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| 1 | Role of monocytes and macrophages in experimental and human acute liver failure显示文摘Acute liver failure (ALF) is a devastating clinical syndrome characterised by progressive encephalopathy, coagulopathy, and circulatory dysfunction, which commonly leads to multiorgan failure and death. Central to the pathogenesis of ALF is activation of the immune system with mobilisation of cellular effectors and massive production of cytokines. As key components of the innate immune system, monocytes and macrophages are postulated to play a central role in the initiation, progression and resolution of ALF. ALF in humans follows a rapidly progressive clinical course that poses inherent difficulties in delineating the role of these pivotal immune cells. Therefore, a number of experimental models have been used to study the pathogenesis of ALF. Here we consider the evidence from experimental and human studies of ALF on the role of monocytes and macrophages in acute hepatic injury and the ensuing extrahepatic manifestations, including functional monocyte deactivation and multiple organ failure. | Lucia A Possamai Charalambos Gustav Antoniades Quentin M Anstee Alberto Quaglia Diego Vergani Mark Thursz Julia Wendon | 2010 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2010，16，15： | 12 |
| 2 | Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure Is a Distinct Syndrome That Develops in Patients With Acute Decompensation of Cirrhosis显示文摘 | Richard Moreau Rajiv Jalan Pere Gines Marco Pavesi Paolo Angeli Juan Cordoba Francois Durand Thierry Gustot Faouzi Saliba Marco Domenicali Alexander Gerbes Julia Wendon Carlo Alessandria Wim Laleman Stefan Zeuzem Jonel Trebicka Mauro Bernardi Vicente Arro | 2013 | Gastroenterology2013，，7： | 12 |
| 3 | The Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome in Acute Liver Failure显示文摘 | Nancy Rolando Jim Wade Milagros Davalos Julia Wendon John Philpott-Howard Roger Williams | 2000 | Hepatology2000，，4： | 3 |
| 4 | Clinical management of acute liver failure: Results of an international multi-center survey显示文摘AIM To assess the practice of caring for acute liver failure(ALF) patients in varying geographic locations and medical centers.METHODS Members of the European Acute Liver Failure Consortium completed an 88-item questionnaire detailing management of ALF. Responses from 22 transplantation centers in 11 countries were analyzed,treating between 300 and 500 ALF cases and performing over 100 liver transplants(LT) for ALF annually. The questions pertained to details of the institution and their clinical activity,standards of care,referral and admission,wardbased care versus intensive care unit(ICU) as well as questions regarding liver transplantation- including criteria,limitations,and perceived performance. Clinical data was also collected from 13 centres over a 3 mo period. RESULTS The interval between referral and admission of ALF patients to specialized units was usually less than 24 h and once admitted,treatment was provided by a multidisciplinary team. Principles of care of patients with ALF were similar among centers,particularly in relation to recognition of severity and care of the more critically ill. Centers exhibited similarities in thresholds for ICU admission and management of severe hepatic encephalopathy. Over 80% of centers administered n-acetyl-cysteine to ICU patients for non-paracetamolrelated ALF. There was significant divergence in the use of prophylactic antibiotics and anti-fungals,lactulose,nutritional support and imaging investigations in admitted patients and in the monitoring and treatment of intra-cranial pressure(ICP). ICP monitoring was employed in 12 centers,with the most common indications being papilledema and renal failure. Most patients listed for transplantation underwent surgery within an average waiting time of 1-2 d. Over a period of 3 mo clinical data from 85 ALF patients was collected. Overall patient survival at 90-d was 76%. Thirty six percent of patients underwent emergency LT,with a 90% post transplant survival to hospital discharge,42% survived with medical management alone. CONCLUSION Alongside similarities in principles of care of ALF patients,major areas of divergence were present in key areas of diagnosis,monitoring,treatment and decision to transplant. | Liane Rabinowich Julia Wendon William Bernal Oren Shibolet | 2016 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2016，22，33： | 3 |
| 5 | The Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome in Acute Liver Failure显示文摘 | Nancy Rolando Jim Wade Milagros Davalos Julia Wendon John Philpott-Howard Roger Williams | 2000 | Hepatology2000，，4： | 3 |
| 6 | Lessons from look-back in acute liver failure? A single centre experience of 3300 patients显示文摘 | William Bernal Anna Hyyrylainen Amit Gera Vinod K. Audimoolam Mark J.W. McPhail Georg Auzinger Mohammed Rela Nigel Heaton John G. O’Grady Julia Wendon Roger Williams | 2013 | Journal of Hepatology2013，，1： | 2 |
| 7 | Acute liver failure显示文摘 | William Bernal Georg Auzinger Anil Dhawan Julia Wendon | 2010 | The Lancet2010，，9736： | 2 |
| 8 | Plasma endothelin immunoreactivity in liver disease and the hepatorenal syndrome显示文摘 | Wendon J Frazer M | 1992 | N Engl J Med1992，327，25： | 1 |
| 9 | Severe hepatic dysfunction in pregnancy 显示文摘 | Rahaman T M Wendon J | 2002 | Q J Med2002，95，6： | 1 |
| 10 | Acute liver failure: clinical and management显示文摘 | Bernal W Wendon J | 1999 | Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol1999，11，9： | 1 |
| 11 | Acute liver failure: clinical features and menagement 显示文摘 | Bernal W Wendon J | 1999 | Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol1999，11，9： | 1 |
| 12 | Anti-tuberculous therapy and a cute liver failure显示文摘 | Mitchell I Wendon J Fitt S | 1995 | Lancet1995，345，： | 1 |
| 13 | The neurological manifestations of acute liver failure显示文摘 | Debbie L. Shawcross Julia A. Wendon | 2011 | Neurochemistry International2011，，7： | 1 |
| 14 | The impor- tance ofimmune dysfunction in determining outcome in a cute liver failure显示文摘 | Antoniades CG Berry PA Wendon JA | 2008 | J Hepatol2008，49，5： | 1 |
| 15 | Intensive care of the patient with cirrhosis显示文摘 | Olson JC Wendon JA Kramer DJ | 2011 | Hepatology2011，54，5： | 1 |
| 16 | Encephalopathy and cerebral edema in the settingof acute liver failure: pathogenesis and management 显示文摘 | Wendon J Lee W | 2008 | Neurocrit Care2008，9，1： | 1 |
| 17 | Evidence of increased guanylate cyclase activation by acetylcysteine in fulminant hepatic failure显示文摘 | Harrison PM Wendon JA Williams R | 1996 | Hepatology1996，23，5： | 1 |
| 18 | Evidence of increased guanylate cyclase activation by acetylcysteine in fulminant hepatic failure 显示文摘 | Harrison P Wendon J Williams R | 1996 | Hepatology1996，23，5： | 1 |
| 19 | Acute liver failure 显示文摘 | Slack A Wendon J | 2011 | Clin Med2011，11，3： | 1 |
| 20 | The importance of immune dysfunction in determining outcome in acute liver failure 显示文摘 | Antoniades CG Berry PA Wendon JA | 2008 | J Hepatol2008，49，5： | 1 |
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