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| 1 | Computed tomography and patient risk:Facts,perceptions and uncertainties显示文摘Since its introduction in the 1970s, computed tomography(CT) has revolutionized diagnostic decision-making. One of the major concerns associated with the widespread use of CT is the associated increased radiation exposure incurred by patients. The link between ionizing radiation and the subsequent development of neoplasia has been largely based on extrapolating data from studies of survivors of the atomic bombs dropped in Japan in 1945 and on assessments of the increased relative risk of neoplasia in those occupationally exposed to radiation within the nuclear industry. However, the association between exposure to low-dose radiation from diagnostic imaging examinations and oncogenesis remains unclear. With improved technology, significant advances have already been achieved with regards to radiation dose reduction. There are several dose optimization strategies available that may be readily employed including omitting unnecessary images at the ends of acquired series, minimizing the number of phases acquired, and the use of automated exposure control as opposed to fixed tube current techniques. In addition, new image reconstruction techniques that reduce radiation dose have been developed in recent years with promising results. These techniques use iterative reconstruction algorithms to attain diagnostic quality images with reduced image noise at lower radiation doses. | Stephen P Power Fiachra Moloney Maria Twomey Karl James Owen J O'Connor Michael M Maher | 2016 | World Journal of Radiology2016，8，12： | 7 |
| 2 | Effects of radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide versus radiotherapy alone on survival in glioblastoma in a randomised phase III study: 5-year analysis of the EORTC-NCIC trial显示文摘 | Roger Stupp Monika E Hegi Warren P Mason Martin J van den Bent Martin JB Taphoorn Robert C Janzer Samuel K Ludwin Anouk Allgeier Barbara Fisher Karl Belanger Peter Hau Alba A Brandes Johanna Gijtenbeek Christine Marosi Charles J Vecht Karima Mokhtari Piet | 2009 | Lancet Oncology2009，，5： | 4 |
| 3 | China, the G20 and the International Investment Regime显示文摘中国成为了一个主要的家国家因为向外外国的直接投资(OFDI ) 流动。作为结果,这个国家逐渐地担心保护它的 OFDI 并且便于它在国外投资并且创造一条强壮的通用国际投资法律和政策政体的公司的操作。这篇文章简短作为一个外面的投资者考察中国的出现。它从新兴的市场继续与 FDI 的上升有关的一些政策问题的分析。对国际投资法律和政策政体的未来中央的问题的简短讨论列在后面,在集中于能在瓷器 G20 领导下面被追求的几结果前:nonbinding 分享了能在国际投资上构画出一个通用框架的建筑学的原则;为持续投资容易的一个国际支持节目;并且将允许的一个另外的 intergovernmental 平台的创造讨论与国际投资的统治有关的问题的范围的继续的系统的 intergovernmental 进程,最好由发生在 intergovernmental 设置外面的非正式、包括、面向结果的一致大楼进程的 paralleled。 | Karl P Sauvant | 2016 | China & World Economy2016，24，4： | 3 |
| 4 | C-reactive protein and radiographic findings of lower respiratory tract infection in infants显示文摘AIM To evaluate the association between C-reactive protein(CRP) and radiological evidence of lower respiratory tract infection(LRTI) in infants.METHODS All patients aged less than 4 years who presented with suspected lower respiratory tract infection,who received a peri-presentation chest radiograph and CRP blood measurement over an 18-mo period were included in the study.Age,gender,source of referral,CRP,white cell count,neutrophil count along with the patients' symptoms and radiologist's report were recorded.RESULTS Three hundred and eleven patients met the inclusioncriteria.Abnormal chest radiographs were more common in patients with elevated CRP levels(P < 0.01).Radiologic signs of LRTI were identified in 73.7% of chest radiographs when a patient had a CRP level between 50-99 mg/L.CRP levels were a better predictor of positive chest radiograph findings for those aged greater than I year compared to those 1 year or less.CONCLUSION CRP may be used in patients with suspected LRTI diagnosis to select those who are likely to have positive findings on chest radiograph,thus reducing unnecessary chest radiographs. | Maria Twomey Hannah Fleming Fiachra Moloney Kevin P Murphy Lee Crush Siobhan B O’Neill Oisin Flanagan Karl James Conor Bogue Owen J O’Connor Michael M Maher | 2017 | World Journal of Radiology2017，9，4： | 2 |
| 5 | Computation of flow through the oesophagogastric junction显示文摘Whilst methods exist to indirectly measure the effects of increased flow or gastro-oesophageal refluxing, they cannot quantitatively measure the amount of acid travelling back up into the oesophagus during reflux, nor can they indicate the flow rate through the oesophagogastric junction (OGJ). Since OGJ dysfunction affects flow it seems most appropriate to describe the geometry of the OGJ and its effect on the flow. A device known as the functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP) has been shown to reliably measure the geometry of and pressure changes in the OGJ. FLIP cannot directly measure flow but the data gathered from the probe can be used to model flow through the junction by using computational flow dynamics (CFD). CFD uses a set of equations known as the Navier-Stokes equations to predict flow patterns and is a technique widely used in engineering. These equations are complex and require appropriate assumptions to provide simplifications before useful data can be obtained. With the assumption that the cross-sectional areas obtained via FLIP are circular, the radii of these circles can be obtained. A cubic interpolation scheme can then be applied to give a high-resolution geometry for the OGJ. In the case of modelling a reflux scenario, it can be seen that at the narrowest section a jet of fluid squirts into the oesophagus at a higher velocity than the fluid surrounding it. This jet has a maximum velocity of almost 2 ms-1 that occurs where the OGJ is at its narrowest. This simple prediction of acid ‘squirting’ into the oesophagusillustrates how the use of numerical methods can be used to develop a better understanding of the OGJ. This initial work using CFD shows some considerable promise for the future. | Barry P McMahon Karl D Odie Kenneth W Moloney Hans Gregersen | 2007 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2007，13，9： | 2 |
| 6 | 渔民的利益和合作:瑞典沿岸渔业共同管理的前提显示文摘本文在'共同管理'、'参与性管理'或'地方管理'等概念下用不同的理念探讨了渔民参与渔业管理的问题。瑞典渔业范围内的经验研究阐明了关于渔民参与渔业管理先决条件的新观点。在影响成败的重要因素中,我们这里着重探讨了其中两个:渔民利益的明确表达、组织及代表问题和通常参与资源管理合作的各群体即:渔民、政府管理人员以及研究人员之间的信任。本文所概述的研究论及了渔民在资源管理、地方渔业管理方面的利益以及渔民的参与。连接这三个主题的问题是:在渔业管理中如何更好地反映渔民的利益?利益与信任,即'软事实',对于渔业管理和参与的成败而言,可以犹如所有权、资源的数量和质量或资源的货币价值之类的'硬事实'一样的重要。 | Karl Bruckmeier Anders Ellegrd Laura Píriz 林宝法 | 2005 | AMBIO-人类环境杂志2005，34，2： | 2 |
| 7 | A new perspective on recent global warming:A symmetric trends of daily maximum and minimum temperature显示文摘 | Thomas R Karl Richord W Knight Kevin P Callo | 1993 | Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society1993，74，6： | 2 |
| 8 | Effect of intensive treatment of hyperglycaemia on microvascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an analysis of the ACCORD randomised trial显示文摘 | Faramarz Ismail-Beigi Timothy Craven Mary Ann Banerji Jan Basile Jorge Calles Robert M Cohen Robert Cuddihy William C Cushman Saul Genuth Richard H Grimm Bruce P Hamilton Byron Hoogwerf Diane Karl Lois Katz Armand Krikorian Patrick O'Connor Rodica Pop-Bus | 2010 | The Lancet2010，，9739： | 2 |
| 9 | A new perspec-tive on recent global warming:Asymmetric of dailymaximum and minimum temperature显示文摘 | Karl T RJ ones P D Knight R We t al | 1993 | Bulletin of theAmerican Meteorological Society1993，74，6： | 1 |
| 10 | 查看详情显示文摘 | James I L Tom D M Salah E Andrew F Karl H S Russell P N | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 11 | A variable force binder for a draw press显示文摘 | Zhang S L Karl B O | 1998 | Journal of Materials Processing Technology1998，73，： | 1 |
| 12 | 3D visualization of tomographic volume data using the generalized voxel model显示文摘 | Karl H H Michale B Andreas P | 1990 | The Visual Computer1990，6，1： | 1 |
| 13 | The use of a vegetation index for assessment of the urban heat island effect 显示文摘 | Gallo K P L Mcnab A Karl T R | 1993 | Int J Remote Serving1993，14，11： | 1 |
| 14 | Tuning the HOMO and LUMO Energy Levels of Organic Chromophores for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells显示文摘 | Daniel P Hagberg Tannia Marinado Karl Martin Karlsson | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 15 | Naturnaher Wasserbau-Merkamaleund Gr enzen显示文摘 | Binder W Juerging P Karl J | 1983 | Gartenund Landschaft1983，93，2： | 1 |
| 16 | Easterling,First difference method:Maximum station density for the calculation of long-term global temperature change显示文摘 | PETERSON T C KARL T R JAMASON P F | 1998 | J Geoghy Res1998，103，25： | 1 |
| 17 | Diet, Body Composition, and Physical Fitness Influences on IGF - 1 Bioac- tivity in Women 显示文摘 | KARL J P ALEMANY J A KOENIG C | 2009 | Growtr Horm IGF Res2009，19，6： | 1 |
| 18 | Structureavtivity studies on magainins and other host defense peptides显示文摘 | Maloy W L Karl U P | 1995 | Biopolymers (Peptide Science)1995，37，： | 1 |
| 19 | Estimates of global terreslrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN ( model of emissions of gases and aerosols from nature) 显示文摘 | GUENTHER A KARl T HARI EY P | 2006 | Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions2006，6，： | 1 |
| 20 | Combinatorial interactions between positive and negative cis-acting elements control spatial patterns of 4cl-! Expression in transgenic tobacco显示文摘 | STEPHEN P L RAJAGOPAL S | 1993 | The Plant Journal1993，4，2： | 1 |
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