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| 1 | 闪电气象学研究进展显示文摘闪电气象学是随着现代闪电探测和定位技术的发展与应用而不断发展起来的一个学科,也是大气电学和气象学的重要交叉学科分支。综述了近年来中国在闪电气象学方面的发展和研究进展,主要从5个方面进行阐述和回顾:在闪电气象学研究中发挥了重要作用的现代闪电探测和定位技术,不同类型强对流天气系统的闪电活动特征,闪电活动与雷暴的动力、微物理结构的关系,雷暴电荷结构探测和数值模拟,以及闪电资料同化方法及其在强对流天气中的预警预报作用和闪电的预报等,并指出了中国闪电气象学今后的努力方向。 | 郄秀书 刘冬霞 孙竹玲 | 2014 | 气象学报2014,72,5: | 42 |
| 2 | 地形、冷池出流和暖湿空气相互作用造成北京一次局地强降水的观测分析显示文摘利用地面和探空常规探测资料、多普勒天气雷达以及风廓线雷达资料,对2015年8月7日发生于北京的一次伴随有闪电和冰雹的突发性局地强降水过程的成因进行了分析。结果表明:这次过程发生在强层结不稳定环境中,对流层中层低槽配合低层切变线,促进河北西北部对流发展,并向东南方向移动,形成北京西北部短时强降水;北京中部地区强降水的直接制造者则是新生的局地性雷暴单体,由雷暴冷池出流和暖湿空气在边界层交绥和辐合所触发。北京西北部地形促使冷池出流下山速度加快、冷池出流高度抬高,以及偏东暖湿气流的辐合抬升作用,则是局地雷暴新生的重要影响因子。 | 章翠红 夏茹娣 王咏青 | 2018 | 大气科学学报2018,41,2: | 28 |
| 3 | 强风暴中反极性电荷结构研究进展显示文摘反极性电荷结构是强风暴系统中一种常见的电荷结构配置,它是强风暴中正地闪大量发生的重要原因之一,同时也往往与灾害性天气相联系。人们对云内电荷结构的认识随电场探空、多种地面观测手段的发展而深入。反极性电荷结构并非在强风暴的起始阶段就出现,而存在一个演变过程,出现在风暴发展的特定阶段。宽广强烈的上升气流被认为在反极性电荷结构的形成中起关键作用,它使得上升气流区液态水含量等微物理条件发生改变,进而影响大小粒子碰撞的起电过程,使风暴内主要起电区霰粒子荷正电,冰晶等粒子荷负电,从而形成反极性电荷结构。强风暴中气流的动力输送、风切变等也被认为是反极性电荷结构形成的可能原因。利用数值模式,在真实的气象背景场下再现强风暴的反极性电荷结构演变特征和闪电活动特征,也是研究反极性结构形成的有效途径之一。针对正地闪大量发生的强风暴开展大规模外场观测试验,并将观测结果与数值模拟相结合,将有利于理解强风暴中反极性电荷结构的形成及其与闪电活动特征的关系。 | 张义军 徐良韬 郑栋 王飞 | 2014 | 应用气象学报2014,25,5: | 21 |
| 4 | 广东一次飑线过程中一个雷暴单体成熟阶段的电荷结构演变特征的数值模拟显示文摘为了进一步印证以往观测反推得到的广东地区雷暴云多偶极性电荷结构的结论,利用加入了起放电参数化方案的WRF模式,模拟了广东在2017年5月8日发生的一次飑线过程,并对这次飑线过程中一个雷暴单体成熟期的电荷结构演变特征进行分析,通过分析动力、云水含量、各水成物粒子混合比及携带电荷情况,讨论了电荷结构的形成及演变机制。结果表明,成熟阶段的单体,电荷结构从三极性逐渐演变为偶极性。这是因为在成熟初期,霰粒子在有效液态水含量适中且温度较高的地方与冰晶/雪花粒子发生了非感应碰撞,因此底部霰粒子携带正电,雷暴云底部形成次正电荷区,电荷结构为三极性。而在成熟后期,由于丰富的云水含量,使冰粒子的凇附过程增强,霰不断增加,冰晶和雪花不断被消耗,温度较暖区域与霰共存的冰晶和雪花急剧减少,使得该区域大小冰粒子的非感应碰撞起电急剧减少,此处霰粒子不能再通过非感应碰撞获得正电荷,底部次正电荷区随之消失,雷暴云的电荷结构转变为偶极性。此结果和以往观测反推得到的结论不同,这表明,对南方雷暴电荷结构还需继续深入认识。 | 甘明骏 郭凤霞 黎奇 刘泽 张坤 蔡彬彬 | 2020 | 热带气象学报2020,36,4: | 8 |
| 5 | A Review of Atmospheric Electricity Research in China from 2011 to 2018显示文摘Atmospheric electricity research has been conducted actively in China,having profited from the development and application of high temporal and spatial resolution lightning detection and location technologies.This paper reviews the scientific advances made in the field of atmospheric electricity in China from 2011 to 2018,covering the following five aspects:(1)lightning detection and location techniques;(2)discharge processes and parameters associated with rocket-triggered lightning;(3)physical processes in natural lightning and attachment to the ground;(4)lightning activities and charge structure in different thunderstorms;and(5)effects of thunderstorms on the upper atmosphere.In addition,some outstanding questions for future research are outlined. | Xiushu QIE Yijun ZHANG | 2019 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2019,36,9: | 7 |
| 6 | 北京地区雷电灾害天气系统的动力-微物理-电过程观测研究显示文摘在国家'973'项目'雷电重大灾害天气系统的动力-微物理-电过程和成灾机理'(简称:雷暴973)资助下,2014~2018年连续五年在北京组织开展了雷电(也称闪电)灾害天气系统的暖季综合协同观测实验,旨在获得对北京及周边城市群区域的雷电天气系统特征和规律的实际认识,探索雷电资料在数值预报模式中的同化方法,以期改进雷电重大灾害天气系统的预报效果.主要观测设备包括:由16个子站构成的雷电(全闪)三维定位系统、2台X波段双线偏振多普勒雷达和4台激光雨滴谱仪等,协同观测还充分利用了中国气象局在京津冀地区的中尺度气象观测网.观测结果表明,受地形和环境条件影响,飑线和多单体雷暴是影响北京地区的两类主要的雷电灾害天气系统,它们除产生频繁的雷电活动外,还常伴随突发性局地短时强降水和冰雹,造成城区突发洪涝灾害.雷电密度的高值区位于北京昌平区东部、顺义区的中部和东部以及中心城区.超强雷暴(占总雷暴数的5%)、强雷暴(占比35%)和弱雷暴(占比60%)对总雷电分布的贡献分别为37%、56%和7%.北京城区的热岛效应对过境雷暴增强产生了重要作用,超强雷暴在中心城区的雷电频数可以高达每分钟数百次.雷电活动与雷暴云的热动力、微物理特征之间存在紧密联系,因此雷电频数可以作为冰雹、短时强降水等灾害性天气的指示因子.在对流可分辨数值预报模式中,建立并引入雷电资料同化方案,通过调整或修正模式的热动力和微物理参量,可明显提高模式对强对流和降水的预报效果. | 郄秀书 袁善锋 陈志雄 王东方 刘冬霞 孙萌宇 孙竹玲 Abhay SRIVASTAVA 张鸿波 卢晶雨 肖辉 毕永恒 冯亮 田野 徐燕 蒋如斌 刘明远 肖现 段树 苏德斌 孙成云 徐文静 张义军 陆高鹏 Da-Lin ZHANG 银燕 余晔 | 2021 | 中国科学:地球科学2021,51,1: | 5 |
| 7 | 基于WRF模式对华北一次飑线过程中雷电活动的间接和直接模拟研究显示文摘将非感应起电机制和放电参数化方案耦合到WRF模式的Morrison双参数微物理方案中,并在模式中引入了闪电潜势指数LPI,在此基础上模拟了2009年6月16日华北一次飑线过程,讨论模式对闪电活动再现能力。模拟结果显示,模式能够较好地再现雷达回波和降水分布特征,说明模式对此次飑线过程的宏观和微观特征具有一定的模拟能力。利用计算闪电潜势指数LPI的间接模拟,能够指示出大致的闪电分布特征,但闪电潜势指数LPI分布范围明显大于实际闪电落区;而通过耦合电过程的WRF模式直接输出闪电密度的直接模拟,模拟结果与实际闪电密度分布的对应关系较好,但由于模式中输出的闪电密度为总闪电密度,与观测地闪密度资料相比,模拟的闪电密度偏大。 | 赵鹏国 银燕 周筠珺 肖辉 康汉青 邓美玲 | 2017 | 气象科学2017,37,3: | 5 |
| 8 | A Review of Atmospheric Electricity Research in China显示文摘The importance of atmospheric electricity research has been increasingly recognized in recent decades. Research on atmospheric electricity has been actively conducted since the 1980 s in China. Lightning physics and its effects, as important branches of atmospheric electricity, have received more attention because of their significance both in scientific research and lightning protection applications. This paper reviews atmospheric electricity research based primarily on ground-based field experiments at different regions in China in the last decade. The results described in this review include physics and effects of lightning, rocket-triggered lightning and its physical processes of discharge, thunderstorm electricity on the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas, lightning activity associated with severe convective storms, the effect and response of lightning to climate change, numerical simulation of thunderstorm electrification and lightning discharge, lightning detection and location techniques, and transient luminous events above thunderstorms. | QIE Xiushu ZHANG Yijun YUAN Tie ZHANG Qilin ZHANG Tinglong ZHU Baoyou LU Weitao MA Ming YANG Jing ZHOU Yunjun FENG Guili | 2015 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2015,32,2: | 5 |
| 9 | 中国内陆高原雷暴云底部正电荷区的形成机制显示文摘为了进一步了解中国内陆高原雷暴的特殊性,基于以往高原雷暴存在范围深厚的底部正电荷区的观测及模拟事实,利用三维完全可压缩非静力(WRF)模式对2017年6月20日一次内陆高原雷暴过程进行模拟,分析高原雷暴成熟阶段的底部正电荷结构特征;并从微物理和动力角度对其形成机制进行讨论。模拟结果表明,内陆高原地区雷暴云成熟阶段主要呈倾斜的三级性电荷结构;其中底部正电荷区的范围和电荷密度均较大。底部正电荷区主要是由霰和冰雹等固态大粒子与冰晶、雪晶等固态小粒子非感应碰撞起电携带的正电荷以及霰粒子与云滴之间的感应碰撞起电携带正电荷组成;此外霰粒子与雹粒子降落过程中融化成携带正电荷的雨滴也对深厚的底部正电荷区存在一定的作用。 | 曾凡辉 郭凤霞 廉纯皓 甘明骏 黎奇 刘泽 | 2019 | 科学技术与工程2019,19,2: | 5 |
| 10 | 基于数值天气模式及其模式输出的闪电预报研究进展显示文摘鉴于闪电对人类生命、设备安全的威胁、对强对流天气的指示作用及其在大气化学反应链中的重要角色,国内外大量研究人员在中尺度数值天气模式、全球气候模式中开展了闪电预报的研究工作。在数值天气模式中,闪电预报方法可以分为3种:基于闪电活动发生时的天气背景场统计关系的闪电数值诊断预报;依据云动力、微物理场与起电活动的关系建立闪电率参数化方案;在数值天气模式中耦合详细的起电、放电参数化方案。详细综述了这3种预报方法的研究进展,总结了它们各自的特点,并且对现存的难点问题及未来的发展方向进行了探讨。 | 王昊亮 刘玉宝 赵天良 郭凤霞 冯双磊 王勃 | 2017 | 地球科学进展2017,32,1: | 3 |
| 11 | 云凝结核浓度对雷暴云电过程影响的数值模拟研究显示文摘本文将非感应起电机制耦合到WRF中尺度模式中,选取Morrison双参数微物理方案,采用整体放电参数化方案,改变初始云凝结核(CCN)浓度(浓度变化从500 cm-3到4000 cm-3),共模拟15组试验,讨论了CCN浓度(nCCN)对雷暴云起电强度的影响。通过研究发现:随nCCN增加,霰粒子数浓度减少,混合比增加,导致霰粒子平均尺度增加;冰晶粒子数浓度增加,混合比基本不变,导致冰晶粒子平均尺度减小。此外,霰粒子平均尺度增大,下落末速度增大,冰晶粒子平均尺度减小,下落末速度减小,二者末速度差值增加,导致单次碰撞电荷分离量增加。综上所述,气溶胶浓度增加使霰粒子与冰晶粒子碰撞分离过程增强,单次碰撞电荷分离量增加,正负电荷密度平均值增加,从而增强雷暴起电强度。 | 邓美玲 银燕 赵鹏国 肖辉 | 2017 | 大气科学2017,41,1: | 3 |
| 12 | 利用起放电模式开展闪电活动的直接预报试验显示文摘利用耦合有起电和放电物理过程的中尺度起电放电模式WRF-Electric,开展了华北地区连续3年(2015—2017年)的闪电活动预报试验。结合全国地闪定位观测资料,针对不同影响范围雷暴类型和预报时间,对数值预报结果开展点对点的定量检验,评估模式对闪电活动的预报能力及特点。结果表明:WRF-Electric中尺度模式具备一定的区域闪电活动预报能力,在起报后的6~12 h对闪电活动区域具有较好的预报效果。雷暴落区预报的点对点定量检验中,模式和业务预报在华北主汛期(6—8月)的预报临界成功指数(CSI)均为0.1,模式对于活动范围较小的局地性雷暴过程的预报更具参考价值。模式预报的闪电活动范围相对集中,闪电活动密度偏高,预报的主要问题存在于放电参数化方案的设计。应当考虑到模式空间分辨率对云内电场强度的影响,合理降低闪电参数化中的放电阈值以扩大预报的闪电活动范围。模式在闪电密度的定量预报上还有较大改进空间,单次放电中和电荷量应当更符合观测事实。 | 徐良韬 陈双 姚雯 谌芸 张荣 | 2018 | 应用气象学报2018,29,5: | 2 |
| 13 | 通道感应电荷对放电活动特征的影响显示文摘为探究闪电放电后电荷重置方案中异极性电荷植入法对雷暴云放电效应的影响,利用已有的三维雷暴云起放电模式,结合2011年8月12日发生在南京地区一次典型的雷暴个例,通过控制倍数改变闪电通道感应电荷量进行大量敏感性试验。模拟结果表明:闪电通道感应电荷量对空间电荷结构分布和云闪通道长度有明显影响。通道感应电荷量增加,即空间异极性电荷堆增多,加大空间电荷结构复杂程度;云闪通道在发展过程中难以穿越与自身极性相同的电荷堆,导致短通道云闪频次增加。通道感应电荷累积总量相同,不同闪电通道感应电荷量下云闪频次与通道电荷平均累积量呈负相关,即通道感应电荷平均累积量增大,云闪频次减少。而地闪频次、类型与通道感应电荷量相关性不明显。 | 于梦颖 谭涌波 师正 刘俊 王梦旖 郑天雪 | 2019 | 应用气象学报2019,30,1: | 2 |
| 14 | Characteristics of Radar Echo Parameters and Microphysical Structure Simulation of a Short-Time Heavy Precipitation Supercell显示文摘By using the conventional observations, radar data, NCEP/NCAR FNL 1°×1° reanalysis data and numerical simulation data and with the construction and calculation of radar echo parameters, this paper presents the structural characteristics and physical processes of a short-time heavy precipitation supercell that occurred in the squall line process in Shanxi Province on 24 June 2020. The results show that this squall line event occurred in front of a surface cold front,combined with infiltration of low-level cold air and continuous increase of near-surface humidity in the afternoon. The surface mesoscale convergence line and mesoscale dew point front contributed to the development and systemization of the squall line by a large degree. The short-time extremely heavy precipitation in Pingshun County was caused by the development of a supercell from thunderstorm cells on the front side of the squall line. The characteristics of sharp increase in vertical integral liquid water content, persistent increase in reflectivity factor and continuous rise in the echo top height appeared about 23 min earlier than the severe precipitation, which has qualitative indicating significance for the nowcasting of short-time heavy precipitation. A quantitative analysis of the radar echo parameters suggests that the“sudden drop”of FV40was a precursor signal of cells’ coalescence and rapid development to the mature stage. The areal change of the echo core at the 6 km height was highly subject to the merging and developing of cells, the rapid change of hydrometeor particles in clouds and the precipitation intensity. Changes in the cross-sectional area of convective cells at different heights can indirectly reflect the changes of liquid particles and ice particles in clouds, which is indicatively meaningful for predicting the coalescing and developing-to-maturing of cells and heavy precipitation 30-45 min earlier.A comprehensive echo parameter prediction model constructed by the random forest principle can predict the magnitude of short-time heavy precipitation 40-50 min in advance. Numerical simulation reveals that large amounts of water vapor existed in the near-surface atmosphere, and that the cells rapidly obtained moisture from the ambient atmosphere and developed rapidly through maternal feeding. The cold cloud zone was narrow, upright and had a high stretch height. The upward motion in clouds was strong and deep, and very rich in liquid water content. The graupel particles had a large vertical distribution range, the coexistence area of graupel and snow was large, the height of raindrops was close to the surface with a wide horizontal scale, and the precipitation efficiency was high. These may be the important elements responsible for the occurrence of the short-time heavy precipitation that exceeded historical extreme values. On the basis of the above analyses, a comprehensive parameter(CP) prediction model is worked out, which can estimate the developing trend of supercells and the intensity of short-time heavy precipitation about 1 h in advance. | 赵桂香 王一颉 连志鸾 | 2022 | Journal of Tropical Meteorology2022,28,4: | 1 |
| 15 | Understanding the dynamical-microphysical-electrical processes associated with severe thunderstorms over the Beijing metropolitan region显示文摘The Dynamical-microphysical-electrical Processes in Severe Thunderstorms and Lightning Hazards(STORM973)project conducted coordinated comprehensive field observations of thunderstorms in the Beijing metropolitan region(BMR)during the warm season from 2014 to 2018.The aim of the project was to understand how dynamical,microphysical and electrical processes interact in severe thunderstorms in the BMR,and how to assimilate lightning data in numerical weather prediction models to improve severe thunderstorm forecasts.The platforms used in the field campaign included the Beijing Lightning Network(BLNET,consisting of 16 stations),2 X-band dual linear polarimetric Doppler radars,and 4 laser raindrop spectrometers.The collaboration also made use of the China Meteorological Administration’s mesoscale meteorological observation network in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.Although diverse thunderstorm types were documented,it was found that squall lines and multicell storms were the two major categories of severe thunderstorms with frequent lightning activity and extreme rainfall or unexpected local short-duration heavy rainfall resulting in inundations in the central urban area,influenced by the terrain and environmental conditions.The flash density maximums were found in eastern Changping District,central and eastern Shunyi District,and the central urban area of Beijing,suggesting that the urban heat island effect has a crucial role in the intensification of thunderstorms over Beijing.In addition,the flash rate associated with super thunderstorms can reach hundreds of flashes per minute in the central city regions.The super(5%of the total),strong(35%),and weak(60%)thunderstorms contributed about 37%,56%,and 7%to the total flashes in the BMR,respectively.Owing to the close connection between lightning activity and the thermodynamic and microphysical characteristics of the thunderstorms,the lightning flash rate can be used as an indicator of severe weather events,such as hail and short-duration heavy rainfall.Lightning data can also be assimilated into numerical weather prediction models to help improve the forecasting of severe convection and precipitation at the cloud-resolved scale,through adjusting or correcting the thermodynamic and microphysical parameters of the model. | Xiushu QIE Shanfeng YUAN Zhixiong CHEN Dongfeng WANG Dongxia LIU Mengyu SUN Zhuling SUN Abhay SRIVASTAVA Hongbo ZHANG Jingyu LU Hui XIAO Yongheng BI Liang FENG Ye TIAN Yan XU Rubin JIANG Mingyuan LIU Xian XIAO Shu DUAN Debin SU Chengyun SUN Wenjing XU Yijun ZHANG Gaopeng LU Da-Lin ZHANG Yan YIN Ye YU | 2021 | Science China Earth Sciences2021,64,1: | 1 |
| 16 | 放电后电荷重置对雷暴云电荷结构及闪电行为的影响显示文摘为探究放电后电荷重置对雷暴云电过程的影响,在已有的三维雷暴云起、放电模式中分别加入两种不同的电荷重置方案:一种是植入法即放电后闪电通道上的感应电荷与原空间电荷叠加(简称ZR方案);另一种是中和法即放电后直接按一定比例降低闪电通道处的空间电荷浓度(简称ZH方案)。利用长春一次探空个例进行敏感性试验,发现放电后重置方式的不同会导致闪电特征存在明显差异:1)ZR方案下的云闪发生率比ZH方案下的云闪发生率少。闪电放电后ZR方案在云中植入异极性电荷,对雷暴云中电荷的中和量比ZH方案多,摧毁云中电场的能力更强;2)ZR方案下的正、负地闪发生率均比ZH方案多。相对于ZH方案,ZR方案中主正电荷区的分布范围大于主负电荷区,导致其出现了更多的正地闪;ZR方案中的云顶屏蔽层与主正电荷区的混合程度高,混合时间长,导致ZR方案在主正电荷区与主负电荷区之间触发了更多的负地闪;3)ZR方案下的闪电通道长度比ZH方案下的闪电通道长度短。ZR方案在云中植入异极性电荷,导致云中难以形成大范围同极性电荷堆,闪电通道传播局限在一对较小的异极性电荷堆内,而ZH方案不改变云中电荷分布,存在大范围同极性电荷堆,闪电通道传播范围较大。 | 夏艳羚 谭涌波 向春燕 马肖 张鑫 | 2017 | 气候与环境研究2017,22,4: | 1 |