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| 1 | Glutamine and glutamate: Nonessential or essential amino acids?显示文摘Glutamine and glutamate are not considered essential amino acids but they play important roles in maintaining growth and health in both neonates and adults. Although glutamine and glutamate are highly abundant in most feedstuffs there is increasing evidence that they may be limiting during pregnancy, lactation and neonatal growth, particularly when relatively low protein diets are fed. Supplementation of diets with glutamine, glutamate or both at 0.5 to 1.0% to both suckling and recently weaned piglets improves intestinal and immune function and results in better growth. In addition such supplementation to the sow prevents some of the loss of lean body mass during lactation, and increases milk glutamine content. However, a number of important questions related to physiological condition,species under study and the form and amount of the supplements need to be addressed before the full benefits of glutamine and glutamate supplementation in domestic animal production can be realized. | Malcolm Watford | 2015 | Animal Nutrition2015，，3： | 5 |
| 2 | Glutamine and glutamate supplementation raise milk glutamine concentrations in lactating gilts显示文摘Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in milk, and lactation is associated with increased glutamine utilization both for milk synthesis and as a fuel for the enlarged small intestine. A number of recent studies have indicated that lactation is accompanied by a mild catabolic state in which skeletal muscle proteins are degraded to provide amino acids that are used to synthesize additional glutamine. In this study we tested the hypothesis that supplemental L-glutamine or the commercially available glutamine supplement Aminogut (2.5% by weight mixed into daily feed) provided to gilts from 30 days prior to parturition until 21 days post-parturition would prevent a decrease in skeletal muscle glutamine while increasing the glutamine content of the milk. Muscle glutamine content decreased (P < 0.05) in control animals during lactation but this was prevented by supplementation with either L-glutamine or Aminogut. In this study, neither lactation nor supplementation had any effect on plasma glutamine or glutamate content. Free glutamine, and the total glutamine plus glutamate concentrations in milk from the control and the Aminogut group rose (P < 0.05) during the first 7 days of lactation, with milk concentrations in the L-glutamine supplemented group showing a similar trend (P = 0.053). Milk glutamate remained constant between day 7 and 21 of lactation in the control and L-glutamine supplemented groups, but by day 21 of lactation the free glutamine, glutamate, and glutamine plus glutamate concentrations in milk from Aminogut-treated gilts were higher than those of control gilts. Thus dietary glutamine supplementation can alleviate the fall in intramuscular glutamine content during lactation in gilts, and may alleviate some of the catabolic effects of lactation. Furthermore, the increased milk glutamine content in the supplemented gilts may provide optimum nutrition for piglet development. | Helena Emilia CCC Manso Helio C Manso Filho Luiz E de Carvalho Marianne Kutschenko Eduardo T Nogueira Malcolm Watford | 2012 | Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology2012，3，1： | 3 |
| 3 | Lymphoid tissue inducerlike cells are an innate source of IL-17 and IL-22显示文摘 | Takatori H Kanno Y Watford WT | 2009 | J Exp Med2009，206，1： | 1 |
| 4 | Regulation of glutaminase activity and glutamine metabolism显示文摘 | Curthoys NP Watford M | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 5 | Lymphoid tissue inducer-like cells are an innate source of IL-17 and IL-22显示文摘 | Takatori H Kanno Y Watford W T | 2009 | J Exp Med2009，206，1： | 1 |
| 6 | The biology of IL-12: coordinating innate and adaptive immune responses 显示文摘 | Watford WT Moriguchi M Morinobu A | 2003 | Cytokine Growth Factor Rev2003，14，5： | 1 |
| 7 | Changes in glutamine metabolism indicate a mild catabolic state in the transition mare显示文摘 | Manso Filho HC McKeever KH Gordon ME Costa HEC Lagakos WS Watford M | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 8 | Rat hepatic glutaminase:purification and immunochemical characterization显示文摘 | Smith EM Watford M | | 0，，02： | 1 |
| 9 | The biology of IL-12:coordinating innate and adaptive immune responses显示文摘 | Watford WT Moriguchi M Morinobu A | 2003 | Cytokine Growth Factor Rev2003，14，5： | 1 |
| 10 | Distribution of hepatic glutaminase activity and mRNA in perivenous and periportal rat hepatocytes显示文摘 | Watford M Smith EM | | 0，，01： | 1 |
| 11 | The biology of IL-12:coordinating innate and adaptive immune responses显示文摘 | Watford WT Moriguchi M Morinobu A | 2003 | Cytokine & Growth Factor Rev2003，14，5： | 1 |
| 12 | Glutamine utilization in rat small intestine:response to lactation显示文摘 | Watford M Erbelding EJ Smith EM | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 13 | Antihyperglycemic activity of Tarralin?, an ethanolic extract of Artemisia dracunculus L.显示文摘 | D.M. Ribnicky A. Poulev M. Watford W.T. Cefalu I. Raskin | 2005 | Phytomedicine2005，，8： | 1 |
| 14 | Lymphoid tissue inducer-like cells are an innate source of IL-17 and IL-22 显示文摘 | Takatori H Kanno Y Watford WT | 2009 | J Exp Med2009，206，1： | 1 |
| 15 | Glutamine metabolism and function inrelation to proline synthesis and the safety of glutmineand proline supplementation 显示文摘 | WATFORD M | 2008 | The Journal of Nutri-tion2008，138，： | 1 |
| 16 | Glutamine metabolism and function in relation to proline synthesis and the safety of glutamine and proline supplementation 显示文摘 | WATFORD M | 2008 | J Nutr2008，138，10： | 1 |
| 17 | Isolation and metabolic characterization of rat and chicken enterocytes显示文摘 | Watford M Land P Krebs HA | | 0，，03： | 1 |
| 18 | Regulation of glutamines activity and glutamine metabolism显示文摘 | Cuahoys NP Watford M | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 19 | The biology of IL-12: coordinating innate and adaptive immune responses显示文摘 | Wendy T Watford Masato Moriguchi Akio Morinobu John J O’Shea | 2003 | Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews2003，，5： | 1 |
| 20 | The biology of IL-12:coordinating innate and adaptive immune response显示文摘 | Moriquchi M Morinobu A | 2003 | Cytokine Growth Factor Rev2003，14，5： | 1 |
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