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| 1 | 2018加拿大心境障碍与焦虑障碍治疗协作组/国际双相障碍学会指南:双相障碍的管理显示文摘加拿大心境障碍与焦虑障碍治疗协作组(Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments,CANMAT)曾于2005年发布了第1版双相障碍管理指南,并分别于2007、2009和2013年对该指南进行了更新,其中最近的2次更新是与国际双相障碍学会(International Society for Bipolar Disorders,ISBD)合作完成。2018版CANMAT/ISBD双相障碍治疗指南(以下简称指南)反映了自2005年首版指南发表以来本领域取得的重大进展,包括疾病诊断与疾病管理的更新以及药物治疗与心理治疗的近期研究进展。这些前沿进展中综合考虑了循证证据的级别,并基于治疗疗效、临床实践经验、安全性、耐受性和药物导致的转相风险等,对一线、二线及三线治疗方案进行了简明而清晰的推荐。本指南中新增内容涵盖了双相Ⅰ型障碍(BD-Ⅰ)的躁狂发作急性期、抑郁发作急性期和双相障碍维持期的一线及二线治疗推荐等级划分。这种对治疗推荐等级的划分综合考虑了治疗方法对双相障碍不同时相的影响,将进一步帮助临床医生做出基于循证证据的治疗决策。锂盐、喹硫平、双丙戊酸盐、阿塞那平、阿立哌唑、帕利哌酮、利培酮和卡利拉嗪单药或联合使用被推荐为躁狂发作急性期的一线治疗选择。BD-Ⅰ抑郁期的一线治疗选择包括喹硫平、鲁拉西酮、锂盐、拉莫三嗪单药,鲁拉西酮联合锂盐或双丙戊酸盐或拉莫三嗪辅助治疗。尽管急性期治疗有效的药物通常应继续用于BD-Ⅰ的维持期治疗,但也存在一些特殊情况(例如抗抑郁药)。现有数据表明,锂盐、喹硫平、双丙戊酸盐、拉莫三嗪、阿塞那平和阿立哌唑单药或联合治疗应被视为维持治疗的初始或更换治疗方案时的一线选择。除了探讨BD-Ⅰ的相关问题外,本指南中还对双相Ⅱ型障碍(BD-Ⅱ)的临床管理进行了系统回顾并给予治疗推荐,同时针对特殊人群也有相关推荐,如处于各个生殖周期的女性、儿童、青少年和老年人。此外,本指南中还讨论了特定精神疾病及共病(如物质滥用、焦虑障碍和代谢性疾病)的影响。最后,本指南中概述了安全性和药物监测的相关问题。CANMAT/ISBD工作组希望本指南能够成为全球临床医生的实用工具。 | Lakshmi N Yatham Sidney H Kennedy Sagar V Parikh Ayal Sehaffer David J Bond Benicio N Frey Verinder Sharma Benjamin I Goldstein Soham Rej Serge Beaulieu Martin Alda Glenda MaeQueen Roumen V Milev Arun Ravindran Claire O'Donovan Diane Mclntosh Raymond W Lam Gustavo Vazquez Flavio Kapczinski Roger S Melntyre Jan Kozicky Shigenobu Kanba Beny Lafer Trisha Suppes Joseph R Calabrese Eduard Vieta Gin Malhi Robert M Post Michael Berk 胡晨(译) 王刚(译) | 2019 | 中华精神科杂志2019，52，1： | 25 |
| 2 | Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis mimicking gallbladder cancer and causing obstructive cholestasis显示文摘BACKGROUND: Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) is a destructive inflammatory disease of the gallbladder that can mimic gallbladder carcinoma. METHODS: We present the case of a 35-year-old Hispanic male complaining of right upper quadrant pain and jaundice for 2 months prior to admission. He denied a history of fever, nausea/ vomiting, and weight loss. The past medical history was relevant only for diabetes. He had no previous history of jaundice or previous operations. RESULTS: CA19-9 was slightly elevated (52 U/mL). Abdominal ultrasonography showed an irregular thickening of the gallbladder wall and no gallstones were detected. CT scan also revealed an irregular thickening of the wall of the gallbladder body suggestive of malignancy. At laparotomy, the mass was adherent to the duodenum and colon, and although the frozen section biopsy was negative, the intraoperative findings were suggestive of malignancy, and the patient underwent left liver trisegmentectomy, resection of the common bile duct and Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy. Pathological examination unexpectedly revealed XGC without malignancy. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative and intraoperative differential diagnosis of XGC from gallbladder carcinoma remains a challenge when it is associated with inflammatory involvement of surrounding tissues. Since gallbladder carcinoma and XGC may coexist, radical resection is justified when malignancy cannot be completely ruled out. | Paulo N Martins Patricia Sheiner Marcelo Facciuto | 2012 | Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International2012，11，5： | 15 |
| 3 | Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma of the liver:unusual presentation of a rare tumor and literature review显示文摘BACKGROUND:Hepatic follicular dendritic cell (FDC) sarcoma is an extremely rare neoplasm.Most commonly,FDC sarcoma presents as a solitary mass in lymph nodes,however,several extra-nodal locations have been identified.METHODS:We report a case of a 53-year-old female who presented with symptoms of abdominal pain,fever,anemia,and jaundice.After an extensive review of the literature,we have found only 12 cases of hepatic FDC sarcoma.RESULTS:The tumor was 11.5 cm in diameter and composed of spindle and epithelioid cells with ovoid nuclei and associated with mixed inflammatory infiltrate.Immunohistochemical stains were positive for CD35 and CD21.The patient underwent a left hepatic lobectomy.CONCLUSIONS:Liver follicular dendritic cell sarcoma is a very rare tumor.Most cases present with abdominal pain and weight loss,and most of them can be managed by hepatic resection with excellent short-term outcomes. | Paulo N Martins Sanjay Reddy Ann-Britt Martins Marcelo Facciuto | 2011 | Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International2011，10，4： | 11 |
| 4 | Folic acid supplementation inhibits recurrence of colorectal adenomas:A randomized chemoprevention trial显示文摘AIM: To determine whether folic acid supplementation will reduce the recurrence of colorectal adenomas, the precursors of colorectal cancer, we performed a double-blind placebo-controlled trial in patients with adenomatous polyps. METHODS: In the current double-blind, placebo-controlled trial at this VA Medical Center, patients with colorectal adenomas were randomly assigned to receive either a daily 5 mg dose of folic acid or a matched identical placebo for 3 years. All polyps were removed at baseline colonoscopy and each patient had a follow up colonoscopy at 3 years. The primary endpoint was a reduction in the number of recurrent adenomas at 3 years. RESULTS: Of 137 subjects, who were eligible after confirmation of polyp histology and run-in period to conform compliance, 94 completed the study; 49 in folic acid group and 45 in placebo group. Recurrence of adenomas at 3-year was compared between the two groups. The mean number of recurrent polyps at 3-year was 0.36 (SD, 0.69) for folic acid treated patients compared to 0.82 (SD, 1.17) for placebo treated subjects, resulting in a 3-fold increase in polyp recurrence in the placebo group. Patients below 70 years of age and those with left-sided colonicadenomas or advanced adenomas responded better to folic acid supplementation. CONCLUSION: High dose folic acid supplementation is associated with a signif icant reduction in the recurrence of colonic adenomas suggesting that folic acid may be an effective chemopreventive agent for colorectal neoplasia. | Richard Jaszewski Sabeena Misra Martin Tobi Nadeem Ullah Jo Ann Naumoff Omer Kucuk Edi Levi Bradley N Axelrod Bhaumik B Patel Adhip PN Majumdar | 2008 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2008，14，28： | 10 |
| 5 | 急性脊髓损伤患者治疗的临床操作指南:关于MRI基线在临床治疗决策与结果预测中作用的几点建议(英文)显示文摘The objective of this guideline is to outline the role of magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) in clinical decision making and outcome prediction in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury(SCI).Methods A systematic review of the literature was conducted to address key questions related to the use of MRI in patients with traumatic SCI.This review focused on longitudinal studies that controlled for baseline neurologic status.A multidisciplinary Guideline Development Group(GDG) used this information,their clinical expertise,and patient input to develop recommendations on the use of MRI for SCI patients.Based on GRADE(Grading of Recommendation,Assessment,Development and Evaluation),a strong recommendation is worded as ' we recommend,' whereas a weaker recommendation is indicated by 'we suggest.' Results Based on the limited available evidence and the clinical expertise of the GDG,our recommendations were:(1) 'We suggest that MRI be performed in adult patients with acute SCI prior to surgical intervention,when feasible,to facilitate improved clinical decision-making'(quality of evidence,very low) and(2) 'We suggest that MRI should be performed in adult patients in the acute period following SCI,before or after surgical intervention,to improve prediction of neurologic outcome '(quality of evidence,low).Conclusions These guidelines should be implemented into clinical practice to improve outcomes and prognostication for patients with SCI. | Fehlings MG Martin AR Tetreault LA Aarabi B Anderson P Arnold PM Brodke D Burns AS Chiba K Dettori JR Furlan JC Hawryluk G Holly LT Howley S Jeji T Kalsi-Ryan S Kotter M Kurpad S Kwon BK Marino RJ Massicotte E Merli G Middleton JW Nakashima H Nagoshi N Palmieri K Singh A Skelly AC Tsai EC Vaccaro A Wilson JR Yee A Harrop JS | 2017 | 中华神经外科疾病研究杂志2017，16，6： | 8 |
| 6 | Enamel microabrasion: An overview of clinical and scientific considerations显示文摘Superficial stains and irregularities of the enamelare generally what prompt patients to seek dental intervention to improve their smile. These stains or defects may be due to hypoplasia, amelogenesis imperfecta, mineralized white spots, or fluorosis, for which enamel microabrasion is primarily indicated. Enamel microabrasion involves the use of acidic and abrasive agents, such as with 37% phosphoric acid and pumice or 6% hydrochloric acid and silica, applied to the altered enamel surface with mechanical pressure from a rubber cup coupled to a rotatory mandrel of a lowrotation micromotor. If necessary, this treatment can be safely combined with bleaching for better esthetic results. Recent studies show that microabrasion is a conservative treatment when the enamel wear is minimal and clinically imperceptible. The most important factor contributing to the success of enamel microabrasion is the depth of the defect, as deeper, opaque stains, such as those resulting from hypoplasia, cannot be resolved with microabrasion, and require a restorative approach. Surface enamel alterations that result from microabrasion, such as roughness and microhardness, are easily restored by saliva. Clinical studies support the efficacy and longevity of this safe and minimally invasive treatment. The present article presents the clinical and scientific aspects concerning the microabrasion technique, and discusses the indications for and effects of the treatment, including recent works describing microscopic and clinical evaluations. | Núbia Inocencya Pavesi Pini Daniel Sundfeld-Neto Flavio Henrique Baggio Aguiar Renato Herman Sundfeld Luis Roberto Marcondes Martins José Roberto Lovadino Débora Alves Nunes Leite Lima | 2015 | World Journal of Clinical Cases2015，3，1： | 6 |
| 7 | Comparing the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil after different bioremediation approaches in relation to the extracellular enzyme activities显示文摘A 120-day experiment was conducted to compare the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) from agricultural soil after natural attenuation(NA), phytoremediation(P), mycoremediation(M), and plant-assisted mycoremediation(PAM) approaches in relation to the extracellular enzyme activities in soil. The NA treatment removed the total soil PAH content negligibly. The P treatment using maize(Zea mays) enhanced only the removal of low and medium molecular PAHs. The Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated on 30–50 mm wood chip substrate used in M treatment was the most successful in the removal of majority PAHs. Therefore,significantly(p < 0.05) highest total PAH removal by 541.4 μg/kg dw(dry weight)(36%) from all tested M treatments was observed. When using the same fungal substrate together with maize in PAM treatment, the total PAH removal was not statistically different from the previous M treatment. However, the maize-assisted mycoremediation treatment significantly boosted fungal biomass, microbial and manganese peroxidase activity in soil which strongly correlated with the removal of total PAHs. The higher PAH removal in that PAM treatment could be reflected in the following post-harvest time. Our suggested M and PAM approaches could be promising in situ bioremediation strategies for PAH-contaminated soils. | Zdeněk Ko?ná? Tereza ?ástková Lucie Wiesnerová Luká? Praus Ivan Jablonsky Martin Koudela Pavel Tlusto? | 2019 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2019，31，2： | 6 |
| 8 | Subcycle control of terahertz waveform polarization using all-optically induced transient metamaterials显示文摘Coherent radiation with frequencies ranging from 0.3 to 30 THz has recently become accessible using femtosecond laser technology.These terahertz(THz)waves have already been applied in spectroscopy and imaging and can be manipulated using static optical elements such as lenses,polarizers and filters.However,ultrafast modulation of THz radiation is required as well,for instance,in short-range wireless communication or for preparing shaped THz transients for the coherent control of numerous material excitations.Here,we demonstrate an all-optically created transient metamaterial that allows us to manipulate the polarization of THz waveforms with subcycle switch-on times.The polarization-modulated pulses are potentially interesting for controlling elementary motions such as the vibration of crystal lattices,the rotation of molecules and the precession of spins. | N Kamaraju Andrea Rubano Linke Jian Surajit Saha T Venkatesan Jan Notzold R Kramer Campen Martin Wolf Tobias Kampfrath | 2014 | Light(Science & Applications)2014，3，1： | 5 |
| 9 | Living in a High Mountain Border Region:the Case of the'Bhotiyas'of the Indo-Chinese Border Region显示文摘This article introduces one of South Asia's most important border regions into academic discourse, namely, the Central Himalayan mountain rim separating India and the Tibetan Autonomous Region (People's Republic of China). What makes this border region so interesting is a tangled interplay of changing environmental, cultural, and political forms to which the local populations constantly have to adapt in order to make a living there. We focused on the so-called 'Bhotiyas' of Uttarakhand, former trans-Himalayan traders whose ethnicity and livelihood was traditionally associated with the Indo-Chinese border that was sealed as a result of the India-China war in 1962. Drawing on the work of borderland scholarship, we identified the key processes and developments that changed the perspective of this area. Competing political aspirations as well as the 'Bhotiyas' countervailing strategies were considered equally important for understanding local livelihoods and identities within the dynamics of a 'high mountain border region'. Through an exemplary analysis of historical differences of power in one 'Bhotiya' valley, we further explored the ways in which shifting socio-spatial constellations are creatively re-interpreted by the borderlanders. | Christoph Bergmann Martin Gerwin Marcus Nüsser William S.Sax | 2008 | Journal of Mountain Science2008，5，3： | 5 |
| 10 | Decreased Levels of Plasma Vitamin C and Increased Concentrations of Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Markers After Stroke显示文摘 | Concepción Sánchez-Moreno John F. Dashe Tammy Scott David Thaler Marshal F. Folstein Antonio Martin | 2004 | Stroke: Journal of the American Heart Association2004，，1： | 4 |
| 11 | Multiple haploids, triploids, and tetraploids found in modern-day “living fossil” Ginkgo biloba显示文摘Ginkgo biloba,the last extant representative of a lineage of Mesozoic gymnosperms,is one of the few seed plants with an exceptionally long(~300 Myr)evolutionary history free of genome-wide duplications(polyploidy).Despite this genome conservatism,we have recently found a viable spontaneous tetraploid Ginkgo sapling during routine screening of several plants,demonstrating that natural polyploidy is possible in Ginkgo.Here we provide a much wider flow cytometry survey of ploidy in some European Ginkgo collections,and own seedlings(>2200 individuals and~200 cultivars).We found a surprisingly high level of ploidy variation in modern-day Ginkgo and documented altogether 13 haploid,3 triploid,and 10 tetraploid Ginkgo plants or cultivars,most of them being morphologically distinct from common diploids.Haploids frequently produced polyploid(dihaploid)buds or branches.Tetraploids showed some genome size variation.The surveyed plants provide a unique resource for future Ginkgo research and breeding,and they might be used to accelerate the modern diversification of this nearly extinct plant lineage. | PetrŠmarda Lucie Horová Ondřej Knápek Heidi Dieck Martin Dieck Katarína Ražná Pavel Hrubík Laszlo Orlóci Laszlo Papp Kristýna Veselá Pavel Veselý Petr Bureš | 2018 | Horticulture Research2018，5，1： | 4 |
| 12 | A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010显示文摘 | Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman Goodarz Danaei Kenji Shibuya Heather Adair-Rohani Mohammad A AlMazroa Markus Amann H Ross Anderson Kathryn G Andrews Martin Aryee Charles Atkinson Loraine J Bacchus Adil N Bahalim Kalpana Balakrishnan John Balmes S | 2012 | 2012 (9859)2012，，9859： | 3 |
| 13 | Gastro-duodenal disease in Africa: Literature review and clinical data from Accra, Ghana显示文摘Gastroduodenal disease(GDD)was initially thought to be uncommon in Africa.Amongst others,lack of access to optimal health infrastructure and suspicion of conventional medicine resulted in the reported prevalence of GDD being significantly lower than that in other areas of the world.Following the increasing availability of flexible upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy,it has now become apparent that GDD,especially peptic ulcer disease(PUD),is prevalent across the continent of Africa.Recognised risk factors for gastric cancer(GCA)include Helicobater pylori(H.pylori),diet,Epstein-Barr virus infection and industrial chemical exposure,while those for PUD are H.pylori,non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug(NSAID)-use,smoking and alcohol consumption.Of these,H.pylori is generally accepted to be causally related to the development of atrophic gastritis(AG),intestinal metaplasia(IM),PUD and distal GCA.Here,we perform a systematic review of the patterns of GDD across Africa obtained with endoscopy,and complement the analysis with new data obtained on premalignant gastric his-topathological lesions in Accra,Ghana which was compared with previous data from Maputo,Mozambique.As there is a general lack of structured cohort studies in Africa,we also considered endoscopy-based hospital or tertiary centre studies of symptomatic individuals.In Africa,there is considerable heterogeneity in the prevalence of PUD with no clear geographical patterns.Furthermore,there are differences in PUD within-country despite universally endemic H.pylori infection.PUD is not uncommon in Africa.Most of the African tertiary-centre studies had higher prevalence of PUD when compared with similar studies in western countries.An additional intriguing observation is a recent,ongoing decline in PUD in some African countries where H.pylori infection is still high.One possible reason for the high,sustained prevalence of PUD may be the significant use of NSAIDs in local or over-the-counter preparations.The prevalence of AG and IM,were similar or modestly higher over rates in western countries but lower than those seen in Asia..In our new data,sampling of 136 patients in Accra detected evidence of pre-malignant lesions(AG and/or IM)in 20 individuals(14.7%).Likewise,the prevalence of pre-malignant lesions,in a sample of 109 patients from Maputo,were 8.3%AG and 8.3%IM.While H.pylori is endemic in Africa,the observed prevalence for GCA is rather low.However,cancer data is drawn from country cancer registries that are not comprehensive due to considerable variation in the availability of efficient local cancer reporting systems,diagnostic health facilities and expertise.Validation of cases and their source as well as specificity of outcome definitions are not explicit in most studies further contributing to uncertainty about the precise incidence rates of GCA on the continent.We conclude that evidence is still lacking to support(or not)the African enigma theory due to inconsistencies in the data that indicate a particularly low incidence of GDD in African countries. | Timothy N Archampong Richard H Asmah Cathy J Richards Vicki J Martin Christopher D Bayliss Edília Botao Leonor David Sandra Beleza Carla Carrilho | 2019 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2019，25，26： | 3 |
| 14 | 烤烟,白肋烟和香料烟(Nicotiana tabacum)烟叶中镉浓度的调查显示文摘 | LLUGON-MOULIN N MARTIN F KRAUSS M R RAMEY P B ROSSIL 吴晓芸(译) 康婧(校) | 2006 | 中国烟草学报2006，12，6： | 3 |
| 15 | Therapeutics administered during ex vivo liver machine perfusion:An overview显示文摘Although the use of extended criteria donors has increased the pool of available livers for transplant,it has also introduced the need to develop improved methods of protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury(IRI),as these'marginal'organs are particularly vulnerable to IRI during the process of procurement,preservation,surgery,and post-transplantation.In this review,we explore the current basic science research investigating therapeutics administered during ex vivo liver machine perfusion aimed at mitigating the effects of IRI in the liver transplantation process.These various categories of therapeutics are utilized during the perfusion process and include invoking the RNA interference pathway,utilizing defatting cocktails,and administering classes of agents such as vasodilators,anti-inflammatory drugs,human liver stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles,and δ-opioid agonists in order to reduce the damage of IRI.Ex vivo machine perfusion is an attractive alternative to static cold storage due to its ability to continuously perfuse the organ,effectively deliver substrates and oxygen required for cellular metabolism,therapeutically administer pharmacological or cytoprotective agents,and continuously monitor organ viability during perfusion.The use of administered therapeutics during machine liver perfusion has demonstrated promising results in basic science studies.While novel therapeutic approaches to combat IRI are being developed through basic science research,their use in clinical medicine and treatment in patients for liver transplantation has yet to be explored. | Julianna E Buchwald Jing Xu Adel Bozorgzadeh Paulo N Martins | 2020 | World Journal of Transplantation2020，10，1： | 3 |
| 16 | Defining pelvic-radiation disease for the survivorship era显示文摘 | H Jervoise N Andreyev Andrew Wotherspoon James W Denham Martin Hauer-Jensen | 2010 | Lancet Oncology2010，，4： | 2 |
| 17 | 反思金融深化:新兴市场的稳定与发展显示文摘有深度和流动性良好的金融系统,加上有丰富的金融工具可抵御金融冲击,还可以增加一国金融的稳定性。但是金融发展或许存在一个边界,越过此边界进一步发展其收益或将下降。本文通过研究新兴市场发现:一、大部分新兴市场金融进一步发展仍然对经济的增长和稳定有利。二、金融发展对经济增长的促进作用是倒U型的,在越过高点之后金融深化对要素生产率的促进作用将下降。三、如果金融发展过快,快速深化的金融产业可能引发经济和金融动荡。四、提升金融稳定与金融发展之间没有太大冲突,更好的金融监管有助于提升金融稳定,促进金融发展。五、发展金融机构或金融市场不存在通用的顺序,尽管前者对经济的作用在下降而后者在上升。 | IMF课题组 Ratna Sahay Martin Cihak Papa N’Diaye Adolfo Barajas Ran Bi Diana Ayala Yuan Gao Annette Kyobe Lam Nguyen Christian Saborowski Katsiaryna Svirydzenka Seyed Reza Yousefi 胡妍斌 王辰 | 2015 | 新金融2015，0，10： | 2 |
| 18 | A high-rate,high-capacity,nanostructrued Sn-based anode prepared using sol-gel template synthesis显示文摘 | Li N C Martin C R | 2001 | J Electrochem Soc2001，148，2： | 2 |
| 19 | Potential approaches to improve the outcomes of donation after cardiac death liver grafts显示文摘There is a growing discrepancy between the supply and demand of livers for transplantation resulting in high mortality rates on the waiting list. One of the options to decrease the mortality on the waiting list is to optimize organs with inferior quality that otherwise would be discarded. Livers from donation after cardiac death(DCD) donors are frequently discarded because they are exposed to additional warm ischemia time, and this might lead to primary-non-function, delayed graft function, or severe biliary complications. In order to maximize the usage of DCD livers several new preservation approaches have been proposed. Here, we will review 3 innovative organ preservation methods:(1) different ex vivo perfusion techniques;(2) persufflation with oxygen; and(3) addition of thrombolytic therapy. Improvement of the quality of DCD liver grafts could increase the pool of liver graft's for transplantation, improve the outcomes, and decrease the mortality on the waiting list. | Paria Mahboub Adel Bozorgzadeh Paulo N Martins | 2016 | World Journal of Transplantation2016，6，2： | 2 |
| 20 | Advances and new perspectives in the treatment of metastatic colon cancer显示文摘During the last decade we have witnessed an unprec-edented outburst of new treatment approaches for the management of metastatic colon cancer.Anti-angio-genic drugs,epidermal growth factor receptor blockers and multi-kinase inhibitors have all resulted in small but consistent improvement in clinical outcomes.However,this progress has paradoxically leaded us into new chal-lenges.In many cases the clinical development was done in parallel and the lack of head-to-head compari-son evolved into circumstances where several valid new'standards of care'are available.Even though desir-able in essence,the availability of many options as well as different possible combinations frequently leaves the busy clinician in the difficult situation of having to choose between one or the other,sometimes without solid evidence to support each decision.In addition,progress never stops and new agents are continuously tested.For these reason this review will try to summa-rize all the clinical trials that constitute the theoretical framework that support our daily practice but will also procure the reader with rational answers to common clinical dilemmas by critically appraising the current literature.Lastly,we will provide with a compilation of promising new agents that may soon become our next line of defense against this deadly disease. | Gonzalo Recondo Jr Enrique Díaz-Cantón Máximo de la Vega Martin Greco Gonzalo Recondo Sr Matias E Valsecchi | 2014 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology2014，6，7： | 2 |
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