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| 1 | OBSERVATION AND MODEL ANALYSES OF POSITIVE CLOUD-TO-GROUND LIGHTNING IN MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS显示文摘The analyses of spatial and temporal characteristics of positive cloud-to-ground(CG)lightning for four mesoscaleconvective systems and two severe local convective systems in 1989 and 1990 show that positive CG flash rate usuallyhas two peak values.The major peak occurs during the developing stage of the storm and most of the positive CGflashes originate at the lower part of the storm.The minor occurs during the dissipative stage of the storm and most ofthe positive CG flashes originate at the upper part of the storm,especially in the region of the wind divergence in thestorm anvil.The positive CG flash rate is almost an order of magnitude larger in the developing stage than in thedissipative stage.The appearing time of the peak of negative CG flash rate is in accordance with that of the valley of pos-itive CG flash rate.The higher the intensity of the radar echo,the higher the positive CG flash rate.Most of the positive CG flashes oc-cur when the weak echo area is larger,and mostly originate in the region where the radar echo intensity is about 10dBzand in the back region of the moving storms.The spatial distribution of the positive CG flashes is much more dispersivethan that of the negative.The mesoscale analysis reveals a bipolar lightning pattern.The mean bipole--length reaches itsminimum during the mature stage of the storm and reaches the maximum during the developing stage of the storm.The vertical distribution of the charge density is calculated by a one-dimensional charging model.Then,we discussthe producing condition of the positive CG lightning and forming cause of charge structure mentioned above. | Yan Muhong Guo Changming Qie Xiushu Ge Zhengmo Zhang Guangshu Lanzhou Institute of Plateau Atmospheric Physics,Academia Sinica,Lanzhou 730000 | 1992 | Acta meteorologica Sinica1992，6，4： | 16 |
| 2 | Artificially triggered lightning and its characteristic discharge parameters in two severe thunderstorms显示文摘The lightning-induced-damages in the mid-latitude regions are usually caused during severe thunder-storms. But the discharge parameters of natural lightning are difficult to be measured. Five lightning flashes have been artificially triggered with the rocket-wire technique during the passage of two severe thunderstorms. The discharge current and close electric field of return stroke in artificially triggered lightning have been obtained in microsecond time resolution by using current measuring systems and electric field change sensors. The results show that the five triggered lightning flashes include 1 to 10 return strokes, and the average return stroke current is 11.9 kA with a maximum of 21.0 kA and a mini-mum of 6.6 kA, similar to the subsequent return strokes in natural lightning. The half peak width of the current waveform is 39 μs, which is much larger than the usual result. The peak current of stroke Ip (kA) and the neutralized charge Q(C) has a relationship of Ip = 18.5Q0.65. The radiation field of return stroke is 5.9 kV·m-1 and 0.39 kV·m-1 at 60 m and 550 m, respectively. The radiation field decreases as r -1.119 with increase of horizontal distance r from the discharge channel. Based on the well-accepted transmission line model, the speed of return stroke is estimated to be about 1.4×108 m·s-1, with a variation range of (1.1―1.6)×108 m·s-1. Because of the similarities of the triggered lightning and natural lightning, the results in this article can be used in the protection design of natural lightning. | QIE XiuShu ZHANG QiLin ZHOU YunJun FENG GuiLi ZHANG TingLong YANG Jing KONG XiangZhen XIAO QingFu WU ShuJun | 2007 | Science China Earth Sciences2007，50，8： | 16 |
| 3 | Charge Structure of a Summer Thunderstorm in North China:Simulation Using a Regional Atmospheric Model System显示文摘Electrification and simple discharge schemes are coupled into a 3D Regional Atmospheric Model System(RAMS) as microphysical parameterizations, in accordance with electrical experiment results. The dynamics, microphysics, and electrification components are fully integrated into the RAMS model, and the inductive and non-inductive electrification mechanisms are considered in the charging process. The results indicate that the thunderstorm mainly had a normal tripole charge structure.The simulated charge structure and lightning frequency are basically consistent with observations of the lightning radiation source distribution. The non-inductive charging mechanism contributed to the electrification during the whole lifetime of the thunderstorm, while the inductive electrification mechanism played a significant role in the development period and the mature stage when the electric field reached a large value. The charge structure in the convective region and the rearward region are analyzed, showing that the charge density in the convective region was double that in the rearward region. | LIU Dongxia QIE Xiushu PENG Liang LI Wanli | 2014 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2014，31，5： | 16 |
| 4 | Lightning Activity and Its Relation to the Intensity of Typhoons over the Northwest Pacific Ocean显示文摘Data from the World Wide Lightning Location Network(WWLLN) were used to analyze the lightning activity and the relationship between maximum sustained wind and lightning rate in 69 tropical cyclones over the Northwest Pacific Ocean from 2005 to 2009. The minimum lightning density was observed in the category 2 typhoon Kong-Rey(2007), with a value of only 1.15 d-1(100 km)-2. The maximum lightning density occurred in the category 2 typhoon Mitag(2007), with a value of 510.42 d-1(100 km)-2. The average lightning density decreased with radius from the typhoon center in both weak(categories 1–3) and super(categories 4–5) typhoons. The average lightning density in the inner core of super typhoons was more than twice as large as that for weak typhoons. Both groups of typhoons showed a near-monotonic decrease in lightning density with radius. Results also showed that lightning activity was more active in typhoons that made landfall than in those that did not. The mean correlation coefficient between the accumulated flashes within a 600-km radius and the maximum wind speed in the weak typhoons and super typhoons was 0.81 and 0.74, respectively. For more than 78%(56%) of the super(weak) typhoons, the lightning activity peaked before the maximum sustained wind speed, with the most common leading time being 30(60) h. The results suggest that, for the Northwest Pacific Ocean, lightning activity might be used as a measurement of the intensification of typhoons. | PAN Lunxiang QIE Xiushu WANG Dongfang | 2014 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2014，31，3： | 12 |
| 5 | Regional distribution and diurnal variation of deep convective systems over the Asian monsoon region显示文摘Using 12 years of data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM)-based Precipitation Radar(PR),spatial and diurnal variations of deep convective systems(DCSs)over the Asian monsoon region are analyzed.The DCSs are defined by a 20 dBZ echo top extending 14 km.The spatial distribution of DCSs genesis is also discussed,with reference to the National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)reanalysis data.The results show that DCSs occur mainly over land.They concentrate in south of 20°N during the pre-monsoon season,and then move distinctly to mid-latitude regions,with the most active region on the south slope of the Himalayas during monsoon season.DCSs over the Tibetan Plateau are more frequent than those in central-eastern China,but smaller in horizontal scale and weaker in convective intensity.DCSs in central-eastern China have more robust updrafts and generate more lightning flashes than in other Asian monsoon regions.The horizontal scale of DCSs over the ocean is larger than that over the other regions,and the corresponding minimum infrared(IR)brightness temperature is lower,whereas the convective intensity is weaker.Continental DCSs are more common from noon through midnight,and DCSs over the Tibetan Plateau are more frequently from noon through evening.Oceanic DCSs frequency has a weaker diurnal cycle with dawn maximum,and diurnal variation of DCSs over the tropical maritime continent is consistent with that over the continent. | WU XueKe QIE XiuShu YUAN Tie | 2013 | Science China Earth Sciences2013，56，5： | 9 |
| 6 | Observation and study on the whole process of cloud-to-ground lightning using narrowband radio interferometer显示文摘A narrowband radio interferometer has been developed and used to locate the entire sources of VHF radiations from a negative cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning discharge which contains 19 strokes. This system uses five antennas to form an array consisting of short- and long-baselines along two or- thogonal directions. The system error which comes from frequency conversion is reduced by phase detection through direct high frequency amplifying. An interactive graphic analysis procedure is used to remove the fringe ambiguities which exist inherently in interferometry and to determine the direction of lightning radiation sources in two dimensions (azimuth and elevation) as a function of time at a time resolution of microsecond orders. With the developed system, the whole progression process in time and space of a lightning flash can be reconstructed. In this paper, combining the synchronous data of electric filed change and VHF radiation, the whole processes of an example negative CG flash have been studied in detail. It is found that the preliminary breakdown event of the CG flash started from negative charge region and exhibited firstly a downward pregression and then an upward propagation. There were very intense and continuous radiations during stepped leaders which became much stronger when the first return stroke began. In contrast, there were less and only discrete radiations during dart leaders. Stepped leader and dart leader may transform to each other depending on the state of the ionization of the path. The progression speed of initial stepped leaders was about 105 ms?1, while that was about 4.1×106 and 6.0×106 ms?1 for dart leaders and dart-stepped leaders, respectively. M events produced hook-shaped field changes accompanied by active burst of radiations at their begin- nings. Followed these active radiation processes, M events appeared to contact finally into conducting main discharge channels. The mean progression speed of M events was about 7×107 ms?1, greater than that of the dart leaders and dart-step leaders. K events and attempted leaders were essentially the same as dart leaders except that they could not reach the ground and initiate return strokes. | ZHANG GuangShu ZHAO YuXiang QIE XiuShu ZHANG Tong WANG YanHui CHEN ChengPin | 2008 | Science China Earth Sciences2008，51，5： | 9 |
| 7 | Electric field soundings and the charge structure within an isolated thunderstorm显示文摘A strong electric (E) field sounding system was designed to measure the vertical component of the E-fields, temperature, relative humidity and GPS data along the sounding path. In the summer of 2008, in situ measurements of E-field inside the thunderstorms were conducted in Pingliang, Gansu Provience, with the cooperation of an X-band weather radar. One E-field profile inside a thunderstorm was successfully acquired. The sounding data indicated four charge layers along the sounding trajectory, three in-side the thuderstorm and one at its lower boundary. The lower cloud boundary charge layer was negative, acting as a screening layer, and laid between 4.3 to 4.5 km a.s.l. The lower positive charge center (LPCC) existed between 4.5–5.3 km a.s.l. (from 3°C to -2°C); the main negative charge area was present between 5.4–6.6 km a.s.l. (-3°C to -10°C); the upper positive charge layer was between 6.7–7.2 km a.s.l. (-11°C to -14°C). The results support the tripole charge structure inside thunderstorms (above 0°C isotherm altitude), but the LPCC is much larger-than-usual in Chinese inland plateau. | Zhao ZhongKuo Qie XiuShu Zhang TingLong Zhang Tong Zhang HongFa Wang Yong She Yong Sun BaoLai Wang HuaiBin | 2010 | Chinese Science Bulletin2010，55，9： | 8 |
| 8 | Red sprites over thunderstorms in the coast of Shandong Province,China显示文摘Red sprites, different from lightning flashes occurring in the troposphere, are large and brief dis-charges which appear in the altitude range from about 40 to 90 km above large thunderstorms and are usually caused by cloud-to-ground lightning discharges (CGs). A total of 17 sprites over two thunder-storms were first observed during the summer of 2007. One of the sprites occurred on July 28 above a thunderstorm in Guan County and the center of the storm was about 272 km from the observation site. The other sprites were recorded at the late night of August 1 and in the early morning of August 2, and the storm center was about 315 km away. All of the observed sprites occurred in cluster, and their appearances were very different, including 'columniform sprites', 'columniform sprites' with angel-like wings, 'carrot sprites', 'dancing sprites', etc. The duration of the sprites varied from a minimum of 40 ms to a maximum of 160 ms with a geometric mean (GM) of 61 ms. The time delay between parental positive cloud-to-ground lightning flashes (+CGs) and the associated sprites varied from 3.4 to 11.8 ms with a GM of 7.1 ms. The ratio of the number of +CGs to the total number of CGs during the time period with sprites was 7 times larger than that when no sprites occurred. Sprites did not appear fre-quently at the time when the convective activity is strong but when the thunderstorm starts to become weak. | YANG Jing QIE XiuShu ZHANG GuangShu ZHAO Yang ZHANG Tong | 2008 | Chinese Science Bulletin2008，53，7： | 8 |
| 9 | A Review of Atmospheric Electricity Research in China from 2011 to 2018显示文摘Atmospheric electricity research has been conducted actively in China,having profited from the development and application of high temporal and spatial resolution lightning detection and location technologies.This paper reviews the scientific advances made in the field of atmospheric electricity in China from 2011 to 2018,covering the following five aspects:(1)lightning detection and location techniques;(2)discharge processes and parameters associated with rocket-triggered lightning;(3)physical processes in natural lightning and attachment to the ground;(4)lightning activities and charge structure in different thunderstorms;and(5)effects of thunderstorms on the upper atmosphere.In addition,some outstanding questions for future research are outlined. | Xiushu QIE Yijun ZHANG | 2019 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2019，36，9： | 7 |
| 10 | The lightning activities in super typhoons over the Northwest Pacific显示文摘The spatial and temporal characteristics of lightning activities have been studied in seven super typhoons from 2005 to 2008 over the Northwest Pacific, using data from the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN). The results indicated that there were three distinct lightning flash regions in mature typhoon, a significant maximum in the eyewall regions (20-80 km from the center), a minimum from 80-200 km, and a strong maximum in the outer rainbands (out of 200 km from the center). The lightning flashes in the outer rainbands were much more than those in the inner rainbands, and less than 1% of flashes occurred within 100 km of the center. Each typhoon produced eyewall lightning outbreak during the periods of its intensification, usually several hours prior to its maximum intensity, indicating that lightning activity might be used as a proxy of intensification of super typhoon. Little lightning occurred near the center after landing of the typhoon. | PAN LunXiang QIE XiuShu LIU DongXia WANG DongFang YANG Jing | 2010 | Science China Earth Sciences2010，53，8： | 7 |
| 11 | Simulation of Quasi-Linear Mesoscale Convective Systems in Northern China:Lightning Activities and Storm Structure显示文摘Two intense quasi-linear mesoscale convective systems(QLMCSs) in northern China were simulated using the WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting) model and the 3D-Var(three-dimensional variational) analysis system of the ARPS(Advanced Regional Prediction System) model.A new method in which the lightning density is calculated using both the precipitation and non-precipitation ice mass was developed to reveal the relationship between the lightning activities and QLMCS structures.Results indicate that,compared with calculating the results using two previous methods,the lightning density calculated using the new method presented in this study is in better accordance with observations.Based on the calculated lightning densities using the new method,it was found that most lightning activity was initiated on the right side and at the front of the QLMCSs,where the surface wind field converged intensely.The CAPE was much stronger ahead of the southeastward progressing QLMCS than to the back it,and their lightning events mainly occurred in regions with a large gradient of CAPE.Comparisons between lightning and non-lightning regions indicated that lightning regions featured more intense ascending motion than non-lightning regions;the vertical ranges of maximum reflectivity between lightning and non-lightning regions were very different;and the ice mixing ratio featured no significant differences between the lightning and non-lightning regions. | Wanli LI Xiushu QIE Shenming FU Debin SU Yonghai SHEN | 2016 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2016，33，1： | 7 |
| 12 | A Review of Atmospheric Electricity Research in China显示文摘The importance of atmospheric electricity research has been increasingly recognized in recent decades. Research on atmospheric electricity has been actively conducted since the 1980 s in China. Lightning physics and its effects, as important branches of atmospheric electricity, have received more attention because of their significance both in scientific research and lightning protection applications. This paper reviews atmospheric electricity research based primarily on ground-based field experiments at different regions in China in the last decade. The results described in this review include physics and effects of lightning, rocket-triggered lightning and its physical processes of discharge, thunderstorm electricity on the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas, lightning activity associated with severe convective storms, the effect and response of lightning to climate change, numerical simulation of thunderstorm electrification and lightning discharge, lightning detection and location techniques, and transient luminous events above thunderstorms. | QIE Xiushu ZHANG Yijun YUAN Tie ZHANG Qilin ZHANG Tinglong ZHU Baoyou LU Weitao MA Ming YANG Jing ZHOU Yunjun FENG Guili | 2015 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2015，32，2： | 5 |
| 13 | Review of Chinese atmospheric science research over the past 70 years: Atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment显示文摘Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China 70 years ago,the subject of atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment has developed rapidly in China,providing important support for the development of atmospheric science and guarantee for the development of national economy.In this paper,the general advancement of atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment in last 70 years was described.The main research progress of atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment in the past 40 years of reform and opening-up was reviewed,the outstanding research achievements since the 21 st century were summarized,the major problems and challenges are pointed out,and the key directions and suggestions for future development are put forward. | Tijian WANG Taichang GAO Hongsheng ZHANG Maofa GE Hengchi LEI Peichang ZHANG Peng ZHANG Chunsong LU Chao LIU Hua ZHANG Qiang ZHANG Hong LIAO Haidong KAN Zhaozhong FENG Yijun ZHANG Xiushu QIE Xuhui CAI Mengmeng LI Lei LIU Shengrui TONG | 2019 | Science China Earth Sciences2019，62，12： | 5 |
| 14 | Investigating Lightning Characteristics through a Supercell Storm by Comprehensive Coordinated Observations over North China显示文摘Electrical characteristics of an isolated supercell storm observed on 13 June 2014 over Beijing were investigated using lightning data obtained from the Beijing Lightning Network,radar reflectivity,and hydrometeor retrievals during the 6-h lifetime.Positive cloud-to-ground(+CG)lightning took a high percentage of CG lightning.Before and during a hail event,+CG lightning was more frequent than negative cloud-to-ground(-CG)lightning,except that+CG lightning took a high percentage at the beginning and in the dissipating stage.After the hail event ended,-CG lightning dominated and reached its maximum value.An analysis of hydrometeors retrieved by X-band polarimetric radar revealed that the discharge concentrated in the convective region with graupel particles and hailstones,whereas graupel,snow and ice crystals in the stratiform region.Lightning radiation sources were located mainly in the convective region,some of which were distributed along a gradient of radar reflectivity from the convective region to the stratiform region.The indication is that the supercell demonstrated an inverted tripole charge structure before the hail event,which converted to a normal tripole structure after the hail event. | Dongxia LIU Xiushu QIE Yichen CHEN Zhuling SUN Shanfeng YUAN | 2020 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2020，37，8： | 4 |
| 15 | The spectra and temperature of cloud lightning discharge channel显示文摘Spectra of seven cloud lightning discharges are reported for the first time after captured with a Slit-less Spectrograph on Chinese Tibet Plateau. The structural characters are analyzed and compared with the spectra of cloud-to-ground lightning, and the results indicate that the spectra of cloud lightning show two different kinds of structure characteristics. One has the similar structure as those of cloud-to-ground lightning discharge, and the other is absolutely different. Meanwhile, more lines of OII with high excited energy are recorded in the spectra of cloud lightning discharge in comparison with that of cloud-to-ground lighting happening in the same region. Temperatures at different positions are calculated and temperature characteristics of these two sorts are analyzed, based to the wavelength, relative intensities and other transition parameters. We suggest that the physical process in the cloud discharge channels changes with much more rapid velocity and wider range compared to cloud-to-ground lightning. The differences between the two types of cloud discharge also reflect some discrepancies between the discharge characteristics. | WANG Jie YUAN Ping GUO FengXia QIE XiuShu OUYANG YuHua ZHANG YiJun | 2009 | Science China Earth Sciences2009，52，7： | 4 |
| 16 | Electrical characteristics of thunderstorms in different plateau regions of China显示文摘 | Xiushu Qie Tinglong Zhang Guangshu Zhang Tong Zhang Xiangzhen Kong | 2008 | Atmospheric Research2008，，2： | 2 |
| 17 | The diagnostic value of apolipoprotein E in malignant pleural effusion associated with non-small cell lung cancer显示文摘 | Yumin Wang Zengqiang Chen Jie Chen Jingye Pan Wenhui Zhang Qinshi Pan Hongyan Ding Xiaomei Lin Xiushu Wen Yangyang Li Qing H. Meng | 2013 | Clinica Chimica Acta2013，，： | 1 |
| 18 | Characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning in Chinese Inland Plateau显示文摘 | Wang Daohong Yu Ye | 2002 | J Meteor Soc Japan2002，80，4： | 1 |
| 19 | Lightning activities on the Tibetan Plateau as observed by the lightning imaging sensor显示文摘 | Toumi R Yuan T | 2003 | J Geophys Res2003，108，17： | 1 |
| 20 | Load-reversed push-out tests on rectangular CFST columns显示文摘 | Xiushu Qu Zhihua Chen David A. Nethercot Leroy Gardner Marios Theofanous | 2013 | Journal of Constructional Steel Research2013，，： | 1 |
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