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| 1 | 帕博利珠单抗单用或与放疗联用治疗转移性非小细胞肺癌:两个随机试验的汇总分析显示文摘背景放疗可以提高整个机体对免疫治疗的应答。在Ⅱ期PEMBRO-RT研究和Ⅰ/Ⅱ期MDACC研究中,患有转移性非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的患者被随机分配入组,接受免疫治疗(帕博利珠单抗)+放疗联合疗法,或免疫治疗单一疗法。当上述2个研究单独分析时,联合疗法组显示出潜在获益。由于每个研究的样本量较小,缓解率和结局并未显示出统计学意义,然而却有显著的临床获益。因此,本研究进行汇总分析,来判断放疗是否会改善转移性NSCLC患者的免疫治疗应答。方法PEMBRO-RT和MDACC研究纳入标准:患者年龄≥18岁,患有转移性NSCLC,且有≥1处未经放疗照射的病灶,以便进行射野外应答监测。PEMBRO-RT研究纳入曾接受过化疗患者,MDACC研究纳入曾接受过治疗或新诊断患者。2个研究中的患者均未接受过免疫治疗。在PEMBRO-RT研究中患者被等比例随机分配入组,并根据吸烟状态进行分层(分为<10年组和≥10年组)。MDACC研究的患者根据放疗计划可行性被等比例随机分配入2个受试组。由于联合治疗组的干预本质,每个研究中的放疗均不适用盲法。在2个研究中,不论是否进行放疗,均静脉滴入帕博利珠单抗(每3周200 mg)。在PEMBRO-RT研究中,在放疗(24 Gy 3次分割照射)结束后1周给予第1剂帕博利珠单抗。在MDACC研究中,在第1次放疗(50 Gy 4次分割照射或45 Gy 15次分割照射)同时给予帕博利珠单抗。仅检测未经照射病灶的应答。本研究的终点为最佳射野外(远隔)应答率(ARR)、最佳射野外疾病控制率(ACR)、12周时ARR、12周时ACR、无进展生存期(PFS)和总生存期(OS)。2个研究的意向治疗(ITT)人群均纳入分析。PEMBRO-RT研究(NCT02492568)和MDACC研究(NCT02444741)均在ClinicalTrials.gov上注册。发现纳入148例患者,76例接受帕博利珠单抗治疗,72例接受帕博利珠单抗+放疗治疗。所有患者随访时间中位数为33个月[四分位距(IQR):32.4~33.6]。148例患者中124例(84%)组织学特征为非鳞癌,111例(75%)患者曾经接受过化疗。组间没有基线特征差异,包括PD-L1表达状态和转移灶体积。最常见的照射部位为肺转移灶(39%,28/72)、胸腔内淋巴结(21%,15/72)和非原发灶(17%,12/72)。帕博利珠单抗组和联合治疗组的最佳ARR分别为19.7%(15/76)和41.7%(30/72),OR=2.96,95%CI:1.42~6.20,P=0.0039;最佳ACR分别为43.4%(33/76)和65.3%(47/72),OR=2.51,95%CI:1.28~4.91,P=0.0071;PFS中位数分别为4.4(IQR:2.9~5.9)和9.0个月(IQR:6.8~11.2),HR=0.67,95%CI:0.45~0.99,P=0.045;OS中位数分别为8.7(IQR:6.4~11.0)和19.2个月(IQR:14.6~23.8),OR=0.67,95%CI:0.54~0.84,P=0.0004。在汇总分析中没有发现新的安全问题。解读帕博利珠单抗免疫疗法+放疗显著提高转移性NSCLC患者的应答和改善治疗结局。这些结果需要在三期临床试验中进行验证。 | 陈大卫(翻译) 于金明(校对) Willemijn S M E Theelen Vivek Verma Brian P Hobbs Heike M U Peulen Joachim G J V Aerts Idris Bahce Anna Larissa N Niemeijer Joe Y Chang Patricia M de Groot Quynh-Nhu Nguyen Nathan I Comeaux George R Simon Ferdinandos Skoulidis Steven H Lin Kewen He Roshal Patel John Heymach Paul Baas James W Welsh | 2021 | 中华肿瘤防治杂志2021，28，24： | 49 |
| 2 | Sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopy: Current issues显示文摘Diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy can successfully be performed by applying moderate(conscious) sedation.Moderate sedation,using midazolam and an opioid,is the standard method of sedation,although propofol is increasingly being used in many countries because the satisfaction of endoscopists with propofol sedation is greater compared with their satisfaction with conventional sedation.Moreover,the use of propofol is currently preferred for the endoscopic sedation of patients with advanced liver disease due to its short biologic half-life and,consequently,its low risk of inducing hepatic encephalopathy.In the future,propofol could become the preferred sedation agent,especially for routine colonoscopy.Midazolam is the benzodiazepine of choice because of its shorter duration of action and better pharmacokinetic profile compared with diazepam.Among opioids,pethidine and fentanyl are the most popular.A number of other substances have been tested in several clinical trials with promising results.Among them,newer opioids,such as remifentanil,enable a faster recovery.The controversy regarding the administration of sedation by an endoscopist or an experienced nurse,as well as the optimal staffing of en-doscopy units,continues to be a matter of discussion.Safe sedation in special clinical circumstances,such as in the cases of obese,pregnant,and elderly individuals,as well as patients with chronic lung,renal or liver disease,requires modification of the dose of the drugs used for sedation.In the great majority of patients,sedation under the supervision of a properly trained endoscopist remains the standard practice worldwide.In this review,an overview of the current knowledge concerning sedation during digestive endoscopy will be provided based on the data in the current literature. | John K Triantafillidis Emmanuel Merikas Dimitrios Nikolakis Apostolos E Papalois | 2013 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2013，19，4： | 35 |
| 3 | Update in management of mesenteric ischemia显示文摘肠系膜局部缺血混乱被剥夺一或几个腹的机关遇见新陈代谢的要求足够的呼吸的一个发行量不足事件猛抛。尽管 mes 伤寒局部缺血不经常发生,死亡率从 60% ~ 100% ,依靠阻塞的消息提供者。成功的结果依赖于怀疑和迅速的管理的一个高索引。我们简短考察病理生理学和演讲各种各样是化学家实体并且在诊断和治疗考察当前的现状。尽管有在诊断和治疗的进展,迅速的诊断和支持的照顾为成功的结果仍然保持批评。新成像技术,血管内治疗和新兴的研究可以改进我们的途径到这个致命的条件。 | Robert W Chang John B Chang Walter E Longo | 2006 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2006，12，20： | 38 |
| 4 | Passive technologies for future large-scale photonic integrated circuits on silicon: polarization handling, light non-reciprocity and loss reduction显示文摘Silicon-based large-scale photonic integrated circuits are becoming important,due to the need for higher complexity and lower cost for optical transmitters,receivers and optical buffers.In this paper,passive technologies for large-scale photonic integrated circuits are described,including polarization handling,light non-reciprocity and loss reduction.The design rule for polarization beam splitters based on asymmetrical directional couplers is summarized and several novel designs for ultra-short polarization beam splitters are reviewed.A novel concept for realizing a polarization splitter–rotator is presented with a very simple fabrication process.Realization of silicon-based light non-reciprocity devices(e.g.,optical isolator),which is very important for transmitters to avoid sensitivity to reflections,is also demonstrated with the help of magneto-optical material by the bonding technology.Low-loss waveguides are another important technology for large-scale photonic integrated circuits.Ultra-low loss optical waveguides are achieved by designing a Si3N4 core with a very high aspect ratio.The loss is reduced further to,0.1 dB m21 with an improved fabrication process incorporating a high-quality thermal oxide upper cladding by means of wafer bonding.With the developed ultra-low loss Si3N4 optical waveguides,some devices are also demonstrated,including ultra-high-Q ring resonators,low-loss arrayed-waveguide grating(de)multiplexers,and high-extinction-ratio polarizers. | Daoxin Dai Jared Bauters John E Bowers | 2012 | Light(Science & Applications)2012，1，1： | 28 |
| 5 | Necrotizing enterocolitis: A multifactorial disease with no cure显示文摘Necrotizing enterocolitis is an inflammatory bowel disease of neonates with significant morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. Due to the multifactorial nature o the disease and limitations in disease models, early diagnosis remains challenging and the pathogenesis elusive. Although preterm birth, hypoxic-ischemic events formula feeding, and abnormal bacteria colonization are established risk factors, the role of genetics and vasoactive/inflammatory mediators is unclear Consequently, treatments do not target the specific underlying disease processes and are symptomatic and surgically invasive. Breast-feeding is the most effective preventative measure. Recent advances in the prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis have focused on bioactive nutrients and trophic factors in human milk. Developmen of new disease models including the aspect of prematurity that consistently predisposes neonates to the disease with multiple risk factors will improve our understanding of the pathogenesis and lead to discovery of innovative therapeutics. | Kareena L Schnabl John E Van Aerde Alan BR Thomson Michael T Clandinin | 2008 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2008，14，14： | 19 |
| 6 | 内侧固定平台单髁置换术后的冠状面下肢力线是翻修的影响因素显示文摘膝关节单髁置换术(unicompartmental knee arthroplasty,UKA)后患者冠状面的下肢力线被认为是影响手术长期疗效的一个重要因素,但关于最佳的UKA术后下肢力线还没有形成明确共识。一些研究主张术后下肢力线应保持在中立位,而另一些研究认为即使术后下肢力线存在10°的内翻也可获得良好的临床效果。 | Sean E Slaven John P Cody Robert A Sershon Henry Ho Robert H Hopper Jr Kevin B Fricka 李亚坤(整理) 张民(整理) | 2020 | 实用骨科杂志2020，26，12： | 15 |
| 7 | Regression of cirrhosis during treatment with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for chronic hepatitis B: a 5-year open-label follow-up study显示文摘 | Patrick Marcellin Edward Gane Maria Buti Nezam Afdhal William Sievert Ira M Jacobson Mary Kay Washington George Germanidis John F Flaherty Raul Aguilar Schall Jeffrey D Bornstein Kathryn M Kitrinos G Mani Subramanian John G McHutchison E Jenny Heathcote | 2012 | The Lancet2012，，： | 14 |
| 8 | Liver iron transport显示文摘肝在铁新陈代谢起一个中央作用。它是为铁的主要存储地点并且也表示涉及铁运输和铁动态平衡的规定的分子的一个复杂范围。与肝的铁运输或规定联系的越来越多的基因被识别了。这些包括转铁蛋白受体(TFR1 并且 2 ) , ferrireductase (STEAP3 ) ,运输 ers 二价的金属 transporter-1 (DMT1 ) 和象 haemochromatosis 蛋白质, HFE 和 haemojuvelin (HJV ) 一样的 ferroportin (FPN ) ,它正在表明分子。许多也这些基因参予铁集中于肝的肽 hepcidin 的规章的小径。然而,我们开始仍然仅仅正在理解在肝之间的复杂相互作用熨运输和铁动态平衡。这评论在铁运输和铁动态平衡的规定构画出我们铁新陈代谢和他们的角色的分子的当前的知识。 | Ross M Graham Anita CG Chua Carly E Herbison John K Olynyk Debbie Trinder | 2007 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2007，13，35： | 12 |
| 9 | 局部无缝垂直参考基准面的建立方法研究显示文摘为在局域建立一个无缝垂直参考基准面,提出了两步转换的思想和方法,即从大地高到正高然后到海图高。利用该方法,构造了Saint John河高程转换模型,并在该河段建立了无缝垂直参考基准面,且得到了实际验证。 | 赵建虎 张红梅 John E Hughes Clarke | 2006 | 武汉大学学报(信息科学版)2006，31，5： | 12 |
| 10 | Environment as the Stage for Economic Actors显示文摘The relative importance of economics and environment in debate may soon be reversed due to the influence of three fac- tors. Firstly, in the global economy it is hard to hide the unwanted products of economic processes. Secondly, huge advances in sci- ence will reduce the imperfect knowledge of markets, making some monitoring and analyzing tools show the design of sensible and equitable livelihood in communities, which is more important than the motivation of maximising profits for some individuals or firms. Thirdly, China, as the last major player on the planet to take on economic growth, comes from traditions fundamentally differ- ent from those economies that have experienced the Industrial Revolution previously. Its challenges with sustainability and en- vironmental conservation predate Western economics by millennia, and it is implementing policies domestically and starting to work on the world stage that acknowledges that the surroundings are the host for any economic and socio-political system. | John E Coulter Shi Lei Samantha Jenkins | 2007 | Chinese Journal of Population,Resources and Environment2007，5，1： | 10 |
| 11 | Recent trends in the surgical management of inflammatory bowel disease显示文摘Surgery is required in the vast majority of patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) and in approximately one-third of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Similar to medical treatments for IBD, significant advances have occurred in surgery. Advances in CD include an emphasis upon conservatism as exemplified by more limited resections, strictureplasties, and laparoscopic resections. The use of probiotics in selected patients has improved the outcome in patients with pouchitis following restorative proctocolectomy for UC. It is anticipated that ongoing discoveries in the molecular basis of IBD will in turn identify those patients who will best respond to surgery. | Robert E Roses John L Rombeau | 2008 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2008，14，3： | 10 |
| 12 | Acinar cell injury induced by inadequate unfolded protein response in acute pancreatitis显示文摘Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disorder of pancreatic tissue initiated in injured acinar cells. Severe AP remains a significant challenge due to the lack of effective treatment. The widely-accepted autodigestion theory of AP is now facing challenges, since inhibiting protease activation has negligible effectiveness for AP treatment despite numerous efforts. Furthermore, accumulating evidence supports a new concept that malfunction of a self-protective mechanism, the unfolded protein response(UPR), is the driving force behind the pathogenesis of AP. The UPR is induced by endoplasmic reticulum(ER) stress, a disturbance frequently found in acinar cells, to prevent the aggravation of ER stress that can otherwise lead to cell injury. In addition, the UPR's signaling pathways control NFκB activation and autophagy flux, and these dysregulations cause acinar cell inflammatory injury in AP, but with poorly understood mechanisms. We therefore summarize the protective role of the UPR in AP, propose mechanistic models of how inadequate UPR could promote NFκB's pro-inflammatory activity and impair autophagy's protective function in acinar cells, and discuss its relevance to current AP treatment. We hope that insight provided in this review will help facilitate the research and management of AP. | Kaylene Barrera Albert Stanek Kei Okochi Zuzanna Niewiadomska Cathy Mueller Peiqi Ou Devon John Antonio E Alfonso Scott Tenner Chongmin Huan | 2018 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology2018，9，2： | 9 |
| 13 | Intraoperative cardiac arrest during anesthesia: a retrospective study of 218 274 anesthetics undergoing non-cardiac surgery in a US teaching hospital显示文摘背景耐心的安全更被获得了在最近的 years.The 作者的注意考察了在在匹兹堡大学医学中心经历在1989年1月和2001年12月之间的 noncardiac 外科的操作房间里有心脏的拘捕的病人,学习的 USA.The 主要目的是决定 intraoperative 的发生心脏的拘捕,识别心脏的拘捕的可能的原因并且由匹兹堡大学与赞同探索顺从的 modifications.Methods | AN Jian-xiong Li-Ming Zhang Erin A. Sullivan GUO Qu-lian John E Williams | 2011 | Chinese Medical Journal2011，，2： | 9 |
| 14 | Bemisia tabaci Phylogenetic Groups in India and the Relative Transmission Efficacy of Tomato leaf curl Bangalore virus by an Indigenous and an Exotic Population显示文摘Bemisia tabaci adults from various host-plant species were collected from 31 regions across India.266 B.tabaci samples were first screened by RAPD-PCR to examine molecular variability and to select individuals with different fingerprints.Host-plant and region of collection were then used to select 25 individuals for PCR amplification and sequencing of their partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit one(mtCOI)genes.Pairwise comparisons with mtCOI consensus sequences showed that the majority of these samples had <3.5% sequence divergence from groups currently termed Asia I,Asia II-5,Asia II-7,and Asia II-8.The biotype-B B.tabaci from India clustered into the Middle East-Asia Minor 1 group.A new group of B.tabaci from Coimbatore,collected from pumpkin,was related most closely to the Asia I group(6.2% sequence divergence from the consensus Asia I sequence).To increase our understanding of the epidemiology of tomato leaf curl disease(ToLCD)and the key B.tabaci genetic groups involved in virus spread,the indigenous Asia I and the exotic biotype-B population from South India were used to carry out transmission experiments using Tomato leaf curl Bangalore virus(ToLCBV).The acquisition access periods(AAP),inoculation access periods(IAP),latent periods(LP),and ToLCBV transmission efficiencies of the two populations were compared and the biotype-B had the more efficient transmission characteristics.These results are discussed in relation to recent changes in the epidemiology of tomato leaf curl disease in South India. | R V Chowda-Reddy M Kirankumar Susan E Seal V Muniyappa Girish B Valand M R Govindappa John Colvin | 2012 | Journal of Integrative Agriculture2012，11，2： | 8 |
| 15 | Vanishing bile duct syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus infected adults:A report of two cases显示文摘Vanishing bile duct syndrome(VBDS) is a group of rare disorders characterized by ductopenia,the progressive destruction and disappearance of intrahepatic bile ducts leading to cholestasis.Described in association with medications,autoimmune disorders,cancer,transplantation,and infections,the specific mechanisms of disease are not known.To date,only 4 cases of VBDS have been reported in human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) infected patients.We report 2 additional cases of HIV-associated VBDS and review the features common to the HIV-associated cases.Presentation includes hyperbilirubinemia,normal liver imaging,and negative viral and autoimmune hepatitis studies.In HIV-infected subjects,VBDS occurred at a range of CD4+ T-cell counts,in some cases following initiation or change in antiretroviral therapy.Lymphoma was associated with two cases;nevirapine,antibiotics,and viral co-infection were suggested as etiologies in the other cases.In HIV-positive patients with progressive cholestasis,early identification of VBDS and referral for transplantation may improve outcomes. | Ana Paula Oppenheimer Christopher Koh Mary McLaughlin John C Williamson Thomas D Norton Jennifer Laudadio Theo Heller David E Kleiner Kevin P High Caryn G Morse | 2013 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2013，19，1： | 8 |
| 16 | Treatment of hemorrhoids: A survey of surgical practice in Australia and New Zealand显示文摘BACKGROUND Hemorrhoidal disease is the most common anorectal disorder.Hemorrhoids can be classified as external or internal,according to their relation to the dentate line.External hemorrhoids originate below the dentate line and are managed conservatively unless the patient cannot keep the perianal region clean,or they cause significant discomfort.Internal hemorrhoids originate above the dentate line and can be managed according to the graded degree of prolapse,as described by Goligher.Generally,low-grade internal hemorrhoids are effectively treated conservatively,by non-operative measures,while high-grade internal hemorrhoids warrant procedural intervention.AIM To determine the application of clinical practice guidelines for the current management of hemorrhoids and colorectal surgeon consensus in Australia and New Zealand.METHODS An online survey was distributed to 206 colorectal surgeons in Australia and New Zealand using 17 guideline-based hypothetical clinical scenarios.RESULTS There were 82 respondents(40%)to 17 guideline-based scenarios.Nine(53%)reached consensus,of which only 1(6%)disagreed with the guidelines.This was based on low quality evidence for the management of acutely thrombosed external hemorrhoids.There were 8 scenarios which showed community equipoise(47%)and they were equally divided for agreeing or disagreeing with the guidelines.These topics were based on low and moderate levels of evidence.They included the initial management of grade I internal hemorrhoids,grade III internal hemorrhoids when initial management had failed and the patient had recognised risks factors for septic complications;and finally,the decision-making when considering patient preferences,including a prompt return to work,or minimal post-operative pain.CONCLUSION Although there are areas of consensus in the management of hemorrhoids,there are many areas of community equipoise which would benefit from further research. | George E Fowler Javariah Siddiqui Assad Zahid Christopher John Young | 2019 | World Journal of Clinical Cases2019，7，22： | 8 |
| 17 | 诊断性试验和策略的证据质量和推荐强度的分级显示文摘GRADE系统能对诊断性试验或策略的证据质量和推荐强度进行分级。本文旨在阐释在此过程中如何考虑患者的重要结局, | Holger J Schünemann Andrew D Oxman Jan Brozek Paul Glasziou Roman Jaeschke Gunn E Vist John W Williams Jr Regina Kunz Jonathan Craig Victor M Montori Patrick Bossuyt Gordon H Guyatt 李晓 黄程 陈耀龙 李幼平 | 2009 | 中国循证医学杂志2009，9，5： | 7 |
| 18 | Worldwide spread of the Ponseti method for clubfoot显示文摘The Ponseti method has become the gold standard for the treatment of idiopathic clubfoot. Its safety and efficacy has been demonstrated extensively in the literature, leading to increased use around the world over the last two decades. This has been demonstrated by the increase in Ponseti related Pub Med publications from many countries. We found evidence of Ponseti activity in 113 of 193 United Nations members. The contribution of many organizations which provide resources to healthcare practitioners in low and middle income countries, as well as Ponseti champions and modern communication technology, have helped to spread the Ponseti method around the world. Despite this, there are many countries where the Ponseti method is not being used, as well as many large countries in which the extent of activity is unknown. With its low rate of complication, low cost, and high effectiveness,this method has unlimited potential to treat clubfoot in both developed and undeveloped countries. Our listing of countries who have not yet shown presence of Ponseti activity will help non-governmental organizations to target those countries which still need the most help. | Lior Shabtai Stacy C Specht John E Herzenberg | 2014 | World Journal of Orthopedics2014，5，5： | 7 |
| 19 | Dietary advanced glycation end-products aggravate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease显示文摘AIM To determine if manipulation of dietary advanced glycation end product(AGE), intake affects nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) progression and whether these effects are mediated via RAGE. METHODS Male C57Bl6 mice were fed a high fat, high fructose, high cholesterol(HFHC) diet for 33 wk and compared with animals on normal chow. A third group were given a HFHC diet that was high in AGEs. Another group was given a HFHC diet that was marinated in vinegar to prevent the formation of AGEs. In a second experiment, RAGE KO animals were fed a HFHC diet or a high AGE HFHC diet and compared with wildtype controls. Hepatic biochemistry, histology, picrosirius red morphometry and hepatic mR NA were determined. RESULTS Long-term consumption of the HFHC diet generated significant steatohepatitis and fibrosis after 33 wk. In this model, hepatic 4-hydroxynonenal content(a marker of chronic oxidative stress), hepatocyte ballooning, picrosirius red staining, α-smooth muscle actin and collagen type 1A gene expression were all significantly increased. Increasing the AGE content of the HFHC diet by baking further increased these markers of liver damage, but this was abrogated by pre-marination in acetic acid. In response to the HFHC diet, RAGE-/-animals developed NASH of similar severity to RAGE+/+ animals but were protected from the additional harmful effects of the high AGE containing diet. Studies in isolated Kupffer cells showed that AGEs increase cell proliferation and oxidative stress, providing a likely mechanism through which these compounds contribute to liver injury. CONCLUSION In the HFHC model of NAFLD, manipulation of dietary AGEs modulates liver injury, inflammation, and liver fibrosis via a RAGE dependent pathway. This suggests that pharmacological and dietary strategies targeting the AGE/RAGE pathway could slow the progression of NAFLD. | Christopher Leung Chandana B Herath Zhiyuan Jia Sof Andrikopoulos Bronwyn E Brown Michael J Davies Leni R Rivera John B Furness Josephine M Forbes Peter W Angus | 2016 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2016，22，35： | 7 |
| 20 | Probabilistic ecological risk assessment for three chlorophenols in surface waters of China显示文摘Individual and combined assessment of risks of adverse effects to aquatic ecosystems of three chlorophenols(CPs),including 2,4dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP),2,4,6-trichlorophenol(2,4,6-TCP) and pentachlorophenol(PCP),were conducted.A probabilistic approach based on the concentrations of CPs in surface waters of China was used to determine the likelihood of adverse effects.The potential risk of CPs in surface waters of China was determined to be of concern,especially PCP and mixtures of CPs.The risks of adverse effects were examined as the joint probabilities of exposure and response.The joint probability for PCP was 0.271 in the worst case and 0.111 in the median case,respectively.Based on the cumulative probability,5% of aquatic organisms included in the assessment would be affected 21.36% of the time in the worst case and 5.99% of the time in median case,respectively.For the mixtures of CPs,the joint probability were 0.171 in the worst case and 0.503 in median case,respectively and 5% of species would be affected 49.83% of the time for the worst case and 12.72% in the median case,respectively.Risks of effects of the individual CPs,2,4-DCP and 2,4,6-TCP were deemed to be acceptable with a overlapping probability of < 0.1 with 5% of species being affected less than 4% of the time. | Liqun Xing Hongling Liu John E Giesy Xiaowei Zhang Hongxia Yu | 2012 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2012，24，2： | 7 |
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