited evidence to guide malnutrition interventions in cirrhosis and liver transplantation.In this review,we seek to detail the factors which contribute to poor nutritional status in liver disease,and highlight complexities far greater than“poor appetite”or“reduced oral intake”leading to malnutrition.We also discuss management strategies to optimise nutritional status in this patient group,which target the inter-related mechanisms unique to advanced liver disease.Finally,future research requirements are suggested,to develop effective treatments for one of the most common and debilitating complications afflicting cirrhotic patients. | Brooke Chapman Marie Sinclair Paul J Gow Adam G Testro | 2020 | World Journal of Hepatology2020，12，11： | 8 |
| 13 | 内窥镜技术在乙状窦后径路听神经瘤切除术中的应用显示文摘目的 :探讨乙状窦后径路听神经瘤切除术中应用内窥镜的方法及其在减少残瘤发生率中的价值。方法 :常规乙状窦后径路切除听神经瘤 (常规手术组 ) 15例 ,乙状窦后径路加内窥镜检查切除听神经瘤 (结合窥镜组 ) 11例 ,比较其疗效。结果 :常规手术组术后 3例有残留肿瘤 ,而结合窥镜组均为阴性 ;术后听功能、前庭功能障碍发生率及面神经麻痹发生率两组之间差异均无显著性意义。结论 :乙状窦后径路听神经瘤切除术 ,术中使用内窥镜操作方便、安全 ,未出现由此引起的并发症 ,并可防止或减少残留病灶及肿瘤复发的发生率 ,有临床推广应用价值。 | 谭长强 Brookes G B | 2003 | 临床耳鼻咽喉科杂志2003，17，1： | 7 |
| 14 | The Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Generates Cells with Properties of Stem Cells显示文摘 | Sendurai A. Mani Wenjun Guo Mai-Jing Liao Elinor Ng. Eaton Ayyakkannu Ayyanan Alicia Y. Zhou Mary Brooks Ferenc Reinhard Cheng Cheng Zhang Michail Shipitsin Lauren L. Campbell Kornelia Polyak Cathrin Brisken Jing Yang Robert A. Weinberg | 2008 | Cell2008，，4： | 7 |
| 15 | Dynamic condylar screw or hip joint (spanning) external fixator for treatment of pathological fractures of femoral neck and trochanter secondary to benign lesions显示文摘 | ZHANG Chun-lin ZENG Bing-fang DONG Yang Daria brooks Terrell Martin M. Malawer | 2008 | Chinese Medical Journal2008，，2： | 6 |
| 16 | 转基因作物应用(1996—2012)对全球社会经济与环境的主要影响显示文摘本文概述了作物生物技术对全球农业产生的经济和环境影响。分析结果表明,在农场水平上生物技术的应用产生了非常显著的净经济收益,2012年总计达到188亿美元,从1996年到2012年的17年间共计达到1 166亿美元,这些经济收益为发展中国家和发达国家的农民的经济收入增长各贡献了大约50%。转基因技术也对全球四大农作物的生产水平提高作出了重要的贡献。自从1990年中期采用这种技术之后,大豆和玉米的世界产量分别增加了1.22亿t和2.3亿t。在关键的环境影响因素方面,这种技术的应用减少了5.03亿kg杀虫剂的用量(降低了8.8%),将使用除草剂和杀虫剂对环境的影响(基于环境影响指数EIQ衡量)降低了18.7%。这种技术也显著降低了农业地区温室气体的排放,在2012年减少的排放量相当于马路上的汽车减少了1 188万辆。 | Graham Brookes Peter Barfoot 张伟 | 2014 | 华中农业大学学报2014，33，6： | 6 |
| 17 | 串行数据标准的选择与使用显示文摘RS-232是PC和电信应用中最成功的串行数据标准:RS-485和RS-422则是工业应用中最成功的标准。这些标准并不是直接兼容的,但是在控制场合和仪表应用中,常常需要在它们之间进行数据通讯。本文介绍了这些标准的内在含义、两种标准接口之间的转换以及如何在一个特定的应用中融合。 | Nigel Brooke 乔宗标 | 2000 | 电子产品世界2000，7，10： | 6 |
| 18 | Three global conditions for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use: an implementation framework显示文摘‘Nature and its vital contributions to people,which together embody biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services,are deteriorating worldwide’[1].The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD)is intended to ensure conservation of biodiversity,its wise use,and sharing of benefits from use of genetic resources.Through it,the Strategic Plan(SP)for Biodiversity 2011-2020 was created to make progress toward a vision of humanity‘Living in Harmony with N ature’by 2050[2].W hen that vision is realized,biodiversity will be valued,conserved,restored,and wisely used,so it can maintain ecosystem services and sustain a healthy planet. | Harvey Locke Erie C.Ellis Oscar Venter Richard Schuster Keping Ma Xiaoli Shen Stephen Woodley Naomi Kingston Nina Bhola Bernardo B.N.Strassburg Axel Paulsch Brooke Williams James E.M.Watson | 2019 | National Science Review2019，6，6： | 6 |
| 19 | Fast-tracking regenerative medicine for traumatic brain injury显示文摘Traumatic brain injury remains a global health crisis that spans all demographics,yet there exist limited treatment options that may effectively curtail its lingering symptoms.Traumatic brain injury pathology entails a progression from primary injury to inflammation-mediated secondary cell death.Sequestering this inflammation as a means of ameliorating the greater symptomology of traumatic brain injury has emerged as an attractive treatment prospect.In this review,we recapitulate and evaluate the important developments relating to regulating traumatic brain injury-induced neuroinflammation,edema,and blood-brain barrier disintegration through pharmacotherapy and stem cell transplants.Although these studies of stand-alone treatments have yielded some positive results,more therapeutic outcomes have been documented from the promising area of combined drug and stem cell therapy.Harnessing the facilitatory properties of certain pharmaceuticals with the anti-inflammatory and regenerative effects of stem cell transplants creates a synergistic effect greater than the sum of its parts.The burgeoning evidence in favor of combined drug and stem cell therapies warrants more elaborate preclinical studies on this topic in order to pave the way for later clinical trials. | Brooke Bonsack Matt Heyck Chase Kingsbury Blaise Cozene Nadia Sadanandan Jea-Young Lee Cesar V. Borlongan | 2020 | Neural Regeneration Research2020，15，7： | 5 |
| 20 | Bak在细胞凋亡期间对线粒体形态学的影响显示文摘目的:探讨Bak基因在细胞凋亡线粒体信号传导中的作用以及与Bax基因之间的相互关系。方法:应用Bax/Bak双重基因敲除的小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞(MEF)和Hela细胞进行基因重构,细胞按不同基因型(野生型、Bax敲除和Bak敲除、双重基因敲除)分组,并通过共转染方式导入目的基因。细胞凋亡的处理条件:细胞在无葡萄糖缓冲液的培养基中,在含10mmol.L-1叠氮钠或1μmol.L-1十字孢碱(STS)或20μmol.L-1顺铂条件下培养,并诱导细胞凋亡。应用共聚焦显微镜和免疫荧光及免疫印记技术分析细胞凋亡、线粒体碎裂和细胞色素C释放情况,综合评价Bak基因在细胞凋亡和线粒体碎裂中的作用。结果:Hela细胞内线粒体碎裂和细胞色素C释放百分率分别与细胞凋亡有关联(P<0.01);MEF细胞在Bak基因缺失(Bak-/-)时,应用化学诱导剂导致的细胞凋亡率(17.9%)明显低于野生型MEF细胞(71.3%)(P<0.01);且Bax和Bak基因两者协同作用可以增强细胞凋亡发生率;当pEGFP-Bak重新导入Bax-/-/Bak-/-MEF细胞,线粒体破碎百分率从43.7%增加到76.4%,pEGFP-Bak组细胞凋亡率明显高于pEGFP-Bax组(P<0.05);应用不同的化学诱导剂均可以得到同样的结果;且Bcl-2不能够明显阻止Bak诱导的细胞凋亡。结论:Bak基因明确诱导线粒体碎裂和细胞色素C释放,导致细胞凋亡,其诱导细胞凋亡的效果明显大于Bax基因,并且其作用独立于Bax基因功能之外。 | 冯乐平 乔伟 Craig Brooks Zeng Dong | 2008 | 吉林大学学报(医学版)2008，34，5： | 5 |
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