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| 1 | Subcurative radiation significantly increases cell proliferation, invasion, and migration of primary glioblastoma multiforme in vivo显示文摘Tumor cell proliferation, infiltration, migration, and neovascularization are known causes of treatment resistance in glioblastoma multiforme(GBM). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of radiation on the growth characteristics of primary human GBM developed in a nude rat. Primary GBM cells grown from explanted GBM tissues were implanted orthotopically in nude rats. Tumor growth was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging on day 77(baseline) after implantation. The rats underwent irradiation to a dose of 50 Gy delivered subcuratively on day 84 postimplantation(n = 8), or underwent no radiation(n = 8). Brain tissues were obtained on day 112(nonirradiated) or day 133(irradiated). Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine tumor cell proliferation(Ki-67) and to assess the expression of infiltration marker(matrix metalloproteinase-2, MMP-2) and cell migration marker(CD44). Tumor neovascularization was assessed by microvessel density using von-Willebrand factor(vWF) staining. Magnetic resonance imaging showed well-developed, infiltrative tumors in 11 weeks postimplantation. The proportion of Ki-67-positive cells in tumors undergoing radiation was(71 ± 15)% compared with(25 ± 12)% in the nonirradiated group(P = 0.02). The number of MMP-2-positive areas and proportion of CD44-positive cells were also high in tumors receiving radiation, indicating great invasion and infiltration. Microvessel density analysis did not show a significant difference between nonirradiated and irradiated tumors. Taken together, we found that subcurative radiation significantly increased proliferation, invasion, and migration of primary GBM. Our study provides insights into possible mechanisms of treatment resistance following radiation therapy for GBM. | Adarsh Shankar Sanath Kumar Asm Iskander Nadimpalli RS Varma Branislava Janic Ana deCarvalho Tom Mikkelsen Joseph A Frank Meser M Ali Robert A Knight Stephen Brown Ali S Arbab | 2014 | Chinese Journal of Cancer2014，33，3： | 5 |
| 2 | Cognitive functioning of long-term heavy cannabis users seeking treatment 显示文摘 | Solowij N Stephens RS Roffman RA | 2002 | JAMA2002，287，9： | 1 |
| 3 | Engagement of glucocorticoid-induced TNFR family-related receptor on effector T cells by its ligand mediates resistance to suppression by CD4+ CD25+ T cells显示文摘 | McHugh RS Whitters MJ | 2004 | J Immunol2004，173，： | 1 |
| 4 | Cranioplasty compli- cations following wartime decompressive craniectomy 显示文摘 | Stephens FL Mossop CM Bell RS | 2010 | Neurosurg Focus2010，28，5： | 1 |
| 5 | The cytosolic pattern recognition receptor NODI induces inflammatory interleukin-8 during Chlamydia trachonmtis infection显示文摘 | Buchholz KR Stephens RS | 2008 | Infect Immun2008，76，7： | 1 |
| 6 | Computational analysis of the polymorphic membrane protein superfamily of Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae显示文摘 | Grimwood J Stephens RS | 1999 | Microb Comp Genomics1999，4，3： | 1 |
| 7 | Using liquid chroma-tography-tandem mass spectrometry to quantify monohydrox-ylated metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in u-rine显示文摘 | Frank O Stephen MR Jon RS | 2009 | J Chromatography B2009，877，1112： | 1 |
| 8 | Calcium currents and arrhythmias:insights from molecular biology显示文摘 | Stephen RS William B | 2001 | Am J Med2001，110，1： | 1 |
| 9 | Engagement of Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR family-related receptor on effector T cells by its ligand mediates resistance to suppression by CD4+CD25+ T cells显示文摘 | Stephens GL McHugh RS Whitters MJ | 2004 | J Immunol2004，173，： | 1 |
| 10 | Problems in the application of the Addiction Severity Index ( ASI ) in rural substance abuse services 显示文摘 | Wertz JS Cleaveland BL Stephens RS | 1995 | Journal of Substance Abuse1995，7，： | 1 |
| 11 | Lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome after cardiac surgery显示文摘 | Stephens RS Shah AS Whitman GJ | | 0，，03： | 1 |
| 12 | Cloning and sequence of the gene for the heat shock protein 60 from Chlamydia trachomatis and immunological reactivity of the protein 显示文摘 | Cerrone MC Ma JJ Stephens RS | 1991 | Infect Immun1991，59，1： | 1 |
| 13 | 27-O-demethyl- rapamycin, an immunosuppressant compound produced by a new strain of Streptomyces hygroscopicus 显示文摘 | Stephen JB Peter RS John WT | 1995 | J Antibiot (Tokyo)1995，48，11： | 1 |
| 14 | Engagement of glucocorticoid-induced TNFR family-related receptor on effector T cells by its ligand mediates resistance to suppression by CD4^+CD25^+ T cells显示文摘 | Stephens GL McHugh RS Whitters MJ | 2004 | J Immunol2004，173，8： | 1 |
| 15 | Cognitive functioning of long-term heavy cannabis users seeking treatment显示文摘 | Solowij N Stephens RS Roffman RA | 2002 | JAMA2002，287，9： | 1 |
| 16 | Cognitive functioning of longterm heavy cannabis users seeking treatment显示文摘 | Solowij N Stephens RS Roffman RA | 2002 | JAMA2002，287，9： | 1 |
| 17 | Genome Sequence of an obligate intracellular pathogen of humans:Chlamydia trachomatis 显示文摘 | Stephens RS Kalman S Lammel C | 1998 | Science1998，，5389： | 1 |
| 18 | Computational analysis of the polymorphic membrane protein superfamily of Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae显示文摘 | Grimwood J Stephens RS | 1999 | Microb Comp Genomics1999，4，3： | 1 |
| 19 | Lung injury andacute respiratory distress syndrome after cardiac surgery 显示文摘 | STEPHENS RS SHAH AS WHITMAN GJ | 2013 | Ann Thorac Surg2013，95，3： | 1 |
| 20 | The extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinasc pathway induces the inflammatory factor interleukin-8 following Chlamydia trachomatis infection显示文摘 | Buchholz KR Stephens RS | 2007 | Infect Immun2007，75，12： | 1 |
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