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| 1 | 提高昆虫病毒杀虫效果的荧光增白剂的研究显示文摘荧光增白剂是生物防治研究中最近发现的一类能显著提高昆虫病毒杀虫能力、加快病毒致死昆虫速度、提高昆虫病毒对紫外光的保护作用的化学因子。林间增加效果明显而稳定。荧光增白剂可发展成为有效提高和改善昆虫病毒制剂持续控制农林害虫的重要助剂。虽然荧光增白剂能显著增强昆虫病毒毒力的机理还不清楚 ,但该机理的阐明可以为生物防治农林害虫提供新的途径甚至理论。本文综述了近 1 0a来国外在应用荧光增白剂提高昆虫病毒毒力和实际应用防治农林害虫的研究进展。并提出了荧光增白剂能扩大病毒的宿主范围 ,改变昆虫病毒感染宿主的途径和诱发昆虫病毒潜伏侵染的推论。对荧光增白剂应用中的问题也进行了讨论。 | 严东辉 陈昌洁 Martin Shapiro | 2003 | 林业科学2003，39，1： | 25 |
| 2 | 依前列醇长期治疗原发性肺动脉高压的临床资料分析显示文摘目的 观察依前列醇长期治疗原发性肺动脉高压 (PPH)的疗效。方法 临床诊断为PPH且心功能为Ⅲ~Ⅳ级的慢性充血性心力衰竭患者 69例 ,均接受依前列醇长期静脉连续注入治疗(起始剂量在 2~ 62ng·kg- 1 ·min- 1 范围内。在长期治疗中 ,药物剂量应根据患者的反应进行调整 ,剂量通常随治疗时间每 2个月增加 1次 ,每次增加 1~ 2ng·kg- 1 ·min- 1 )并观察其疗效。用右心导管法和超声心动图检查法对所有患者测量三尖瓣跨瓣压 (ΔP)和心输出量 (CO)。随访期间每 4个月用超声心动图检查法复查上述指标 1次。结果 PPH患者长期用依前列醇治疗后 ,ΔP由 (84 1± 2 4 1 )mmHg (1mmHg=0 1 33kPa)降至 (62 7± 1 8 2 )mmHg(P <0 0 1 ) ,CO由 (4 0 0± 1 2 2 )L/min升至 (4 70± 1 2 7)L/min(P <0 0 2 ) ,ΔP/CO由 2 2 8± 9 4降至 1 4 9± 6 5(P <0 0 1 )。结论 长期静脉连续注入依前列醇治疗PPH ,可使患者右室压力逐渐下降 ,CO增加 。 | 曹铁生 袁丽君 段云友 王作军 庄磊 Shelley M Shapiro Bruce H Brundage | 2003 | 中华内科杂志2003，42，2： | 16 |
| 3 | 应用64层CT对心肌灌注缺损、局部室壁运动及左室功能的综合评估显示文摘目的评估64层CT评价心肌灌注缺损(PD),局部室壁运动(RWM)和左室(Lv)功能的准确性。方法所有心肌梗死(MI)病人签署知情同意书。本研究经机构审查委员会批准并依从HIPAA法案。102例病人(34例近期患急性MI,68例未患MI)接受了心脏多层CT检查。分析心脏多层CT影像以评估心肌PD、RWM异常和LV功能。多层CT获得的LV总体功能及RWM与经胸超声心动图(TTE)对照。PD由多层CT检出,并评价其与心脏生化指标及SPECT心肌灌注成像的相关性。多层CT诊断急性MI的根据,是有与RWM异常相匹配的PD并与临床评估对照。结果多层CT获得的总体心功能(r=0.68)和RWM(K=0,79)与TIE相关性良好。 | R.C. Cury K. Nieman M.D. Shapiro J.Butler C.H. Nomura M. Ferencik 邱建星(译) 唐光健(校) | 2008 | 国际医学放射学杂志2008，31，5： | 10 |
| 4 | 利用地震噪声预报火山喷发显示文摘火山喷发之前岩浆压力会增大,导致火山筑积物的膨胀(Patanèet al,2003)。火山膨胀引起的地面形变可以通过各种技术手段来揭示,比如利用航天雷达干涉仪(Massonnetet al,2001)或应变与倾斜仪(Peltieret al,2005)。实时监测这种过程能为我们预报火山喷发提供有用的信息。然而,在某些情况下火山筑积物的膨胀可发生在地表上无法检测到任何效应的深度上,因而尽管付出了相当大的努力(Ratdomopurboand Poupinet,1995;Snieder and Hagerty,2004),但对于火山内部变化的监测还是证明是十分困难的。本文我们利用超过18个月间期记录到的地震噪声的性质说明,通过测量0.05%这种非常小的相对地震波速微扰可以连续监测到富尔奈斯火山的内部变化。火山喷发前几个星期地震波速的降低表明,火山筑积物在喷发之前的膨胀,可能是由于岩浆压力增大所致。这种火山筑积物膨胀的记录能力,应能提高我们预报火山喷发及其强度和潜在环境影响的能力。 | F. Brenguier N. M. Shapiro M. Campillo V. Ferrazzini Z. Duputel O. Coutant A. Nercessian 李宜晋 | 2008 | 世界地震译丛2008，，2： | 8 |
| 5 | Efficacy and Safety of the Farnesoid X Receptor Agonist Obeticholic Acid in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease显示文摘 | Sunder Mudaliar Robert R. Henry Arun J. Sanyal Linda Morrow Hanns-Ulrich Marschall Mark Kipnes Luciano Adorini Cathi I. Sciacca Paul Clopton Erin Castelloe Paul Dillon Mark Pruzanski David Shapiro | 2013 | Gastroenterology2013，，： | 7 |
| 6 | Establishing the presence or absence of chronic kidney disease:Uses and limitations of formulas estimating the glomerular filtration rate显示文摘The development of formulas estimating glomerular filtration rate(eG FR) from serum creatinine and cystatin C and accounting for certain variables affecting the production rate of these biomarkers, including ethnicity, gender and age, has led to the current scheme of diagnosing and staging chronic kidney disease(CKD),which is based on e GFR values and albuminuria.This scheme has been applied extensively in various populations and has led to the current estimates of prevalence of CKD. In addition, this scheme is applied in clinical studies evaluating the risks of CKD and the efficacy of various interventions directed towards improving its course. Disagreements between creatinine-based and cystatin-based e GFR values and between e GFR values and measured GFR have been reported in various cohorts. These disagreements are the consequence of variations in the rate of production and in factors, other than GFR, affecting the rate of removal of creatinine and cystatin C. The disagreements create limitations for all e GFR formulas developed so far. The main limitations are low sensitivity in detecting early CKD in several subjects, e.g., those with hyperfiltration, and poor prediction of the course of CKD. Research efforts in CKD are currently directed towards identification of biomarkers that are better indices of GFR than the current biomarkers and,particularly, biomarkers of early renal tissue injury. | Ahmed Alaini Deepak Malhotra Helbert Rondon-Berrios Christos P Argyropoulos Zeid J Khitan Dominic SC Raj Mark Rohrscheib Joseph I Shapiro Antonios H Tzamaloukas | 2017 | World Journal of Methodology2017，7，3： | 7 |
| 7 | 863 genomes reveal the origin and domestication of chicken显示文摘Despite the substantial role that chickens have played in human societies across the world,both the geographic and temporal origins of their domestication remain controversial.To address this issue,we analyzed 863 genomes from a worldwide sampling of chickens and representatives of all four species of wild jungle fowl and each of the five subspecies of red jungle fowl(RJF).Our study suggests that domestic chickens were initially derived from the RJF subspecies Gallus gallus spadiceus whose present-day distribution is predominantly in southwestern China,northern Thailand and Myanmar.Following their domestication,chickens were translocated across Southeast and South Asia where they interbred locally with both RJF subspecies and other jungle fowl species.In addition,our results show that the White Leghorn chicken breed possesses a mosaic of divergent ancestries inherited from other subspecies of RJF.Despite the strong episodic gene flow from geographically divergent lineages of jungle fowls,our analyses show that domestic chickens undergo genetic adaptations that underlie their unique behavioral,morphological and reproductive traits.Our study provides novel insights into the evolutionary history of domestic chickens and a valuable resource to facilitate ongoing genetic and functional investigations of the world's most numerous domestic animal. | Ming-Shan Wang Mukesh Thakur Min-Sheng Peng Yu Jiang Laurent Alain Francois Frantz Ming Li Jin-Jin Zhang Sheng Wang Joris Peters Newton Otieno Otecko Chatmongkon Suwannapoom Xing Guo Zhu-Qing Zheng Ali Esmailizadeh Nalini Yasoda Hirimuthugoda Hidayat Ashari Sri Suladari Moch Syamsul Arifin Zein Szilvia Kusza Saeed Sohrabi Hamed Kharrati-Koopaee Quan-Kuan Shen Lin Zeng Min-Min Yang Ya-Jiang Wu Xing-Yan Yang Xue-Mei Lu Xin-Zheng Jia Qing-Hua Nie Susan Joy Lamont Emiliano Lasagna Simone Ceccobelli Humpita Gamaralalage Thilini Nisanka Gunwardana Thilina Madusanka Senasige Shao-Hong Feng Jing-Fang Si Hao Zhang Jie-Qiong Jin Ming-Li Li Yan-Hu Liu Hong-Man Chen Cheng Ma Shan-Shan Dai Abul Kashem Fazlul Haque Bhuiyan Muhammad Sajjad Khan Gamamada Liyanage Lalanie Pradeepa Silva Thi-Thuy Le Okeyo Ally Mwai Mohamed Nawaz Mohamed Ibrahim Megan Supple Beth Shapiro Olivier Hanotte Guojie Zhang Greger Larson Jian-Lin Han Dong-Dong Wu Ya-Ping Zhang | 2020 | Cell Research2020，30，8： | 7 |
| 8 | EMDR治疗:适应性信息加工、临床应用及研究介绍显示文摘恭祝中国EMDR学组的成立,同时对所有致力于帮助那些遭遇痛苦的人们减轻伤痛的同仁们致以敬意。谢谢给我这个机会,让我能够对EMDR(眼动脱敏再加工)的最新进展及其理论基础作些阐述。过去二十年来,很多事情都发生了变化,也需要作些澄清。 | Francine Shapiro 杨渝川 | 2011 | 西华大学学报(哲学社会科学版)2011，30，1： | 6 |
| 9 | 新型化学反应法制备SiC/Al_2O_3复相陶瓷涂层显示文摘陶瓷涂层材料以其高硬度、耐腐蚀、耐高温、抗氧化等一系列优点,在航空航天、武器装备、核工业、石油化工等领域具有广阔的应用前景。SiC/Al2O3复相陶瓷在常温和高温下都具有较好耐磨性和化学稳定性,是一种极具工程应用前景的复合陶瓷材料。本研究采用优质陶瓷先驱体聚合物PCS,添加惰性填料SiC纳米颗粒和活性填料金属Al粉共同作用,克服了先驱体法制备陶瓷材料中存在较大体积收缩的缺点,在金属基体上制备了单层厚度可达50μm的致密SiC/Al2O3复相陶瓷涂层,复相陶瓷涂层中的SiC来自于先驱体PCS热解转化的SiC和添加的纳米SiC颗粒;其中的Al2O3来自于金属Al粉的氧化。该化学反应方法在金属基体上成功地制备出连续、致密的SiC/Al2O3复相陶瓷涂层,既简单又方便,表现出极大的应用潜力。 | 肖平 杨大祥 赵晓峰 Ian Shapiro Eddie Lopez Honorato 宋永才 | 2009 | 中国表面工程2009，22，6： | 6 |
| 10 | Etiology and long-term outcome of extrahepatic portal vein obstruction in children显示文摘AIM:To study the management and outcome of children with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction(EHPVO) in a whole country population.METHODS:A nationwide multicenter retrospective case series of children with EHPVO was conducted.Data on demographics,radiographic studies,laboratory workup,endoscopic and surgical procedures,growth and development,were extracted from the patients' charts.Characteristics of clinical presentation,etiology of EHPVO,management and outcome were analyzed.RESULTS:Thirty patients,13 males and 17 females,19(63.3%) Israeli and 11(36.7%) Palestinians,were included in the analysis.Age at presentation was 4.8± 4.6 years,and mean follow-up was 4.9±4.3 years.Associated anomalies were found in 4 patients.The incidence of EHPVO in Israeli children aged 0-14 years was 0.72/million.Risk factors for EHPVO were detected in 13(43.3%)patients,including 9 patients(30%) with perinatal risk factors,and 4 patients(13.3%) with prothrombotic states:two had low levels of protein S and C,one had lupus anticoagulant,and one was homozygous for methyltetrahydrofolate reductase mutations.In 56.6% of patients,no predisposing factors were found.The most common presenting symptoms were an incidental finding of splenomegaly(43.3%),and upper gastrointestinal bleeding(40%).No differences were found between Israeli and Palestinian children with regard to age at presentation,etiology and clinical symptoms.Bleeding occurred in 18 patients(60%),at a median age of 3 years.Sclerotherapy or esophageal banding was performed in 20 patients.No sclerotherapy complications were reported.Portosystemic shunts were performed in 11 patients(36.6%),at a median age of 11(range 3-17)years:splenorenal in 9,mesocaval in 1,and a meso-Rex shunt in 1 patient.One patient underwent splenectomy due to severe pancytopenia.Patients were followed up for a median of 3(range 0.5-15)years.One patient died aged 3 years due to mucopolysaccharidase deficiency type Ⅲ.None of the patients died due to gastrointestinal bleeding.CONCLUSION:EHPVO is a rare disorder.The etiological factors are still mostly unknown,and the endoscopic and surgical treatment options ensure a good long-term prognosis. | Batia Weiss Eyal Shteyer Asaf Vivante Drora Berkowitz Shimon Reif Zvi Weizman Yoram Bujanover Rivka Shapiro | 2010 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2010，16，39： | 6 |
| 11 | 糖尿病患者服用β受体阻滞剂的心血管事件风险显示文摘β受体阻滞剂可能有助于获得强化血糖控制的最大效果,但也存在发生严重低血糖的潜在风险。该研究旨在评估糖尿病患者服用β受体阻滞剂是否有效及其应用是否与严重低血糖有关。 | Tsujimoto T Sugiyama T Shapiro MF Noda M Kajio H 赵狄 练桂丽 | 2017 | 中华高血压杂志2017，25，6： | 6 |
| 12 | Embedded image coding using zerotrees of wavelet coefficients显示文摘 | Shapiro J M | | 0，，： | 5 |
| 13 | CTGF, intestinal stellate cells and carcinoid fi brogenesis显示文摘AIM: To investigate the role of small intestinal carcinoid tumor-derived fibrotic mediators, TGFβ1 and CTGF, in the mediation of fi brosis via activation of an 'intestinal' stellate cell. METHODS: GI carcinoid tumors were collected for Q RT-PCR analysis of CTGF and TGFβ1. Markers of stellate cell desmoplasia were identified in peritoneal fibrosis by immunohistochemistry and stellate cells cultured from fresh resected fibrotic tissue. CTGF and TGFβ1 were evaluated using quantitative tissue array profi ling (AQUA analysis) in a GI carcinoid tissue microarray (TMA) with immunostaining and correlated with clinical and histologically documented fi brosis. Serum CTGF was analyzed using a sandwich ELISA assay. RESULTS: Message levels of both CTGF and TGFβ1 in SI carcinoid tumors were signifi cantly increased (> 2-fold, P < 0.05) versus normal mucosa and gastric (non-f ibrotic) carcinoids. Activated stellate cells and markers of stellate cell-mediated fi brosis (vimentin, desmin) were identifi ed in histological fibrosis. An intestinal stellate cell was immunocytochemically and biochemically characterized and its TGFβ1 (10-7M) initiated CTGF transcription response (> 3-fold, P < 0.05) demonstrated. In SI carcinoid tumor patients with documented fi brosis, TMA analysis demonstrated higher CTGF immunostaining (AQUA Score: 92 ± 8; P <0.05), as well as elevated TGFβ1 (90.6 ± 4.4, P < 0.05). Plasma CTGF (normal 12.5 ± 2.6 ng/mL) was increased in SI carcinoid tumor patients (31 ± 10 ng/mL, P < 0.05) compared to non-fi brotic GI carcinoids (< 15 ng/mL).CONCLUSION: SI carcinoid tumor fibrosis is a CTGF/ TGFβ1-mediated stellate cell-driven fibrotic response. The delineation of the biology of fibrosis will facilitate diagnosis and enable development of agents to obviate its local and systemic complications. | M Kidd IM Modlin MD Shapiro RL Camp SM Mane W Usinger JR Murren | 2007 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2007，13，39： | 5 |
| 14 | Consequences Of The Psychological Contract For The Employment Relationship: A Large Scale Survey*显示文摘 | JackieCoyle‐Shapiro IanKessler | 2002 | Journal of Management Studies2002，，7： | 4 |
| 15 | 早产儿视网膜病变早期治疗(ETROP)过程中发生视网膜脱离眼的预后显示文摘研究对象:在早产儿视网膜病变早期治疗(ETROP)研究中因早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)而发生视网膜脱离眼的结构以及功能改变。
研究方法:加入ETROP研究中的新生儿患有双眼高危阈前ROP,随即对其一眼进行早期治疗,另一眼进行传统治疗。只有单眼患病的早产儿。随机对高危阈前ROP眼进行早期治疗或传统治疗。当视网膜脱离被发现时。研究者会继续观察患者病变或对其行视网膜玻璃体手术(如巩膜加压术以肜或者玻璃体切除术)。在矫正9月龄时,对患者视网膜状况进行评估并使用条栅视敏度(grating acuity)对患儿视力进行检测。
研究结果:401例高危阈前ROP患者加入了ETROP研究。63例患者(89只眼)发生了视网膜脱离。对其中56例患者(78只眼)进行了随访。21例患者(38%)的视网膜脱离发生于双眼。其中30只眼分级为4A,14只眼为4B,16只眼为5级。余下的18只视网膜脱离眼未进行分级。对11例患者(12只眼)监控病情变化,52例患者(66只眼)行玻璃体视网膜手术。行玻璃体切除伴或不伴有巩膜加压术的56只眼中有17只(30%)在患者9月龄时保持或达到了黄斑复位;仅行巩膜加压术的10只眼中,6只(60%)达到;未行手术的12只眼中,2只(17%)达到。78只眼中有13只(17%)达到了较好的视力水平(I〉1.85cycles/degree)。达到正常视力水平(≥3.70cycles/degree)的6只眼的视网膜脱离分级均为4A(其分别为6只未行手术眼中的1眼,6只行巩膜加压术眼中的3眼。18只行玻璃体切除术眼中的2眼)。对11只视网膜脱离达5级的患眼行玻璃体视网膜手术。
治疗结果为6只眼无光感,3只眼仅有光感,2只眼只能看清低视力表。结论:在ETROP的研究中,ROP导致视网膜脱离的治疗结果普遍较差。因视网膜脱离行玻璃体视网膜手术的48只眼中,有16只眼黄斑未发生脱离。手术修复4A级视网膜脱离的24只眼中,有5只(21%)在术后达到了正常视力水平。对视网膜脱离5级眼行玻璃体视网膜手术可以使其达到结构复位,但功能恢复不佳。 | Michael X. Repka Betty Tung William V. Good Michael Shapiro Antonio Capone Jr John D. Baker Charles C. Barr Dale L. Phelps W. A. J. van HewvenMD John D. Baker,MD Charles C. Barr,MD Dale L. Phelps,MD IV. A. J. van Heuven 张弛(译) | 2006 | 美国医学会眼科杂志(中文版)2006，18，3： | 4 |
| 16 | Current status of clinical islet transplantation显示文摘Islet transplantation(IT) is today a well-established treatment modality for selected patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM). After the success of the University of Alberta group with a modified approach to the immune protection of islets, the international experience grew along with the numbers of transplants in highly specialized centers. Yet, long-term analysis of those initial results from the Edmonton group indicated that insulin-independence was not durable and most patients return to modest amounts of insulin around the fifth year, without recurrent hypoglycemia events. Many phenomena have been identified as limiting factor for the islet engraftment and survival, and today all efforts are aimed to improve the quality of islets and their engrafting process, as well as more optimized immunosuppression to facilitate tolerance and ultimately, better long term survival. This brief overview presents recent progress in IT. A concise historical perspective is provided, along with the latest efforts to improve islet engraftment, immune protection and ultimately, prolonged graft survival. It is apparent that as the community continues to work together further optimizing IT, it is hopeful a cure for T1 DM will soon be achievable. | Andrew R Pepper Boris Gala-Lopez Oliver Ziff AM James Shapiro | 2013 | World Journal of Transplantation2013，3，4： | 3 |
| 17 | Gastrointestinal perforation in metastatic colorectal cancer patients with peritoneal metastases receiving bevacizumab显示文摘AIM:To investigate the safety and efficacy of adding bevacizumab to first-line chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer patients with peritoneal disease.METHODS:We compared rates of gastrointestinal perforation in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer and peritoneal disease receiving first-line chemotherapy with and without bevacizumab in three distinct cohorts:(1) the AGITG MAX trial(Phase Ⅲ randomised clinical trial comparing capecitabine vs capecitabine and bevacizumab vs capecitabine,bevacizumab and mitomycin C);(2) the prospective Treatment of Recurrent and Advanced Colorectal Cancer(TRACC) registry(any first-line regimen ± bevacizumab);and(3) two cancer centres in New South Wales,Australia [Macarthur Cancer Therapy Centre and Liverpool Cancer Therapy Centre(NSWCC) from January 2005 to Decenber 2012,(any first-line regimen ± bevacizumab).For the AGITG MAX trial capecitabine was compared to the other two arms(capecitabine/bevacizumab and capecitabine/bevacizumab/mitomycin C).In the AGITG MAX trial and the TRACC registry rates of gastrointestinal perforation were also collected in patients who did not have peritoneal metastases.Secondary endpoints included progression-free survival,chemotherapy duration,and overall survival.Time-toevent outcomes were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test.RESULTS:Eighty-four MAX,179 TRACC and 69 NSWCC patients had peritoneal disease.There were no gastrointestinal perforations recorded in either the MAX subgroup or the NSWCC cohorts.Of the patients without peritoneal disease in the MAX trial,4/300(1.3%) in the bevacizumab arms had gastrointestinal perforations compared to 1/123(0.8%) in the capecitabine alone arm.In the TRACC registry 3/126(2.4%) patients who had received bevacizumab had a gastrointestinal perforation compared to 1/53(1.9%) in the chemotherapy alone arm.In a further analysis of patients without peritoneal metastases in the TRACC registry,the rate of gastrointestinal perforations was 9/369(2.4%) in the chemotherapy/bevacizumab group and 5/177(2.8%) in the chemotherapy alone group.The addition of bevacizumab to chemotherapy was associated with improved progression-free survival in all three cohorts:MAX 6.9 m vs 4.9 m,HR = 0.64(95%CI:0.42-1.02);P = 0.063;TRACC 9.1 m vs 5.5 m,HR = 0.61(95%CI:0.37-0.86);P = 0.009;NSWCC 8.7 m vs 6.8 m,HR = 0.75(95%CI:0.43-1.32);P = 0.32.Chemotherapy duration was similar across the groups.CONCLUSION:Patients with peritoneal disease do not appear to have an increased risk of gastrointestinal perforations when receiving first-line therapy with bevacizumab compared to systemic therapy alone. | Aflah Roohullah Hui-Li Wong Katrin M Sjoquist Peter Gibbs Kathryn Field Ben Tran Jeremy Shapiro Joe Mckendrick Desmond Yip Louise Nott Val Gebski Weng Ng Wei Chua Timothy Price Niall Tebbutt Lorraine Chantrill | 2015 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2015，21，17： | 3 |
| 18 | Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts显示文摘 | Thomson JA Itskovitz Eldor J Shapiro SS | | 0，，： | 3 |
| 19 | Thoracoscopic segmentectomy compares favorably with thoracoscopic lobectomy for patients with small stage I lung cancer显示文摘 | Mark Shapiro Todd S. Weiser Juan P. Wisnivesky Cynthia Chin Michael Arustamyan Scott J. Swanson | 2009 | The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery2009，，6： | 3 |
| 20 | Fluid balance concepts in medicine:Principles and practice显示文摘The regulation of body fluid balance is a key concern in health and disease and comprises three concepts. The first concept pertains to the relationship between total body water(TBW) and total effective solute and is expressed in terms of the tonicity of the body fluids. Disturbances in tonicity are the main factor responsible for changes in cell volume, which can critically affect brain cell function and survival. Solutes distributed almost exclusively in the extracellular compartment(mainly sodium salts) and in the intracellular compartment(mainly potassium salts) contribute to tonicity, while solutes distributed in TBW have no effect on tonicity. The second body fluid balance concept relates to the regulation and measurement of abnormalities of sodium salt balance and extracellular volume. Estimation of extracellular volume is more complex and error prone than measurement of TBW. A key function of extracellular volume, which is defined as the effective arterial blood volume(EABV), is to ensure adequate perfusion of cells and organs. Other factors, including cardiac output, total and regional capacity of both arteries and veins, Starling forces in the capillaries, and gravity also affect the EABV. Collectively, these factors interact closely with extracellular volume and some of them undergo substantial changes in certain acute and chronic severe illnesses. Their changes result not only in extracellular volume expansion, but in the need for a larger extracellular volume compared with that of healthy individuals. Assessing extracellular volume in severe illness is challenging because the estimates of this volume by commonly used methods are prone to large errors in many illnesses. In addition, the optimal extracellular volume may vary from illness to illness, is only partially based on volume measurements by traditional methods, and has not been determined for each illness. Further research is needed to determine optimal extracellular volume levels in several illnesses. For these reasons, extracellular volume in severe illness merits a separate third concept of body fluid balance. | Maria-Eleni Roumelioti Robert H Glew Zeid J Khitan Helbert Rondon-Berrios Christos P Argyropoulos Deepak Malhotra Dominic S Raj Emmanuel I Agaba Mark Rohrscheib Glen H Murata Joseph I Shapiro Antonios H Tzamaloukas | 2018 | World Journal of Nephrology2018，7，1： | 3 |
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