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| 1 | Titanium dioxide induced inflammation in the small intestine显示文摘AIM:To investigate the effects of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPTiO 2 ) and microparticles (MPTiO 2 ) on the inflammatory response in the small intestine of mice. METHODS: Bl 57/6 male mice received distilled water suspensions containing TiO 2 (100 mg/kg body weight) as NPTiO 2 (66 nm), or MPTiO 2 (260 nm) by gavage for 10 d, once a day; the control group received only distilled water. At the end of the treatment the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were extracted for assessment of cytokines, inflammatory cells and titanium content. The cytokines interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, IL-23, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), intracellular interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in segments of jejunum and ileum (mucosa and underlying muscular tissue). CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells were evaluated in duodenum, jejunum and ileum samples fixed in 10% formalin by immuno-histochemistry. The titanium content was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. RESULTS: We found increased levels of T CD4 + cells (cells/mm 2 ) in duodenum:NP 1240 ± 139.4, MP 1070 ± 154.7 vs 458 ± 50.39 (P < 0.01); jejunum:NP 908.4 ± 130.3, MP 813.8 ± 103.8 vs 526.6 ± 61.43 (P < 0.05); and ileum:NP 818.60 ± 123.0, MP 640.1 ± 32.75 vs 466.9 ± 22.4 (P < 0.05). In comparison to the control group, the groups receiving TiO 2 showed a statistically significant increase in the levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-12, IL-4, IL-23, TNF-α, IFN-γ and TGF-β. The cytokine production was more pronounced in the ileum (mean ± SE):IL-12: NP 33.98 ± 11.76, MP 74.11 ± 25.65 vs 19.06 ± 3.92 (P < 0.05); IL-4: NP 17.36 ± 9.96, MP 22.94 ± 7.47 vs 2.19 ± 0.65 (P < 0.05); IL-23: NP 157.20 ± 75.80, MP 134.50 ± 38.31 vs 22.34 ± 5.81 (P < 0.05); TNFα: NP 3.71 ± 1.33, MP 5.44 ± 1.67 vs 0.99± 019 (P < 0.05); IFNγ: NP 15.85 ± 9.99, MP 34.08 ± 11.44 vs 2.81 ± 0.69 (P < 0.05); and TGF-β: NP 780.70 ± 318.50, MP 1409.00 ± 502.20 vs 205.50 ± 63.93 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION:Our findings indicate that TiO2 particles induce a Th1-mediated inflammatory response in the small bowel in mice. | Carolina Maciel Nogueira Walter Mendes de Azevedo Maria Lucia Zaidan Dagli Sérgio Hiroshi Toma AndréZonetti de Arruda Leite Maria Laura Lordello Iêda Nishitokukado Carmen Lúcia Ortiz-Agostinho Maria IrmaSeixas Duarte Marcelo Alves Ferreira Aytan Miranda Sipahi | 2012 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2012，18，34： | 8 |
| 2 | Targeting DNA Double-Strand Breaks with TAL Effector Nucleases显示文摘 | Christian Michelle Cermak Tomas Doyle Erin L Schmidt Clarice Zhang Feng Hummel Aaron Bogdanove Adam J Voytas Daniel F | 2010 | Genetics2010，，2： | 3 |
| 3 | Influence of operating conditions on the extent of enzymatic conversion of rice starch in wet extruder显示文摘 | Tomas R L Oliveira J C McCarthy K L | 1997 | Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und-Technologie-Food Science and Technology1997，30，1： | 1 |
| 4 | Influence of operating conditions on the extent of enzymatic conversion of rice starch in wet extrusion 显示文摘 | Tomas R L Oliveira J C McCarthy K L | 1997 | LWT-Food Science and Technology1997，30，1： | 1 |
| 5 | Staphylococcal protein Aconsists of five IgG-binding domains 显示文摘 | M Tomas L Abrahmsen B Nilsson | 1986 | Eur J Biochem1986，156，3： | 1 |
| 6 | Limiting activity coefficients from differential ebulliometry显示文摘 | Newman B A Nicolaides G L | 1982 | J Chem Eng Data1982，27，3： | 1 |
| 7 | Mechanism of target cytoLysis by peptide defensins: Target ceLL metaboLic activities, possibLy invoLving endocytosis, are cruciaL for expression of cytotoxicity 显示文摘 | ALan K L Tomas Ganz Theminh Ngvgen | 1998 | J ImmunoL1998，146，15： | 1 |
| 8 | Impact of metformin therapy on ovarian stimulation and outcome in 'coasted' patients with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing in-vitro fertilization 显示文摘 | Stadtmauer L A Toma S K Riehl R M | 2002 | Reprod Biomed Online2002，5，2： | 1 |
| 9 | External ven- tricular drain insertion accuracy: is there a need for change in practice? 显示文摘 | Toma A K Camp S Watkins L D | 2009 | Neurosurgery2009，65，6： | 1 |
| 10 | Rheological modelling of enzymatic extrusion of rice starch 显示文摘 | Tomas R L Oliveira J C McCarthy K L | 1997 | Journal of Food Engineering1997，32，2： | 1 |
| 11 | Endoscopic selerotherapy is usefulin Dieulafoy's disease显示文摘 | GORTES J A O TOMAS L Q GARICIA-GARCIA A A | 1996 | Gastroenterol Hepatol1996，19，2： | 1 |
| 12 | Rosiglitazone,an ag- onist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, protects against gastric ischemia-reperfusion damage in rats:role of oxygen free radicals generation显示文摘 | Villegas l Martin A R Toma W | 2004 | Eur J Phar- macol2004，505，： | 1 |
| 13 | Effects of combined osmotic and microwave dehydration of apple on texture显示文摘 | Prothon F AhrnéL Tomas F | 2001 | Microstructure and rehydration characteristics2001，，34： | 1 |
| 14 | Sub150℃processed meso-superstructured perovskite solar cells with enhanced efficiency显示文摘 | KONRAD W MICHAEL S TOMAS L | 2014 | Energy&Environmental Science2014，7，3： | 1 |
| 15 | Corrosion resistance of APS-and HVOF-sprayed coatings in the Al2O3-TiO2 system michael显示文摘 | Toma F L Stahr C C Berger L M | 2009 | Journal of Thermal Spray Technology2009，4，11： | 1 |
| 16 | Tuber hydroforming of automotive side members with extruded aluminium profiles显示文摘 | Nader A Tomas N Gunnar L | 2003 | Journal of Materials Processing Technology2003，142，1： | 1 |
| 17 | Cranioplasty for repair of a large bone defect with autologous and homologous bone in children 显示文摘 | Brevi BC Magri AS Toma L | 2010 | J Pediatr Surg2010，45，4： | 1 |
| 18 | Comparison of Cystoscopic and histological findings in patients with Suspected interstial Cystitis显示文摘 | Denson Tomas L Griebling | 2000 | J Urol2000，164，： | 1 |
| 19 | Glu T4 trafficking in cardiac and skeletal muscle:isolation and characterization of distinct intracellular Glu T4-containing vesicle populations显示文摘 | Zorzano A Secilla L Tomas E | 1997 | Biochem Soc Trans1997，25，3： | 1 |
| 20 | A novel constitutive androstane receptor-mediated and CYP3A-independent pathway of bile acid detoxification显示文摘 | Saini SP Sonoda J Xu L Toma D Uppal H Mu Y | 2004 | Mol Pharmacol2004，65，2： | 1 |
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