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| 1 | Helicobacter pylori associated chronic gastritis,clinical syndromes,precancerous lesions,and pathogenesis of gastric cancer development显示文摘Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection is well known to be associated with the development of precancerous lesions such as chronic atrophic gastritis(AG),or gastric intestinal metaplasia(GIM),and cancer.Various molecular alterations are identified not only in gastric cancer(GC)but also in precancerous lesions.H.pylori treatment seems to improve AG and GIM,but still remains controversial.In contrast,many studies,including meta-analysis,show that H.pylori eradication reduces GC.Molecular markers detected by genetic and epigenetic alterations related to carcinogenesis reverse following H.pylori eradication.This indicates that these changes may be an important factor in the identification of high risk patients for cancer development.Patients who underwent endoscopic treatment of GC are at high risk for development of metachronous GC.A randomized controlled trial from Japan concluded that prophylactic eradication of H.pylori after endoscopic resection should be used to prevent the development of metachronous GC,but recent retrospective studies did not show the tendency.Patients with precancerous lesions(molecular alterations)that do not reverse after H.pylori treatment,represent the'point of no return'and may be at high risk for the development of GC.Therefore,earlier H.pylori eradication should be considered for preventing GC development prior to the appearance of precancerous lesions. | Jiro Watari Nancy Chen Peter S Amenta Hirokazu Fukui Tadayuki Oshima Toshihiko Tomita Hiroto Miwa Kheng-Jim Lim Kiron M Das | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，18： | 60 |
| 2 | Less common neoplasms of the pancreas显示文摘最近,有除管的腺癌以外的胰的瘤的增加的识别。尽管因为在那里的胰腺的腺癌是展出多样的生物行为和恶意的变化的度的许多不同损害,不也学习了或描绘。这些损害包括:内分泌的瘤,囊性瘤,稳固的假乳头瘤,腺泡房间癌,有鳞的房间癌,胰的主要淋巴瘤,和到胰的变形损害。当诊断成像的数字和敏感学习增加,这些不太普通的瘤更经常正在被诊断。这篇评论文章讨论这些更少的临床的功课,诊断,和治疗普通,却相当相关,胰的瘤。 | Abby L Mulkeen Peter S Yoo Charles Cha | 2006 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2006，12，20： | 24 |
| 3 | Cirrhotic portal hypertension: From pathophysiology to novel therapeutics显示文摘Portal hypertension and bleeding from gastroesophageal varices is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Portal hypertension is initiated by increased intrahepatic vascular resistance and a hyperdynamic circulatory state. The latter is characterized by a high cardiac output, increased total blood volume and splanchnic vasodilatation, resulting in increased mesenteric blood flow. Pharmacological manipulation of cirrhotic portal hypertension targets both the splanchnic and hepatic vascular beds. Drugs such as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin Ⅱ type receptor 1 blockers, which target the components of the classical renin angiotensin system(RAS), are expected to reduce intrahepatic vascular tone by reducing extracellular matrix deposition and vasoactivity of contractile cells and thereby improve portal hypertension. However, these drugs have been shown to produce significant offtarget effects such as systemic hypotension and renal failure. Therefore, the current pharmacological mainstay in clinical practice to prevent variceal bleeding and improving patient survival by reducing portal pressure is non-selective-blockers(NSBBs). These NSBBs work by reducing cardiac output and splanchnic vasodilatation but most patients do not achieve an optimal therapeutic response and a significant proportion of patients are unable to tolerate these drugs.Although statins, used alone or in combination with NSBBs, have been shown to improve portal pressure and overall mortality in cirrhotic patients, further randomized clinical trials are warranted involving larger patient populations with clear clinical end points. On the other hand, recent findings from studies that have investigated the potential use of the blockers of the components of the alternate RAS provided compelling evidence that could lead to the development of drugs targeting the splanchnic vascular bed to inhibit splanchnic vasodilatation in portal hypertension. This review outlines the mechanisms related to the pathogenesis of portal hypertension and attempts to provide an update on currently available therapeutic approaches in the management of portal hypertension with special emphasis on how the alternate RAS could be manipulated in our search for development of safe, specific and effective novel therapies to treat portal hypertension in cirrhosis. | Lakmie S Gunarathne Harinda Rajapaksha Nicholas Shackel Peter W Angus Chandana B Herath | 2020 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2020，26，40： | 24 |
| 4 | Impact of overgrazing on the transmission of Echinococcus multilocularis in Tibetan pastoral communities of Sichuan Province,China显示文摘背景过度放牧被假定增加是包虫 multilocularis 的中间的主人的小哺乳动物的人口密度,在 Qinghai 西藏高原的牙槽的包虫病的病原体。这研究测试了过度放牧可能支持的假设通过增加小哺乳动物的人口的包虫 multilocularis 传播,在擦伤惯例的西藏的牧剧 communities.Methods 的中间的主人,小哺乳动物索引和狗包虫 rnultilocularis 感染数据被收集分析在用的 nonpararnetric 测试和多重逐步的逻辑 regression.Results 过度放牧和包虫 rnultilocularis 传播之间的关系调查一公社的牧场存在,可得到的牧草为放牧是缺乏的。开(普通) 牧场被过度放牧并且与附近的 fenced 相比有小哺乳动物的更高的洞穴密度(私人) 牧场;由附近的 fenced 区域测量的开的牧场上的这个高过度放牧压力在开的牧场导致了小哺乳动物的更高的洞穴密度。在开的牧场的小哺乳动物的中部的洞穴密度独立地与附近犬的包虫 multilocularis 感染被联系(P=0.003, OR=1.048 ) 过度放牧的 .Conclusion 可以通过增加小哺乳动物的人口密度支持包虫 multilocularis 的传播。 | WANG Qian XIAO Yong-fu Dominique A Vuitton Peter M Schantz Francis Raoul Christine Budke Maiza Campos-Ponce Philip S Craig Patrick Giraudoux | 2007 | Chinese Medical Journal2007，，3： | 20 |
| 5 | E2 enzymes: more than just middle men显示文摘 | Mikaela D Stewart Tobias Rltterhoff Rachel E Klevit Peter S Brzovic | 2016 | Cell Research2016，26，4： | 17 |
| 6 | Probiotic effects on intestinal fermentation patterns in patients with irritable bowel syndrome显示文摘AIM: To determine whether Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (Yakult ) can alter small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), as tested by the lactulose breath test, and whether this is associated with changes in symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). METHODS: 18 patients with IBS (Rome Ⅱ criteria), who showed an early rise in breath hydrogen with lactulose (ERBHAL), consumed 65 mL of Yakult daily for 6 wk. Lactulose breath test was repeated at the end of the treatment period. Symptoms were recorded daily using a 10 cm visual analogue scale. RESULTS: 14 patients completed the study, 9 (64%) had reversal of ERBHAL, with the median time of f irst rise in breath hydrogen increasing from 45 to 75 min (P = 0.03). There was no signifi cant improvement in the symptom score with probiotic therapy, except for wind (P=0.04). Patients commencing with at least moderate symptoms and who no longer had ERBHAL at the end of treatment, showed improvement in the overall symptoms scores [median fi nal score 5.3 (IQR3.9-5.9), 55% reduction; n=6] to a greater extent than those who had had persisting ERBHAL [final score 6.9 (5.0-7.0), 12% reduction; n = 5; P = 0.18]. CONCLUSION: Yakult is effective in altering fermentation patterns in the small bowel, consistent with reducing SIBO. The loss of ERBHAL was associated with reduced symptoms. The true interpretation of these fi ndings awaits a randomised, controlled trial. | Jacqueline S Barrett Kim EK Canale Richard B Gearry Peter M Irving Peter R Gibson | 2008 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2008，14，32： | 16 |
| 7 | Vitamin D deficiency in cirrhosis relates to liver dysfunction rather than aetiology显示文摘AIM: To examine the vitamin D status in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis compared to those with primary biliary cirrhosis. METHODS: Our retrospective case series comprised 89 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and 34 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis who visited our outpatient clinic in 2005 and underwent a serum vitamin D status assessment. RESULTS: Among the patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, 85% had serum vitamin D levels below 50 nmol/L and 55% had levels below 25 nmol/L, as compared to 60% and 16% of the patients with primary biliary cirrhosis, respectively (P < 0.001). In both groups, serum vitamin D levels decreased with increasing liver disease severity, as determined by the Child-Pugh score. CONCLUSION: Vitamin D deficiency in cirrhosis relates to liver dysfunction rather than aetiology, with lower levels of vitamin D in alcoholic cirrhosis than in primary biliary cirrhosis. | Mikkel Malham SΦren Peter JΦrgensen Peter Ott JΦrgen Agnholt Hendrik Vilstrup Mette Borre Jens F Dahlerup | 2011 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2011，17，7： | 15 |
| 8 | Increased proliferation activity measured by immunoreactive Ki67 is associated with survival improvement in rectal/recto sigmoid cancer显示文摘AIM: To assess the expression of Ki67 as prognosticator in rectal/recto sigmoid cancer.METHODS: Samples from 146 patients with rectal and recto sigmoid cancer were studied for expression of Ki67 and its prognostic significance in comparison with clinicopathological predictors of survival. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from 6 (4.1%) patients with T1, 26 (17.8%) with T2, 94 (64.4%) with T3, and 20 (13.7%) with T4 tumors were studied. Ki67 expression was determined immunohistochemically. Samples were divided according to mean value into high (>40%) and low (≤40%) expression. Areas of extensive proliferation (>50%) were defined as 'hot spot' areas. RESULTS: Hot spot areas were present in samples regardless of histopathological grade. Lower TNM and Dukes stage and higher expression of Ki67 and presence of Ki67 hot spot areas in histopathological samples were associated with better survival, whereas no association was observed with histopathological grade (P = 0.78). In Cox multivariate regression analysis, significant prognostic factors were Dukes stage (P<0.001), presence of lymph node metastases (P = 0.015), age (P = 0.035) andpresence of Ki67 hot spot areas (P = 0.044). CONCLUSION: Proliferative activity as measured by Ki67 in rectal cancer is associated with survival improvement compared with patients with low Ki67. Areas of prognostically significant increased proliferation were found independently of histopathological tumor grade. | Eeva Salminen Salla Palmu Tero Vahlberg Peter J.Roberts Karl-Owe S(o|¨)derstr(o|¨)m | 2005 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2005，11，21： | 15 |
| 9 | Hydrogen sutfide protects colon cancer cells from chemopreventative agent β-phenylethyl isothiocvanate induced apoptosis显示文摘AIM: Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a prominent gaseous constituent of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract with known cytotoxic properties. Endogenous concentrations of H2S are reported to range between 0.2-3.4 mmol/L in the GI tract of mice and humans. Considering such high levels we speculate that, at non-toxic concentrations, H2S may interact with chemical agents and alter the response of colonic epithelium cells to such compounds. The GI tract is a major site for the absorption of phytochemical constituents such as isothiocyanates, flavonoids, and carotenoids, with each group having a role in the prevention of human diseases such as colon cancer. The chemopreventative properties of the phytochemical agent β-phenyethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) are well recognized. However, little is currently known about the physiological or biochemical factors present in the GI tract that may influence the biological properties of ITCs. The current study was undertaken to determine the effects of H2S on PEITC mediated apoptosis in colon cancer cells.METHODS: Induction of apoptosis by PEITC in human colon cancer HCT116 cells was assessed using classic apoptotic markers namely SubG1 population analysis,caspase-3 like activity and nuclear fragmentation and condensation coupled with the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrasodium bromide) viability assay and LDH leakage.RESULTS: PEITC significantly induced apoptosis in HGT116cells as assessed by SubG1 population formation, nuclear condensation, LDH leakage and caspase-3 activity after 24 h, these data being significant from control groups (P<0.01). In contrast, co-treatment of cells with physiological concentrations of H2S (0.1-1 mmol/L) prevented PEITC mediated apoptosis as assessed using the parameters described.CONCLUSION: PEITC effectively induced cell death in the human adenocarcinoma cell line HCT116 in vitro through classic apoptotic mechanisms. However, in the presence of H2S, apoptosis was abolished. These data suggest that H2S may play a significant role in the response of colonic epithelial cells to beneficial as well as toxic agents present within the GI tract. | Peter Rose Philip K Moore Shen Han Ming Ong Choon Nam Jeffrey S Armstrong Matt Whiteman | 2005 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2005，11，26： | 13 |
| 10 | Abdominal applications of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging: Where do we stand?显示文摘Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is one of the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences providing qualitative as well as quantitative information at a cellular level. It has been widely used for various applications in the central nervous system. Over the past decade, various extracranial applications of DWI have been increasingly explored, as it may detect changes even before signal alterations or morphological abnormalities become apparent on other pulse sequences. Initial results from abdominal MRI applications are promising, particularly in oncological settings and for the detection of abscesses. The purpose of this article is to describe the clinically relevant basic concepts of DWI, techniques to perform abdominal DWI, its analysis and applications in abdominal visceral MR imaging, in addition to a brief overview of whole body DWI MRI. | Ajaykumar C Morani Khaled M Elsayes Peter S Liu William J Weadock Janio Szklaruk Jonathan Russell Dillman Asra Khan Thomas L Chenevert Hero K Hussain | 2013 | World Journal of Radiology2013，5，3： | 12 |
| 11 | Post-transcriptional regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor: Implications for tumor angiogenesis显示文摘脉管的内皮生长因素(VEGF ) 是一个有势力为批评的分泌 mitogen 生理并且肿瘤血管生成。VEGF 的规定发生在几个层次,包括抄写, mRNA 稳定,翻译,和各种各样的 isoforms 的微分细胞的本地化。在我们 VEGF 的 post-transcriptional 规定的理解的最近的进展在 VEGF mRNA 的 5'UTR 包括内部 ribosomal 入口地点的稳定的 mRNA 绑定蛋白质,投,和发现的鉴定。Monoclonal anti-VEGF 抗体最近在人为使用被同意,但是为高全身的剂量受不了需要。RNA 干扰(RNAi ) 技术正在被使用在试管内并且在有有希望的结果的动物模型。这里,我们在 VEGF 的 post-transcriptional 规定上考察文学并且在为治疗学的利益指向这些机制描述最近的进步。 | Peter S Yoo Abby L Mulkeen Charles H Cha | 2006 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2006，12，31： | 11 |
| 12 | Impaired contractility and remodeling of the upper gastrointestinal tract in diabetes mellitus type-1显示文摘AIM: To investigate that both the neuronal function of the contractile system and structural apparatus of the gastrointestinal tract are affected in patients with longstanding diabetes and auto mic neuropathy. METHODS: The evoked esophageal and duodenal contractile activity to standardized bag distension was assessed using a specialized ultrasound-based probe. Twelve type-1 diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy and severe gastrointestinal symptoms and 12 healthy controls were studied. The geometry and biomechanical parameters (strain, tension/stress, and stiffness) were assessed. RESULTS: The diabetic patients had increased frequency of distension-induced contractions (6.0 ± 0.6 vs 3.3 ± 0.5, P < 0.001). This increased reactivity was correlated with the duration of the disease (P = 0.009). Impaired coordination of the contractile activity in diabetic patients was demonstrated as imbalance between the time required to evoke the first contraction at the distension site and proximal to it (1.5 ± 0.6 vs 0.5 ± 0.1, P = 0.03). The esophageal wall and especially the mucosa-submucosa layer had increased thickness in the patients (P < 0.001), and the longitudinal and radial compressive stretch was less in diabetics (P <0.001). The esophageal and duodenal wall stiffness and circumferential deformation induced by the distensions were not affected in the patients (all P > 0.14). CONCLUSION: The impaired contractile activity with an imbalance in the distension-induced contractions likely reflects neuronal abnormalities due to autonomic neuropathy. However, structural changes and remodeling of the gastrointestinal tract are also evident and may add to the neuronal changes. This may contribute to the pathophysiology of diabetic gut dysfunction and impact on future management of diabetic patients with gastrointestinal symptoms. | Jens BrΦndum FrΦkjΦr SΦren Due Andersen Niels EjskjΦr Peter Funch-Jensen AsbjΦrn Mohr Drewes Hans Gregersen | 2007 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2007，13，36： | 8 |
| 13 | European evidence based consensus for endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease显示文摘 | Vito Annese Marco Daperno Matthew D. Rutter Aurelien Amiot Peter Bossuyt James East Marc Ferrante Martin G?tz Konstantinos H. Katsanos Ralf Kie?lich Ingrid Ordás Alessandro Repici Bruno Rosa Shaji Sebastian Torsten Kucharzik Rami Eliakim | 2013 | Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis2013，，12： | 7 |
| 14 | Contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasonography显示文摘Contrast agents are increasingly being used to characterize the vasculature in an organ of interest,to better delineate benign from malignant pathology and to aid in staging and directing therapeutic procedures.We review the mechanisms of action of first,second and third generation contrast agents and their use in various endoscopic procedures in the gastrointestinal tract.Various applications of contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasonography include differentiating benign from malignant mediastinal lymphadenopathy,assessment of depth of invasion of esophageal,gastric and gall bladder cancers and visualization of the portal venous system and esophageal varices.In addition,contrast agents can be used to differentiate pancreatic lesions.The use of color Doppler further increases the ability to diagnose and differentiate various pancreatic malignancies.The sensitivity of power Doppler sonography to depict tumor neovascularization can be increased by contrast agents.Contrast-enhanced harmonic imaging is a useful aid in identifying the tumor vasculature and studying pancreatic microperfusion.In the future,these techniques could potentially be used to quantify tumor perfusion,to assess and monitor the efficacy of antiangiogenic agents,to assist targeted drug delivery and allow molecular imaging. | Nischita K Reddy Ana Maria Ioncicǎ Adrian Sǎftoiu Peter Vilmann Manoop S Bhutani | 2011 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2011，17，1： | 6 |
| 15 | Burden of Clostridium difficile infection between 2010 and 2013:Trends and outcomes from an academic center in Eastern Europe显示文摘AIM:To analyze the incidence and possible risk factors in hospitalized patients treated with Clostridium difficile infection(CDI).METHODS:A total of 11751 patients were admitted to our clinic between 1 January 2010 and 1 May2013.Two hundred and forty-seven inpatients were prospectively diagnosed with CDI.For the risk analysis a 1:3 matching was used.Data of 732 patients matched for age,sex,and inpatient care period and unit were compared to those of the CDI population.Inpatient records were collected from an electronic hospital database and comprehensively reviewed.RESULTS:Incidence of CDI was 21.0/1000 admissions(2.1%of all-cause hospitalizations and 4.45%of total inpatient days).The incidence of severe CDI was 12.6%(2.63/1000 of all-cause hospitalizations).Distribution of CDI cases was different according to the unit type,with highest incidence rates in hematology,gastroenterology and nephrology units(32.9,25 and24.6/1000 admissions,respectively) and lowest rates in 1.4%(33/2312) in endocrinology and general internal medicine(14.2 and 16.9/1000 admissions)units.Recurrence of CDI was 11.3%within 12 wk after discharge.Duration of hospital stay was longer in patients with CDI compared to controls(17.6 ± 10.8d vs 12.4 ± 7.71 d).CDI accounted for 6.3%of allinpatient deaths,and 30-d mortality rate was 21.9%(54/247 cases).Risk factors for CDI were antibiotic therapy[including third-generation cephalosporins or fluoroquinolones,odds ratio(OR) = 4.559;P < 0.001],use of proton pump inhibitors(OR = 2.082,P< 0.001),previous hospitaiization within 12 mo(OR = 3.167,P < 0.001),previous CDI(OR = 15.32;P < 0.001),while presence of diabetes mellitus was associated with a decreased risk for CDI(OR = 0.484;P< 0.001).Treatment of recurrent cases was significantly different from primary infections with more frequent use of vancomycin alone or in combination(P < 0.001),and antibiotic therapy duration was longer(P < 0.02).Severity,mortality and outcome of primary infections and relapsing cases did not significantly differ.CONCLUSION:CDI was accounted for significant burden with longer hospitaiization and adverse outcomes.Antibiotic,PPI therapy and previous hospitaiization or CDI were risk factors for CDI. | Zsuzsanna Kurti Barbara D Lovasz Michael D Mandel Zoltan Csima Petra A Golovics Bence D Csako Anna Mohas Lorant Gnczi Krisztina B Gecse Lajos S Kiss Miklos Szathmari Peter L Lakatos | 2015 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2015，21，21： | 6 |
| 16 | 21世纪心电图在临床与科研中的作用显示文摘心电学是心脏病学的一个分支,其主要研究心脏的电活动。经典的12导联心电图通过体表12个位置的探查电极记录心脏的电活动。心电图机是记录心电活动的装置,内置的生物电放大器可以放大各种生物电信号,电流计根据心肌的除极、复极事件进行相应的移动从而描记出心电图. | 张莉 André s Ricardo Pé rez Riera Peter R. Kowey 刘元伟(译) | 2008 | 临床心电学杂志2008，17，6： | 5 |
| 17 | Model combining pre-transplant tumor biomarkers and tumor size shows more utility in predicting hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence and survival than the BALAD models显示文摘AIM To assess the performance of BALAD, BALAD-2 and their component biomarkers in predicting outcome of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) patients after liver transplant.METHODS BALAD score and BALAD-2 class are derived from bilirubin, albumin, alpha-fetoprotein(AFP), Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive AFP(AFP-L3), and des-gammacarboxyprothrombin(DCP). Pre-transplant AFP, AFP-L3 and DCP were measured in 113 patients transplanted for HCC from 2000 to 2008. Hazard ratios(HR) for recurrence and death were calculated. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were conducted. C-statistics were used to compare biomarker-based to predictive models. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 12.2 years, 38 patients recurred and 87 died. The HRs for recurrence in patients with elevated AFP, AFP-L3, and DCP defined by BALAD cut-off values were 2.42(1.18-5.00), 1.86(0.98-3.52), and 2.83(1.42-5.61), respectively. For BALAD, the HRs for recurrence and death per unit increased score were 1.48(1.15-1.91) and 1.59(1.28-1.97). For BALAD-2, the HRs for recurrence and death per unit increased class were 1.45(1.06-1.98) and 1.38(1.09-1.76). For recurrence prediction, the combination of three biomarkers had the highest c-statistic of 0.66 vs. 0.64, 0.61, 0.53, and 0.53 for BALAD, BALAD-2, Milan, and UCSF, respectively. Similarly, for death prediction, the combination of three biomarkers had the highest c-statistic of 0.66 vs 0.65,0.61, 0.52, and 0.50 for BALAD, BALAD-2, Milan, and UCSF. A new model combining biomarkers with tumor size at the time of transplant(S-LAD) demonstrated the highest predictive capability with c-statistics of 0.71 and 0.69 for recurrence and death. CONCLUSION BALAD and BALAD-2 are valid in transplant HCC patients, but less predictive than the three biomarkers in combination or the three biomarkers in combination with maximal tumor diameter(S-LAD). | Nicha Wongjarupong Gabriela M Negron-Ocasio Roongruedee Chaiteerakij Benyam D Addissie Essa A Mohamed Kristin C Mara William S Harmsen J Paul Theobald Brian E Peters Joseph G Balsanek Melissa M Ward Nasra H Giama Sudhakar K Venkatesh Denise M Harnois Michael R Charlton Hiroyuki Yamada Alicia Algeciras-Schimnich Melissa R Snyder Terry M Therneau Lewis R Roberts | 2018 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2018，24，12： | 5 |
| 18 | Ionotropic receptors and ion channels in ischemic neuronal death and dysfunction显示文摘到神经原的精力供应的损失在击期间导致被称为缺氧的去极的膜潜力的快速的损失。因为离子的流动的 dysregulation 和 ATP 的损失,缺氧的去极在神经原上导致巨大的生理的应力驾驶维持电气化学的坡度的离子泵。在这评论,我们在场一些被认为贡献神经原并且随后的缺氧的去极的 ionotropic 受体和离子隧道的概述,到房间死亡。为作为门 ligand 的阳离子隧道工作的 glutamate 和 ATP 的 ionotropic 受体在神经原的死亡和机能障碍是批评的。有趣地,二这些受体(P2X7 和 NMDAR ) 被显示了联合离子隧道到 pannexin-1 (Panx1 ) 。我们也讨论短暂受体潜力(TRP ) 的重要角色响应局部缺血的隧道和酸察觉到的离子隧道(ASIC ) 。从我们缺氧的去极的当前的理解出现的中央挑战是需要阐明这些离子隧道到的机械学、时间的相互关系充分在击期间在神经原上欣赏他们的影响。 | Nicholas L WEILINGER Valentyna MASLIEIEVA Jennifer BIALECKI Sarup S SRIDHARAN Peter L TANG Roger J THOMPSON | 2013 | Acta Pharmacologica Sinica2013，34，1： | 5 |
| 19 | Update on Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device Infections and Their Management: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association显示文摘 | Larry M. Baddour Andrew E. Epstein Christopher C. Erickson Bradley P. Knight Matthew E. Levison Peter B. Lockhart Frederick A. Masoudi Eric J. Okum Walter R. Wilson Lee B. Beerman Ann F. Bolger N A. Mark Estes Michael Gewitz Jane W. Newburger Eleanor B. S | 2010 | Circulation2010，，3： | 4 |
| 20 | Enhanced expression of interleukin-18 in serum and pancreas of patients with chronic pancreatitis显示文摘AIM: To investigate interleukin-18 (IL-18) in patients with chronic panreatitis (CP). METHODS: We studied 29 patients with CP and 30 healthy controls. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated and incubated with 50 mmol/L ethanol, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (doses 25 g/L, 250 g/L, 2500 g/L) and both agents for 24 h. Levels of IL-18 in the supernatants, and levels of IL-18, IL-12, interferon (IFN)-γ and soluble CD14 in the serum were analysed by ELISA technique. Expression of IL-18 in PBMC was investigated by reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR. IL-18 protein levels in CP tissue and in normal pancreas were studied by ELISA technique. IL-18 levels in PBMC and pancreatic tissue were determined by Westernblot. Im-munohistochemistry for pancreatic IL-18 expression was performed. RESULTS: In patients, IL-18 serum levels were signifi-cantly enhanced by 76% (mean: 289.9 ± 167.7 ng/L) compared with controls (mean: 165.2 ± 43.6 ng/L; P < 0.0005). IL-12 levels were enhanced by 25% in patients (18.3 ± 7.3 ng/L) compared with controls (14.7 ± 6.8ng/L, P = 0.0576) although not reaching the statistical significance. IFN-γ and soluble CD14 levels were not in-creased. In vitro, LPS stimulated significantly and dose-dependently IL-18 secretion from PBMC. Incubation with ethanol reduced LPS-stimulated IL-18 secretion by about 50%. The mRNA expression of IL-18 in PBMC and the response of PBMC to ethanol and LPS was similar in CP patients and controls. In PBMC, no significant differences in IL-18 protein levels were detected between patients and controls. IL-18 protein levels were increased in CP tissues compared to normal pancreatic tissues. IL-18 was expressed by pancreatic acinar cells and by infiltrating inflammatory cells within the pancreas. CONCLUSION: IL-18 originates from the chronically inflammed pancreas and appears to be involved in the fibrotic destruction of the organ. | Alexander Schneider Stephan L Haas Ralf Hildenbrand Sren Siegmund Iris Reinhard Helmut Nakovics Manfred V Singer Peter Feick | 2006 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2006，12，40： | 4 |
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