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| 1 | Payment for ecosystem services:emerging lessons显示文摘Market based initiatives for management of degrading ecosystems and their services have received the added attention as one of the innovative responses in the recent years. Those initiatives such as direct and indirect payment for ecosystem services like premium for rain forest honey, payment by the people at the lower reach to those at the upper reach for the watershed services etc. have drawn the attention of the decision makers as they have proved to be far more cost effective. This paper synthesizes the key messages from some of the celebrated but well established market for ecosystem services across the world. The ecosystem services considered in the paper are car-bon, watershed services and biodiversity. We find that while credible valuation of ecosystem services for all services remain a critical concern behind setting up the payment mechanism, absent of necessary institutional framework may seriously undermine this innovative response for management of ecosystems. In the paper, necessary institution-al mechanisms enabling the market for those services have been sketched out. Key messages from those cases have been synthesized. | Pushpam Kumar | 2008 | Ecological Economy2008，4，1： | 9 |
| 2 | Greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture显示文摘 | Smith Pete Martino Daniel Cai Zucong Gwary Daniel Janzen Henry Kumar Pushpam McCarl Bruce Ogle Stephen O&apos Mara Frank Rice Charles Scholes Bob Sirotenko Oleg Howden Mark McAllister Tim Pan Genxing Romanenkov Vladimir Schneider Uwe Towprayoon Sirintornt | 2007 | Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society B2007，，1492： | 1 |
| 3 | Valuation of the ecosystem services: A psycho-cultural perspective显示文摘 | Manasi Kumar Pushpam Kumar | 2007 | Ecological Economics2007，，4： | 1 |
| 4 | Greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture显示文摘 | Smith Pete Martino Daniel Cai Zucong Gwary Daniel Janzen Henry Kumar Pushpam McCarl Bruce Ogle Stephen O&apos Mara Frank Rice Charles Scholes Bob Sirotenko Oleg Howden Mark McAllister Tim Pan Genxing Romanenkov Vladimir Schneider Uwe Towprayoon Sirintorn | 2007 | 2007 (1492)2007，，1492： | 1 |
| 5 | Policy and technological constraints to implementation of greenhouse gas mitigation options in agriculture显示文摘 | Pete Smith Daniel Martino Zucong Cai Daniel Gwary Henry Janzen Pushpam Kumar Bruce McCarl Stephen Ogle Frank O’Mara Charles Rice Bob Scholes Oleg Sirotenko Mark Howden Tim McAllister Genxing Pan Vladimir Romanenkov Uwe Schneider Sirintornthep Towprayoon | 2006 | Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment2006，，1： | 1 |
| 6 | Assessment of Economic Drivers of Land Use Change in Urban Ecosys- tems of Delhi, India显示文摘 | Pushpam Kumar | 2009 | Springer and Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences2009，1，： | 1 |
| 7 | Greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture显示文摘 | Smith Pete Martino Daniel Cai Zucong Gwary Daniel Janzen Henry Kumar Pushpam McCarl Bruce Ogle Stephen O&apos Mara Frank Rice Charles Scholes Bob Sirotenko Oleg Howden Mark McAllister Tim Pan Genxing Romanenkov Vladimir Schneider Uwe Towprayoon Sirintornt | 2007 | Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society B2007，，1492： | 1 |
| 8 | Regulating services in poverty ecosystems dynamics: evidences from South Asia显示文摘Valuation of ecosystem services has been sought as effective tools that enable the decision makers in de signing the cost effective response policies for management of ecosystems towards alleviating the poverty especially in economically poor regions like South Asia. Various directions and linkages between poverty and degradation of ecosystem and reduced flow of ecosystem services can better be understood if the regulating services like hydrological flow and carbon sequestration by forest, and nutrient cycling and bioremediation by wetlands can be captured in monetary unit. South Asian countries including India, Nepal, Pakistan and Bangladesh are the hotspots of poverty where poor depend upon various ecosystem services for their livelihoods and allocation of resource for conservation of ecosystems would have additional merit if regulating services are captured and internalized into the public policy. The paper first raises problematic issues in valuation of regulating ecosystem services, and attempts to link it with the dependence of poor. Second, complexities of poverty-ecosystem dynamics are discussed. Thirdly, the possible intervention to achieve poverty alleviation goal is analyzed with the help of some examples from accounting and valua- tion of regulating services of Indian forest. Finally, the paper suggests that greater attention is needed to do credible and better valuation of regulating services so that insights from these can be used in understanding the impact of degradation of ecosystems on poor people. | Pushpam KUMAR | 2010 | Ecological Economy2010，6，1： | 0 |
| 9 | Contracts in the payments for ecosystem services: the case of bio-prospecting显示文摘We examine the economics of royalties in bioprospecting contracts between a pharmaceutical and genetic resource supplier (local), with an eye to understanding the relative advantages of indexing royalty payments to gross revenue or net revenue. We show a risk-averse f irm facing only production or only cost risks will index royalties to net revenue. When facing both types of risk, the choice of royalty type depends on the relative magnitudes of the pro-duction and cost risk. In each case, the risk-averse f irm chooses the royalty-type that shifts as much risk as possible to the local. When the local is risk neutral, the pharmaceutical's and local's preferences are compatible. If the local is risk averse and there is only one type of risk, it will prefer a gross revenue royalty, and shift as much risk as pos-sible to the fi rm: here the local and fi rm preferences are compatible only if the fi rm is risk-neutral. Lastly, we show if the f irm sets the terms of the contract, and both agents are risk averse, the f irm will not likely volunteer to imple-ment the socially optimal royalty arrangement as it prefers to shift as much risk to the local, who now also prefers a more certain return. This last outcome is at the heart of the benef it sharing discussion and suggests if risk sharing and equity are a concern in benef it sharing, then the choice of royalty type can be an important part of negotiations between pharmaceuticals and locals for the phytochemical from nature for new drug discovery. | Rodney B.W. Smith Pushpam Kumar | 2008 | Ecological Economy2008，4，2： | 0 |
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