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| 1 | An updated estimation of the risk of transmission of the novel coronavirus(2019-nCov)显示文摘The basic reproduction number of an infectious agent is the average number of infections one case can generate over the course of the infectious period,in a naïve,uninfected population.It is well-known that the estimation of this number may vary due to several methodological issues,including different assumptions and choice of parameters,utilized models,used datasets and estimation period.With the spreading of the novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV)infection,the reproduction number has been found to vary,reflecting the dynamics of transmission of the coronavirus outbreak as well as the case reporting rate.Due to significant variations in the control strategies,which have been changing over time,and thanks to the introduction of detection technologies that have been rapidly improved,enabling to shorten the time from infection/symptoms onset to diagnosis,leading to faster confirmation of the new coronavirus cases,our previous estimations on the transmission risk of the 2019-nCoV need to be revised.By using time-dependent contact and diagnose rates,we refit our previously proposed dynamics transmission model to the data available until January 29th,2020 and re-estimated the effective daily reproduction ratio that better quantifies the evolution of the interventions.We estimated when the effective daily reproduction ratio has fallen below 1 and when the epidemics will peak.Our updated findings suggest that the best measure is persistent and strict self-isolation.The epidemics will continue to grow,and can peak soon with the peak time depending highly on the public health interventions practically implemented. | Biao Tang Nicola Luigi Bragazzi Qian Li Sanyi Tang Yanni Xiao Jianhong Wu | 2020 | Infectious Disease Modelling2020，5，1： | 54 |
| 2 | Redox imbalance stress in diabetes mellitus: Role of the polyol pathway显示文摘In diabetes mellitus, the polyol pathway is highly active and consumes approximately 30% glucose in the body. This pathway contains 2 reactions catalyzed by aldose reductase(AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase, respectively. AR reduces glucose to sorbitol at the expense of NADPH, while sorbitol dehydrogenase converts sorbitol to fructose at the expense of NAD+, leading to NADH production. Consumption of NADPH, accumulation of sorbitol, and generation of fructose and NADH have all been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. In this review, the roles of this pathway in NADH/NAD+redox imbalance stress and oxidative stress in diabetes are highlighted. A potential intervention using nicotinamide riboside to restore redox balance as an approach to fighting diabetes is also discussed. | Liang-jun Yan | 2018 | Animal Models and Experimental Medicine2018，1，1： | 22 |
| 3 | Age-related rhesus macaque models of COVID-19显示文摘Background:Since December 2019,an outbreak of the Corona Virus disease 2019(COVID-19)caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus(SARS-CoV-2)in Wuhan,China,has become a public health emergency of international concern.The high fatality of aged cases caused by SARS-CoV-2 was a need to explore the possible age-related phenomena with non-human primate models.Methods:Three 3-5 years old and two 15 years old rhesus macaques were intratracheally infected with SARS-CoV-2,and then analyzed by clinical signs,viral replication,chest X-ray,histopathological changes and immune response.Results:Viral replication of nasopharyngeal swabs,anal swabs and lung in old monkeys was more active than that in young monkeys for 14 days after SARS-CoV-2 challenge.Monkeys developed typical interstitial pneumonia characterized by thickened alveolar septum accompanied with inflammation and edema,notably,old monkeys exhibited diffuse severe interstitial pneumonia.Viral antigens were detected mainly in alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages.Conclusion:SARS-CoV-2 caused more severe interstitial pneumonia in old monkeys than that in young monkeys.Rhesus macaque models infected with SARS-CoV-2 provided insight into the pathogenic mechanism and facilitated the development of vaccines and therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 infection. | Pin Yu Feifei Qi Yanfeng Xu Fengdi Li Peipei Liu Jiayi Liu Linlin Bao Wei Deng Hong Gao Zhiguang Xiang Chong Xiao Qi Lv Shuran Gong Jiangning Liu Zhiqi Song Yajin Qu Jing Xue Qiang Wei Mingya Liu Guanpeng Wang Shunyi Wang Haisheng Yu Xing Liu Baoying Huang Wenling Wang Li Zhao Huijuan Wang Fei Ye Weimin Zhou Wei Zhen Jun Han Guizhen Wu Qi Jin Jianwei Wang Wenjie Tan Chuan Qin | 2020 | Animal Models and Experimental Medicine2020，3，1： | 22 |
| 4 | Chinese herb feed additives improved the growth performance, meat quality, and nutrient digestibility parameters of pigs显示文摘Background:Since the use of antibiotics in animal feed has become a critical concern worldwide due to severe threats to human health and environment,we are in need of finding alternatives to antibiotics in pig breeding,maintaining the health of pigs,and getting high-quality pork.As traditional Chinese herbs(TCH)are rich natural resources in China and show great benefits to human health we propose to transfer this abundant resource into animal production industry as additives.Methods:Three groups of Chinese herbs(groups A,B,and C)were used as feed additives in the diet for pigs.In total 32 pigs were arranged in four groups(groups A,B,C,and control group,NC),fed in the same facility,eight pigs(one group)in each colony,free drinking,for 120 days.The feed:gain ratio(F/G),meat quality,total protein,and amino acid concentration of muscle were checked in the experiments.Results:After 120 days of feeding,the feed:gain ratio(F/G)of pigs in groups A,B,and C was decreased 17.56%,9.31%,and 13.86%compared with NC treatment,respectively.The diets supplemented with Chinese herbs improved meat quality,increased loin eye area(especially group A and C showed significant difference,P<.001),the total protein(increased ratio vs NC was A=4.54%,B=0.38%and C=3.53%),amino acid concentration of muscle,increased the villus height:crypt depth ratio,and induced positive effects on serum biochemical parameters and immune function(serum TC and TG concentrations were significantly lower than those in the NC group,P<.05.).Conclusions:The use of Chinese herbal feed additives can reduce the cost of pig breeding and produce high-quality pock.The combination of these effects would contribute to better absorption ability of the intestinal tract and yield a better growth performance. | Zhong-ning Lin Li Ye Zhen-wu Li Xiu-sheng Huang Zheng Lu You-quan Yang Huan-wei Xing Jie-ying Bai Zhao-yang Ying | 2020 | Animal Models and Experimental Medicine2020，3，1： | 17 |
| 5 | Transmission potential of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) onboard the diamond Princess Cruises Ship, 2020显示文摘An outbreak of COVID-19 developed aboard the Princess Cruises Ship during January eFebruary 2020.Using mathematical modeling and time-series incidence data describing the trajectory of the outbreak among passengers and crew members,we characterize how the transmission potential varied over the course of the outbreak.Our estimate of the mean reproduction number in the confined setting reached values as high as^11,which is higher than mean estimates reported from community-level transmission dynamics in China and Singapore(approximate range:1.1e7).Our findings suggest that Rt decreased substantially compared to values during the early phase after the Japanese government implemented an enhanced quarantine control.Most recent estimates of Rt reached values largely below the epidemic threshold,indicating that a secondary outbreak of the novel coronavirus was unlikely to occur aboard the Diamond Princess Ship. | Kenji Mizumoto Gerardo Chowell | 2020 | Infectious Disease Modelling2020，5，1： | 14 |
| 6 | Real-time forecasts of the COVID-19 epidemic in China from February 5th to February 24th,2020显示文摘The initial cluster of severe pneumonia cases that triggered the COVID-19 epidemic was identified inWuhan,China in December 2019.While early cases of the disease were linked to a wet market,human-to-human transmission has driven the rapid spread of the virus throughout China.The Chinese government has implemented containment strategies of city-wide lockdowns,screening at airports and train stations,and isolation of suspected patients;however,the cumulative case count keeps growing every day.The ongoing outbreak presents a challenge for modelers,as limited data are available on the early growth trajectory,and the epidemiological characteristics of the novel coronavirus are yet to be fully elucidated.We use phenomenological models that have been validated during previous outbreaks to generate and assess short-term forecasts of the cumulative number of confirmed reported cases in Hubei province,the epicenter of the epidemic,and for the overall trajectory in China,excluding the province of Hubei.We collect daily reported cumulative confirmed cases for the 2019-nCoV outbreak for each Chinese province from the National Health Commission of China.Here,we provide 5,10,and 15 day forecasts for five consecutive days,February 5th through February 9th,with quantified uncertainty based on a generalized logistic growth model,the Richards growth model,and a sub-epidemic wave model.Our most recent forecasts reported here,based on data up until February 9,2020,largely agree across the three models presented and suggest an average range of 7409e7496 additional confirmed cases in Hubei and 1128e1929 additional cases in other provinces within the next five days.Models also predict an average total cumulative case count between 37,415 and 38,028 in Hubei and 11,588e13,499 in other provinces by February 24,2020.Mean estimates and uncertainty bounds for both Hubei and other provinces have remained relatively stable in the last three reporting dates(February 7th e 9th).We also observe that each of the models predicts that the epidemic has reached saturation in both Hubei and other provinces.Our findings suggest that the containment strategies implemented in China are successfully reducing transmission and that the epidemic growth has slowed in recent days. | K.Roosa Y.Lee R.Luo A.Kirpich R.Rothenberg J.M.Hyman P.Yan G.Chowell | 2020 | Infectious Disease Modelling2020，5，1： | 12 |
| 7 | Long noncoding RNAs in neurodevelopment and Parkinson’s disease显示文摘Long noncoding RNAs(lnc RNAs) are RNA molecules comprising more than 200 nucleotides, which are not translated into proteins. Many studies have shown that lnc RNAs are involved in regulating a variety of biological processes, including immune, cancer, stress, development and differentiation at the transcriptional, epigenetic or post-transcriptional levels. Here, we review the role of lnc RNAs in the process of neurodevelopment, neural differentiation, synaptic function, and pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease(PD). These pathomechanisms include protein misfolding and aggregation, disordered protein degradation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, autophagy, apoptosis, and neuroinflammation. This information will provide the basis of lnc RNA-based disease diagnosis and drug treatment for PD. | Ying Lyu Lin Bai Chuan Qin | 2019 | Animal Models and Experimental Medicine2019，2，4： | 10 |
| 8 | Animal models of stroke显示文摘Stroke is a devastating disease with high morbidity and mortality.Animal models are indispensable tools that can mimic stroke processes and can be used for investigating mechanisms and developing novel therapeutic regimens.As a heterogeneous disease with complex pathophysiology,mimicking all aspects of human stroke in one animal model is impossible.Each model has unique strengths and weaknesses.Models such as transient or permanent intraluminal thread occlusion middle cerebral artery oc-clusion(MCAo)models and thromboembolic models are the most commonly used in simulating human ischemic stroke.The endovascular filament occlusion model is characterized by easy manipulation and accurately controllable reperfusion and is suitable for studying the pathogenesis of focal ischemic stroke and reperfusion in-jury.Although the reproducibility of the embolic model is poor,it is more conveni-ent for investigating thrombolysis.Rats are the most frequently used animal model for stroke.This review mainly outlines the stroke models of rats and discusses their strengths and shortcomings in detail. | Yanyu Li Jingjing Zhang | 2021 | Animal Models and Experimental Medicine2021，4，3： | 9 |
| 9 | A primer on model selection using the Akaike Information Criterion显示文摘A powerful investigative tool in biology is to consider not a single mathematical model but a collection of models designed to explore different working hypotheses and select the best model in that collection.In these lecture notes,the usual workflow of the use of mathematical models to investigate a biological problem is described and the use of a collection of model is motivated.Models depend on parameters that must be estimated using observations;and when a collection of models is considered,the best model has then to be identified based on available observations.Hence,model calibration and selection,which are intrinsically linked,are essential steps of the workflow.Here,some procedures for model calibration and a criterion,the Akaike Information Criterion,of model selection based on experimental data are described.Rough derivation,practical technique of computation and use of this criterion are detailed. | Stéphanie Portet | 2020 | Infectious Disease Modelling2020，5，1： | 9 |
| 10 | Research progress on the relationship between intestinal microecology and intestinal bowel disease显示文摘Intestinal microecology is the main component of human microecology.Intestinal microecology consists of intestinal microbiota,intestinal epithelial cells,and intestinal mucosal immune system.These components are interdependent and establish a complex interaction network that restricts each other.According to the impact on the human body,there are three categories of symbiotic bacteria,opportunistic pathogens,and pathogenic bacteria.The intestinal microecology participates in digestion and absorption,and material metabolism,and inhibits the growth of pathogenic microorganisms.It also acts as the body’s natural immune barrier,regulates the innate immunity of the intestine,controls the mucosal barrier function,and also participates in the intestinal epithelial cells’physiological activities such as hyperplasia or apoptosis.When the steady-state balance of the intestinal microecology is disturbed,the existing core intestinal microbiota network changes and leads to obesity,diabetes,and many other diseases,especially irritable bowel syndrome,inflammatory bowel disease(IBD),and colorectal malignancy.Intestinal diseases,including tumors,are particularly closely related to intestinal microecology.This article systematically discusses the research progress on the relationship between IBD and intestinal microecology from the pathogenesis,treatment methods of IBD,and the changes in intestinal microbiota. | Qianhui Fu Tianyuan Song Xiaoqin Ma Jian Cui | 2022 | Animal Models and Experimental Medicine2022，5，4： | 9 |
| 11 | Fitting dynamic models to epidemic outbreaks with quantified uncertainty:A primer for parameter uncertainty,identifiability,and forecasts显示文摘Mathematical models provide a quantitative framework with which scientists can assess hypotheses on the potential underlying mechanisms that explain patterns in observed data at different spatial and temporal scales,generate estimates of key kinetic parameters,assess the impact of interventions,optimize the impact of control strategies,and generate forecasts.We review and illustrate a simple data assimilation framework for calibrating mathematical models based on ordinary differential equation models using time series data describing the temporal progression of case counts relating,for instance,to population growth or infectious disease transmission dynamics.In contrast to Bayesian estimation approaches that always raise the question of how to set priors for the parameters,this frequentist approach relies on modeling the error structure in the data.We discuss issues related to parameter identifiability,uncertainty quantification and propagation as well as model performance and forecasts along examples based on phenomenological and mechanistic models parameterized using simulated and real datasets. | Gerardo Chowell | 2017 | Infectious Disease Modelling2017，2，3： | 8 |
| 12 | The intestinal microbiome and Alzheimer's disease: A review显示文摘Alzheimer's disease(AD) is an increasingly common neurodegenerative disease.Since the intestinal microbiome is closely related to nervous system diseases, alterations in the composition of intestinal microbiota could potentially contribute to the pathophysiology of AD. However, how the initial interactions with intestinal microbes alter events later in life, such as during neurodegenerative diseases, is still unclear. This review summarizes what is known about the relationship between the intestinal microbiome and AD. | Zhuo Li Hua Zhu Ling Zhang Chuan Qin | 2018 | Animal Models and Experimental Medicine2018，1，3： | 8 |
| 13 | Application of bone transgenic zebrafish in anti-osteoporosis chemical screening显示文摘Background: The zebrafish(Danio rerio) has recently been shown to be an ideal model to study bone disease including osteoporosis. The zebrafish osteoporosis model could be induced by glucocorticoid treatment with chemical staining for reflecting the level of bone mineralization. However, this methodology was unstable.Here, we developed a novel methodology to directly evaluate the bone mass and density.Methods: We generated and used the bone of transgenic zebrafish Tg(ola.sp7:nlsGFP) to evaluate the bone mass and density by measuring the areal extent and the integrated optical density(IOD) of enhanced green fluorescent protein(eGFP).This methodology was further compared with the traditional chemically stained method showing the bone mineralization. Furthermore, genes related to zebrafish osteoporosis were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR).Results: Our results of new methods were consistent with those from chemically stained fish, following glucocorticoid-induction or epimedium flavonoid(FE)-rescue treatments. q RT-PCR analyses on mRNA levels revealed that glucocorticoid induces osteoporosis by downregulating the expression of osteoblast-related factors osterix,osteocalcin, and osteopontin, and upregulating the expression of osteoclast-related factor tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. In FE-rescued fish, the expression of osteogenic factors osterix, osteocalcin, and osteopontin were increased.Conclusion: Compared to the traditional chemical staining methods, the new osteoporosis model using Tg(ola.sp7:nlsGFP) is more convenient and efficient for studying osteoporosis in vivo, and especially for high-throughput anti-osteoporosis drug screening. | Hong-xin Huang Hao Lin Fen Lan Yong-fu Wu Zhen-guo Yang Jing-jing Zhang | 2018 | Animal Models and Experimental Medicine2018，1，1： | 8 |
| 14 | Numerical Investigation of Penetration in Ceramic/Aluminum Targets Using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Method and Presenting a Modified Analytical Model显示文摘Radius of ceramic cone can largely contribute into final solution of analytic models of penetration into ceramic/metal targets.In the present research,a modified model based on radius of ceramic cone was presented for ceramic/aluminum targets.In order to investigate and evaluate accuracy of the presented analytic model,obtained results were compared against the results of the Florence’s analytic model and also against numerical modeling results.The phenomenon of impact onto ceramic/aluminum composites were modeled using smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH)implemented utilizing ABAQUS Software.Results indicated that,with increasing initial velocity and ceramic thickness and decreasing support layer thickness,the radius of ceramic cone decreases;this ends up increasing residual velocity of the projectile and penetration time and extending the area across which the pressure is distributed.These findings indicate enhanced levels of target energy absorption and the required energy for bending and tensioning the target.As such,it can be observed that,at the same thickness and areal density,the ceramic target has its efficiency enhanced with increasing ceramic thickness and decreasing the support layer thickness.Finally,the results revealed that the associated data with SPH confirm the modified analytic model at higher accuracy than the Florence’s analytic model. | Ehsan Hedayati Mohammad Vahedi | 2017 | Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences2017，，3： | 8 |
| 15 | To mask or not to mask:Modeling the potential for face mask use by the general public to curtail the COVID-19 pandemic显示文摘Face mask use by the general public for limiting the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic is controversial,though increasingly recommended,and the potential of this intervention is not well understood.We develop a compartmental model for assessing the communitywide impact of mask use by the general,asymptomatic public,a portion of which may be asymptomatically infectious.Model simulations,using data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Washington,suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective face masks may meaningfully reduce community transmission of COVID-19 and decrease peak hospitalizations and deaths.Moreover,mask use decreases the effective transmission rate in nearly linear proportion to the product of mask effectiveness(as a fraction of potentially infectious contacts blocked)and coverage rate(as a fraction of the general population),while the impact on epidemiologic outcomes(death,hospitalizations)is highly nonlinear,indicating masks could synergize with other nonpharmaceutical measures.Notably,masks are found to be useful with respect to both preventing illness in healthy persons and preventing asymptomatic transmission.Hypothetical mask adoption scenarios,for Washington and New York state,suggest that immediate near universal(80%)adoption of moderately(50%)effective masks could prevent on the order of 17e45%of projected deaths over two months in New York,while decreasing the peak daily death rate by 34e58%,absent other changes in epidemic dynamics.Even very weak masks(20%effective)can still be useful if the underlying transmission rate is relatively low or decreasing:InWashington,where baseline transmission is much less intense,80%adoption of such masks could reduce mortality by 24e65%(and peak deaths 15e69%),compared to 2e9%mortality reduction in New York(peak death reduction 9e18%).Our results suggest use of face masks by the general public is potentially of high value in curtailing community transmission and the burden of the pandemic.The community-wide benefits are likely to be greatest when face masks are used in conjunction with other non-pharmaceutical practices(such as social-distancing),and when adoption is nearly universal(nation-wide)and compliance is high. | Steffen E.Eikenberry Marina Mancuso Enahoro Iboi Tin Phan Keenan Eikenberry Yang Kuang Eric Kostelich Abba B.Gumel | 2020 | Infectious Disease Modelling2020，5，1： | 8 |
| 16 | Guidelines for the ethical review of laboratory animal welfare People’s Republic of China National Standard GB/T 35892-2018 [Issued 6 February 2018 Effective from 1 September 2018]显示文摘These Chinese National Guidelines(GB/T 35892-20181)were issued February 06,2018 and became effective September 01,2018.The authors recognized the urgent need for an authentic English translation to inform the international community of the compliance requirements in China.It was appreciated that the final translation must reflect the specialist understanding of those working under the Guideline whilst remaining faithful to the meaning of the original Chinese text.A three-step translation process was therefore determined.Step 1:A professional interpretation service(KL Communications,UK)was commissioned to prepare a literal translation of the Chinese text.Supportive documents were provided which explained specialist terminology.This translation was checked by two bilingual experts.Step 2:A workshop was held in Nanjing in May 2019 to which were invited experts in laboratory animal welfare and ethical use.These included international native English-speaking and Chinese-speaking delegates.The delegates worked in multilingual teams to review sections of the literal translation ahead of the workshop,and to agree an authentic interpretation during the workshop.Step 3:Following the workshop,three bilingual experts(two native Chinese speakers and one native English speaker)reviewed the entire document to ensure consistency of terminology and general accuracy.This document is thus not a“literal translation”but an“accurate interpretation”of the original text.Any challenge of work being performed under these Guidelines should rely on the Chinese text in the first place.However,this translation may be used as mitigating evidence,especially where those performing the work are non-Chinese speakers. | Judy A.MacArthur Clark Deming Sun | 2020 | Animal Models and Experimental Medicine2020，3，1： | 8 |
| 17 | To develop a novel animal model of myocardial infarction:A research imperative显示文摘Although great progress has been made in therapeutic interventions for coronary artery disease(CAD), it is still the deadliest disease in the world. Currently animals that are similar to human beings in their cardiovascular pathophysiology are being used to explore the pathogenesis and therapy of CAD. There have been a series of developments in creating CAD animal models using mice, rats,rabbits, dogs, and pigs, but unfortunately there is still no acceptable model for human CAD. The ideal CAD animal model should satisfy several conditions as follows. First of all, it should have a pathophysiological process for CAD that is similar to humans. Second, it should be useable for assessing drug efficacy. The last and most important condition is that the model can be used to duplicate clinical therapeutic skills. The limitations of current methods for making animal models have meant that these models not only do not duplicate the actual pathogenesis, but also cannot be used to simulate clinical therapy, and do not support scientific evaluation of drug efficacy. Therefore, the development of a fit-for-purpose animal model for CAD is imperative for future research. Such a development will lead to rapid progress and greater efficiency in CAD research.This paper summarizes the present situation in the field of CAD animal models,and puts forwards ideas for developing a novel animal model of myocardial infarction. | Yao-ping Tang Ying Liu Yong-jie Fan Yang-yang Zhao Jiao-qun Feng Yuan Liu | 2018 | Animal Models and Experimental Medicine2018，1，1： | 7 |
| 18 | Optimization of food deprivation and sucrose preference test in SD rat model undergoing chronic unpredictable mild stress显示文摘Background:The chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS)model has long been considered the best model for exploring the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying depression.However,there are no widely recognised standards for strategies for modeling and for behavioral testing.The present study aimed to optimize the protocols for food deprivation and the sucrose preference test(SPT)for the CUMS model.Methods:We first evaluated the effects of different long periods of food deprivation on the body weight of Sprague Dawley(SD)rats by testing food deprivation for 24 hours(8:00-8:00^+),food deprivation for 12 hours during the daytime(8:00-20:00)and food deprivation for 12 hours at night(20:00-8:00^+).Next,we established a SD rat CUMS model with 15 different stimulations,and used body weight measurement,SPT,forced swim test(FST),open field test(OFT)and Morris water maze(MWM)test to verify the success of the modeling.In the SPT,consumption of sucrose and pure water within 1 and 12 hours was measured.Results:Twelve hours of food deprivation during the daytime(8:00-20:00)had no effect on body weight,while 12 hours of food deprivation at night(20:00-8:00^+)and 24 hours of food deprivation(8:00-8:00^+)significantly reduced the mean body weight of the SD rats.When SPT was used to verify the successful establishment of the CUMS rat model,sucrose consumption measured within 12 hours was less variable than that measured within 1 hour.Conclusions:Twelve hours of food deprivation in the daytime(8:00-20:00)may be considered a mild stimulus for the establishment of a CUMS rat model.Measuring sucrose consumption over 12 hours is recommended for SPT. | Li-Wen He Li Zeng Na Tian Yi Li Tong He Dong-Mei Tan Qian Zhang Yi Tan | 2020 | Animal Models and Experimental Medicine2020，3，1： | 7 |
| 19 | Estimating epidemic exponential growth rate and basic reproduction number显示文摘The initial exponential growth rate of an epidemic is an important measure of the severeness of the epidemic,and is also closely related to the basic reproduction number.Estimating the growth rate from the epidemic curve can be a challenge,because of its decays with time.For fast epidemics,the estimation is subject to over-fitting due to the limited number of data points available,which also limits our choice of models for the epidemic curve.We discuss the estimation of the growth rate using maximum likelihood method and simple models. | Junling Ma | 2020 | Infectious Disease Modelling2020，5，1： | 7 |
| 20 | Animal models of acute gastric mucosal injury: Macroscopic and microscopic evaluation显示文摘Acute gastric mucosal injury is a common disorder of the gastrointestinal tract and the search for new therapeutics is ongoing. The aim of this study is to update and expand the information related to the most widely used rat models of acute gastric ulcer, the ethanol‐induced ulcer and the indomethacin‐induced ulcer. These two models are compared in terms of macroscopic and microscopic features. Experimentally, ethanol was given orally in a single dose and indomethacin was subcutaneously injected into male Wistar rats. After ulcerative challenges, the stomachs were removed and visually inspected. Anti‐ulcerative drugs were used to validate the models. Histological analysis of the stomachs determined the microscopic score. The methodology used for model evaluation applied to macroscopic and microscopic gastric lesions. With these methods it was possible to induce lesions in the gastric mucosa. Microscopic evaluation permitted assessment of the inflammatory and apoptotic impact in the mucosa not observable by macroscopic evaluation. Groups of animals were treated with two standard drugs: sulcralfate suspension or lansoprazole solution. Both drugs reduced macroscopic and microscopic lesions, particularly the hemorrhagic ones. Both models induced acute gastric mucosal injury and no single evaluation method can address all the aspects of the pathology of gastric lesions. As a complement to macroscopic evaluation, microscopy appears to be a relevant tool to selectively identify specific aspects of the development of mucosal injury, quantify the extent of lesions, and contribute to an appropriate interpretation of results. The score systems established here offer a reliable method for testing antiulcer drugs. | Sandra Simoes Rui Lopes Maria Celeste Dias Campos Maria Joao Marruz Maria Eugenia Meirinhos da Cruz Luisa Corvo | 2019 | Animal Models and Experimental Medicine2019，2，2： | 7 |
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