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| 1 | Application of Trichoderma harzianum (T22) and Trichoderma atroviride (P1) as plant growth promoters, and their compatibility with copper oxychloride显示文摘Trichoderma strains are used in agriculture because they provide to the plants the following benefits: i) are rhizosphere competence and establish stable rhizosphere microbial communities; ii) control plant disease caused by pathogenic and competitive microflora, by using a variety of mechanisms; iii) improve vegetative growth, root development and yield; iv) make nutrients more available to the plant. In this work we have investigated the ability of T. harzianum T22 and T. atroviride P1 to improve plant growth of locally important horticultural crops: lettuce, tomatoes and peppers and to prevent disease in the greenhouse and field. The effect of the Trichoderma treatment was evaluated by determining the weight of fresh and dry roots and above ground plant biomass, measuring plants height, counting the number of emerged leaves (lettuce, tomatoes and peppers) and quantifying production (tomatoes and peppers). No disease symptoms were found during production, although Fusarium sp. strains pathogenic to tomato were detected in the soil. Compounds containing copper oxychloride are frequently used for fungal disease control in agriculture. In order to investigate the compatibility of T. harzianum T22 and T. atroviride P1 with copper oxychloride applications, the effect on mycelia growth was monitored in both liquid and solid medium. In general, the tests indicated a high level of tolerance of the Trichoderma strains to concentrations of copper oxychloride varying from 0.1 to 5 mmol/L. | Francesco Vinale Gaetano D'Ambrosio Khalid Abadi Felice Scala Roberta Marra David Turrà Sheridan L Woo Matteo Lorito | 2004 | 浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版)2004，30，4： | 7 |
| 2 | Early Experience with the Incisionless Operating Platform? (IOP) for the Treatment of Obesity显示文摘 | J. C. Espinós R. Turró A. Mata M. Cruz M. Costa V. Villa J. N. Buchwald J. Turró | 2013 | Obesity Surgery2013，，9： | 3 |
| 3 | Selective Oxidation Catalysis: Opportunities and Challenges显示文摘 | Ive Hermans Eyal S. Spier Ulrich Neuenschwander Natascia Turrà Alfons Baiker | 2009 | Topics in Catalysis2009，，9： | 1 |
| 4 | Tissue Doppler imaging in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy:impact of intraventricular obstruction on longitudinal left ventricular function显示文摘 | Cardim N Turres D Morans H | 2002 | Rev Port Cardiol2002，21，3： | 1 |
| 5 | Mechanism of the catalytic deperoxidation of tert-butyl hydroperoxide with cobalt(Ⅱ) acetylacetonate 显示文摘 | Turrà N Neuenschwander U Baiker A Peeters J Hermans I | 2010 | Chemistry-A European Journal2010，16，13： | 1 |
| 6 | HapX-mediated iron homeostasis is essential forrhizosphere competence and virulence of the soilbornepathogen Fusarium oxysporum显示文摘 | López-Berges MS Capilla J Turrà D Schafferer L Matthijs S J?chl C Cornelis P Guarro J Haas H PietroAD | 2012 | Plant Cell2012，24，38： | 1 |
| 7 | On the Higher-order Semi-discretizations for Periodic Delayed Systems显示文摘 | INSPERGER T ST(E)P(A)N G Turr J | 2008 | Journal of Sound and Vibration2008，313，： | 1 |
| 8 | Identification and characterization of potato protease inhibitors able to inhibit pathogenicity and growth of botrytis cinerea 显示文摘 | HERMOSA M R TURRà D FOGLIANO V | 2006 | Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology2006，68，46： | 1 |
| 9 | Ubisemi- quinone is the electron donor for superoxide formation by complex III of heart mitoehondria显示文摘 | Turre ns J F Alexandre A Lehninger A L | 1985 | Arch Bioehem Bio- phys1985，237，2： | 1 |
| 10 | The Trichoderma-plant interaction is mediated by avirulence proteins produced by this fungus显示文摘The molecular basis of Trichoderma -plant interaction is very complex and still not completely understood. The colonization of the root system by rhizosphere competent strains of Trichoderma results in increased development of root/aerial systems, in improved yields and in plant disease control. Other beneficial effects, such as the induction of plant systemic resistance, have also been described. To understand the mechanisms involved we are using different approaches, including the making of transformants expressing genes that encode for compounds able to affect plant response to pathogens. Trichoderma transformants carrying the avirulence gene Avr4 from Cladosporium fulvum under the control of constitutive and inducible promoters were obtained and tested on tomato plants having the Cf4 resistance gene. Necrosis and suberification zones, similar to the symptoms appearing during Cladosporium-tomato interaction, were found when the roots of the Cf4 plants were treated with Avr4-Trichoderma. This demonstrates that selected Trichoderma strains are able to transfer to the plant molecules that may deeply affect metabolism, disease resistance etc. Therefore, these beneficial fungi can be regarded as biotechnological tools to provide a variety of crops with useful compounds. Moreover, in in vitro competition assays the transformants were found to be more effective as antagonists against Alternaria alternata than the wild type. Trichoderma sends a variety of biochemical signals to the plants including avirulence molecules; therefore the presence of avr-like proteins in the fungus proteome was investigated. Proteome analysis has permitted us to isolate and sequence many proteins potentially having this function. From the extracellular protein extracts, we have purified and sequenced a protein with structural characteristics similar to Avr4 of C. fulvum. The protein, Hytra1, was found to be a hydrophobin with chitin binding activity, the typical 8 cysteine residues, and 4 disulfide bridges. Infiltrations of the extracellular protein fractions containing Hytra1 resulted in a strong HR reaction on tobacco and tomato leaves, and induction of a novel phytoalexin. | Ruocco M Lanzuise S Woo S L Ambrosino P Marra R Turrà D Gigante S Formisano E Scala F Kip N P J G M de Wit Lorito M | 2004 | 浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版)2004，30，4： | 1 |
| 11 | Mitochondrial formation of reactive oxygen species显示文摘 | Turre ns J F | 2003 | J Physiol2003，552，2： | 1 |
| 12 | Innovationratesamplingofpulsestreamswithapplicationtoultrasoundimaging显示文摘 | TurR EldarYC FriedmanZ | 2011 | IEEETransactionsonSignalProcessing2011，59，18： | 1 |
| 13 | Superficial ulnar artery perforator flap显示文摘 | Schonauer F Marlino S TurràF Jr | 2014 | J Craniofac Surg2014，25，5： | 1 |
| 14 | Factors that contribute to the mycoparasitism stimulus in Trichoderma atroviride. strain P1显示文摘Trichoderma atroviride strain P1 has been used extensively to study the mycoparasitic mechanisms in the interaction between plant pathogenic host and beneficial antagonistic fungi. Mutants of P1 containing the green fluorescent protein (gfp) or glucose oxidase (gox) reporter systems and different inducible promoters (from the exochitinase nag1 gene, or the endochitinase ech42 gene of P1) were used to determine the factors that activate the biocontrol gene expression cascade in the antagonist. The following compounds were tested singly and in various combinations: purified Trichoderma P1 enzymes (endochitinase, exochitinase, chitobiosidase, glucanase); antagonist culture filtrates (T. atroviride P1 wild-type and relative knock-out mutants, T. harzianum, T. reesei); pathogen culture filtrates (Botrytis, Pythium, Rhizoctonia); purified fungal cell walls (CWs) from Trichoderma, Botrytis, Pythium, Rhizoctonia; colloidal crab shell chitin; and plant extracts from cucumber leaves, stems or roots. Strong induction of mycoparasitism was found with the various digestion products produced by treating fungal CWs and colloidal chitin with purified enzymes or fungal culture filtrates. Filtrates from chitinase knock-out mutants, as well as CWs from Oomycetes fungi, were less active in producing the stimulus for mycoparasitism. The host CW digestion products were separated by molecular weight (MW) to determine which compounds were able to activate Trichoderma. Micromolecules of MW less than 3 kDa were found to trigger mycoparasitism gene expression before physical contact with the host pathogen. These compounds stimulated mycelial growth and spore germination of the antagonist. Purification of these host-derived compounds was conducted by HPLC and in vivo assay. The obtained inducers were able to stimulate both the production of endochitinase and exochitinase enzymes, even under repressing conditions in the presence of glucose. Inducers stimulated the biocontrol effect of P1 in the presence of host fungi. The disease symptom development on bean leaves inoculated with Botrytis and Trichoderma spores was clearly reduced by the addition of the inducers, unless these molecules were not specifically inactivated. Finally, purified inducers added to liquid cultures of T. atroviride P1 stimulated the production of low MW antibiotics and metabolites which inhibited Botrytis spore germination. Mass spectrometry analysis (ESI-MS) of the inducers indicated the presence of hexose oligomers, like cellobiose, while MS/MS analysis by selective fragmentation of peaks in the spectrum demonstrated the presence of at least three distinct compounds that were biologically active. | Woo S L Formisano E Fogliano V Cosenza C Mauro A Turrà D Soriente I Ferraioli S Scala F Lorito M | 2004 | 浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版)2004，30，4： | 0 |
| 15 | Proteomic study of three component interactions: plant, pathogens and antagonistic fungi显示文摘The molecular factors involved in the three-way interaction between plant, pathogenic fungi and antagonistic/biocontrol fungi, such as Trichoderma, are still poorly understood, even if they represent a matter of interest for improving crop management and developing new strategies for plant diseases control. The aim of this work is to investigate the components involved in this interaction and, for this purpose, a proteomic approach was used. 2-D maps of the protein extracts from the single components in various interactions between plants (potato, bean, tobacco or tomato), pathogens (Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani or Pythium ultimum) and biocontrol fungi (Trichoderma atroviride strain P1 or Trichoderma harzianum strain T22) were obtained. The proteome of each partner was collected separately and extracted by acetone precipitation in presence of trichloroacetic acid and a reducing agent (DTT). The extracted proteins were separated by isoelectrofocusing (IEF), using IPG (Immobilized pH gradient) strips, followed by SDS-PAGE. In order to improve resolution the separations were performed both on wide than narrow pH range and on different gel lengths. Differential spots were noted in the proteome of the three-way interaction when compared to each single component. These were further characterized by mass spectrometry and in silico analysis with the aim of identifying and cloning the relative genes. During the in vitro interaction of T. harzianum strain T22 with tomato and the culture filtrate or cell walls of pathogens, the spot number was higher than in the presence of pathogen biomass. In terms of Trichoderma differential proteins displayed on 2D gels, the most important changes were obtained in the presence of P. ultimum . During the in vivo interaction with tomato, the antagonist proteome changed much more in presence of soilborne fungi R. solani and P. ultimum than with the foliar fungus B. cinerea, both in terms of total and increased or novel spots. In silico analysis of some of those spots revealed homology with intracellular enzymes (GTPases, hydrolases) and with stress-related proteins (heat shock proteins HSP70, bacteriocin cloacin). Specific proteins in the plant proteome, i.e. pathogenesis-related proteins, have been identified during the in vivo interaction of bean with R. solani and T. atroviride strain P1. This is in agreement with the demonstrated ability of these beneficial fungi to induce plant systemic disease resistance by activating expression of defence-related genes. Proteins extracted from T. atrovride strain P1 which were analysed by mass spectrometry, revealed some interesting homologies with a fungal hydrophobin of Pleurotus ostreatus and an ABC transporter of Ralstonia metallidurans. These could represent molecular factors involved in the antagonistic mechanisms of Trichoderma and play a role in the three-way interaction with the plant and other microbes. | Marra R Ambrosino P Scala V Romano C Vinale F Ferraioli S Ruocco M Carbone V Woo S L Turrà D Scala F Lorito M | 2004 | 浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版)2004，30，4： | 0 |
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