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| 1 | Real-time PCR diagnosis of Schistosoma japonicum in low transmission areas of China显示文摘Background:Schistosomiasis in the People’s Republic of China(PRC)can be traced back to antiquity.In the past 60 years,the Chinese government has made great efforts to control this persistent disease with elimination slated by 2020 through the implementation of a comprehensive control strategy.This strategy aims to reduce the role of bovines and humans as sources of infection as a pre-requisite for elimination through transmission interruption.The goal of elimination will be achievable only by the implementation of a sustainable surveillance and control system,with sensitive diagnosis a key feature so that the true disease burden is not underestimated.Currently used diagnostics lack the necessary sensitivity to accurately determine the prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infection in areas with low infection intensities.It is of critical importance to find and treat people and to identify animals with low-level infections if the National Control Programme for China is to achieve schistosomiasis elimination.Methods:We evaluated a real-time polymerase chain reaction(qPCR)assay using 633 human stool samples collected from five villages in Hunan,Anhui,Hubei,and Jiangxi provinces,and 182 bovine(70 cattle and 112 buffalo)stool samples obtained from four villages in Hunan,Anhui,and Jiangxi provinces in the PRC.All stool samples were subjected to the miracidium hatching test(MHT,a diagnostic procedure used in the National Schistosomiasis Control Programme)and the qPCR assay.Samples positive by MHT were subjected to either the Kato-Katz technique for humans,or the formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation-digestion(FEA-SD)procedure for bovines,to determine infection intensities.Results:The qPCR assay exhibited a high level of sensitivity in the detection of S.japonicum infections.With both the human and bovine samples,a significantly higher prevalence was determined using the qPCR assay(11.06%humans,24.73%bovines)than with the MHT(0.93%humans,7.69%bovines).The animal contamination index(calculated using data obtained with the qPCR technique)for all positive bovines was 27618000 eggs per day,indicating a considerable amount of environmental egg contamination that would be underestimated using less sensitive diagnostic procedures.Conclusions:The qPCR assay we have evaluated will be applicable as a future field diagnostic and surveillance tool in low-transmission zones where schistosomiasis elimination is targeted and for monitoring post-intervention areas to verify that elimination has been maintained. | Pei He Catherine A.Gordon Gail M.Williams Yuesheng Li Yuanyuan Wang Junjian Hu Darren J.Gray Allen G.Ross Donald Harn Donald P.McManus | 2018 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2018，7，1： | 7 |
| 2 | Estimating the prevalence of Echinococcus in domestic dogs in highly endemic for echinococcosis显示文摘Background:Cystic echinococcosis(CE)and alveolar echinococcosis(AE)are highly endemic in Xiji County of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region(NHAR)in China where the control campaign based on dog de-worming with praziquantel has been undertaken over preceding decades.This study is to determine the current prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus and E.multilocularis in domestic dogs and monitor the echinococcosis transmission dynamics.Methods:Study villages were selected using landscape patterns(Geographic Information System,GIS)for Echinococcus transmission“hot spots”,combined with hospital records identifying risk areas for AE and CE.A survey of 750 domestic dogs,including copro-sampling and owner questionnaires,from 25 selected villages,was undertaken in 2012.A copro-multiplex PCR assay was used for the specific diagnosis of E.granulosus and E.multilocularis in the dogs.Data analysis,using IBM SPSS Statistics,was undertaken,to compare the prevalence of the two Echinococcus spp.in dogs between four geographical areas of Xiji by theχ^(2)test.Univariate analysis of the combinations of outcomes from the questionnaire and copro-PCR assay data was carried out to determine the significant risk factors for dog infection.Results:The highest de-worming rate of 84.0%was found in the northwest area of Xiji County,and significant differences(P<0.05)in the de-worming rates among dogs from the four geographical areas of Xiji were detected.The highest prevalence(19.7%,59/300)of E.multilocularis occurred in northwest Xiji,though the highest prevalence(18.1%,38/210)of E.granulosus occurred in southwest Xiji.There was no significant difference(P>0.05)in the prevalence of E.granulosus in dogs from the northwest,southwest,northeast,and southeast of Xiji,but there were significant differences(P<0.05)between dogs infected with E.multilocularis from the four areas.None of the other independent variables was statistically significant.Conclusions:The results from this study indicate a high prevalence of both E.granulosus and E.muiltilocularis in dogs in Xiji County,NHAR.Transmission of E.multilocularis was more impacted by geographical risk-factors in Xiji County than that of E.granulosus.Dogs have the potential to maintain the transmission of both species of Echinococcus within local Xiji communities,and the current praziquantel dosing of dogs appears to be ineffective or poorly implemented in this area. | Cong-Nuan Liu Yang-Yang Xu Angela M.Cadavid-Restrepo Zhong-Zi Lou Hong-Bin Yan Li Li Bao-Quan Fu Darren J.Gray Archie A.Clements Tamsin S.Barnes Gail M.Williams Wan-Zhong Jia Donald P.McManus Yu-Rong Yang | 2018 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2018，7，1： | 3 |
| 3 | The landscape epidemiology of echinococcoses显示文摘Echinococcoses are parasitic diseases of major public health importance globally.Human infection results in chronic disease with poor prognosis and serious medical,social and economic consequences for vulnerable populations.According to recent estimates,the geographical distribution of Echinococcus spp.infections is expanding and becoming an emerging and re-emerging problem in several regions of the world.Echinococcosis endemicity is geographically heterogeneous and over time it may be affected by global environmental change.Therefore,landscape epidemiology offers a unique opportunity to quantify and predict the ecological risk of infection at multiple spatial and temporal scales.Here,we review the most relevant environmental sources of spatial variation in human echinococcosis risk,and describe the potential applications of landscape epidemiological studies to characterise the current patterns of parasite transmission across natural and human-altered landscapes.We advocate future work promoting the use of this approach as a support tool for decision-making that facilitates the design,implementation and monitoring of spatially targeted interventions to reduce the burden of human echinococcoses in disease-endemic areas. | Angela M.Cadavid Restrepo Yu Rong Yang Donald P.McManus Darren J.Gray Patrick Giraudoux Tamsin S.Barnes Gail M.Williams Ricardo J.Soares Magalhães Nicholas A.S.Hamm Archie C.A.Clements | 2016 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2016，5，1： | 2 |
| 4 | Data Cube:A Relational Operator Generalizing Group-By,Cross-Tab and Sub-Totals显示文摘 | J.Gray S.Chaudhuri A.Bosworth A.Layman D.Reichart M.Venkatrao F.Pellow H.Pirahesh | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 5 | Personal practical knowledge and identity in lesson planning conferences on a pre-service TESOL course显示文摘 | Morton T J.Gray | | 0，，03： | 1 |
| 6 | A Cluster-Randomised Intervention Trial against Schistosoma japonicum in the Peoples' Republic of China:Bovine and Human T ransmission显示文摘 | Darren J.Gray Gail M.Williams Yuesheng Li | | 0，，06： | 1 |
| 7 | Schis-tosomiasis Research in the Dongting Lake Region and Its Impact on Local and National Treatment and Control in China显示文摘 | Donald P.McManus Darren J.Gray Allen G.Ross | 2011 | 2011，，08： | 1 |
| 8 | Health-education to prevent COVID-19 in schoolchildren: a call to action显示文摘Background:There is currently considerable international debate around school closures/openings and the role of children in the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).Whilst evidence suggests that children are not impacted by COVID-19 as severely as adults,little is still known about their transmission potential,and with a lot of asymptomatic cases they may be silent transmitters(i.e.infectious without showing clinical signs of disease),albeit at a lower level than adults.In relation to this,it is somewhat concerning that in many countries children are cared for,or are often in close contact with,older individuals such as grandparents—the age group most at risk of acquiring serious respiratory complications resulting in death.Main text:We emphasise that in the absence of a vaccine or an effective therapeutic drug,preventive measures such as good hygiene practices—hand washing,cough etiquette,disinfection of surfaces and social distancing represent the major(in fact only)weapons that we have against COVID-19.Accordingly,we stress that there is a pressing need to develop specific COVID-19 prevention messages for schoolchildren.Conclusion:An entertainment education intervention for schoolchildren systematically implemented in schools would be highly effective and fill this need.With such measures in place there would be greater confidence around the opening of schools. | Darren J.Gray Johanna Kurscheid Mary Lorraine Mationg Gail M.Williams Catherine Gordon Matthew Kelly Kinley Wangdi Donald P.McManus | 2020 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2020，9，4： | 0 |
| 9 | Clinical predictors of severe dengue:a systematic review and meta-analysis显示文摘Background:Severe dengue is a life-threatening complication;rapid identifcation of these cases,followed by adequate management is crucial to improve the clinical prognosis.Therefore,this study aimed to identify risk factors and predictors of severe dengue.Methods:A literature search for studies reporting risk factors of severe dengue among individuals with dengue virus infection was conducted in PubMed,Scopus and Web of Science database from inception to December 31,2020.Pooled odds ratios(ORs)for patients’demographic characteristics,co-morbidities,and warning signs were estimated using an inverse variance heterogeneity model.Results:We included 143 articles in the meta-analysis from a total of 13090 articles retrieved from the literature search.The risk factors of severe dengue were:being a child[OR=1.96;95%confdence interval(CI):1.22–3.13],secondary infection(OR=3.23;95%CI:2.28–4.57),and patients with pre-existing diabetes(OR=2.88;95%CI:1.72–4.81)and renal disease(OR=4.54;95%CI:1.55–13.31).Warning signs strongly associated with severe disease were increased haematocrit with a concurrent decrease in platelet count(OR=5.13;95%CI:1.61–16.34),abdominal pain(OR=2.00;95%CI:1.49–2.68),lethargy(OR=2.73;95%CI:1.05–7.10),vomiting(OR=1.80;95%CI:1.43–2.26),hepa‑tomegaly(OR=5.92;95%CI:3.29–10.66),ascites(OR=6.30;95%CI:3.75–10.60),pleural efusion(OR=5.72;95%CI:3.24–10.10)and melena(OR=4.05;95%CI:1.64–10.00).Conclusions:Our meta-analysis identifed children,secondary infection,diabetes and renal disease(s)as important predictors of severe dengue.Our fnding also supports the predictive ability of the WHO warning signs to iden‑tify severe dengue.These fndings are useful for clinicians to identify severe dengue for management and timely interventions. | Tsheten Tsheten Archie C.A.Clements Darren J.Gray Ripon K.Adhikary Luis Furuya‑Kanamori Kinley Wangdi | 2021 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2021，10，5： | 0 |
| 10 | The COVID-19 vaccination campaign in Bhutan: strategy and enablers显示文摘Bhutan has reported a total of 2596 COVID-19 cases and three deaths as of September 15,2021.With support from India,the United States,Denmark,the People’s Republic of China,Croatia and other countries,Bhutan was able to conduct two rounds of nationwide vaccination campaign.While many countries struggle to overcome vaccine refusal or hesitancy due to complacency,a lack of trust,inconvenience and fear,escalated in some countries by anti-vaccine groups,Bhutan managed to inoculate more than 95%of its eligible populations in two rounds of vaccination campaign.Enabling factors of this successful vaccination campaign were strong national leadership,a well-coordinated national preparedness plan,and high acceptability of vaccine due to effective mass communication and social engagement led by religious figures,volunteers and local leaders.In this short report,we described the national strategic plan and enabling factors that led to the success of this historical vaccination campaign. | Tsheten Tsheten Phurpa Tenzin Archie C.A.Clements Darren J.Gray Lhawang Ugyel Kinley Wangdi | 2022 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2022，11，1： | 0 |
| 11 | The control of soil-transmitted helminthiases in the Philippines: the story continues显示文摘Background:Soil-transmitted helminth(STH)infections have long been an important public health concern in the Philippines.In this review,we describe the current status of STH infections there and highlight the control efforts undertaken to reduce STH burden.Main text:A nationwide STH mass drug administration(MDA)programme was started in 2006 but the overall STH prevalence remains stubbornly high across the Philippines,rangi ng from 24.9%to 97.4%. | Mary Lorraine S.Mationg Veronica L.Tallo Gail M.Williams Catherine A.Gordon Archie C.A.Clements Donald P.McManus Darren J.Gray | 2021 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2021，10，3： | 0 |
| 12 | Repeated praziquantel treatment and Opisthorchis viverrini infection:a population-based cross-sectional study in northeast Thailand显示文摘Background:Opisthorchis viverrini infection is highly prevalent in northeast Thailand.This liver fluke is classified as a carcinogen due to its causal links with cholangiocarcinoma(CCA)development.Although treatment with praziquantel(PZQ)effectively cures O.viverrini infection,the prevalence remains high due to the traditional consumption of raw fish.Therefore,re-infection is common in the endemic community,leading to severe hepatobiliary morbidities including the fatal CCA.In this study,we evaluate the association between the frequency of previous PZQ treatment and current O.viverrini infections among Thai adults living in the endemic area of northeast Thailand.Methods:This study includes all participants who were screened for O.viverrini infection in the Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program(CASCAP),northeast Thailand.History of PZQ treatment was recorded using a health questionnaire.O.viverrini infections were diagnosed using urine antigen detection.Associations between PZQ and O.viverrini were determined by adjusted odds ratio(aOR)and 95%confidence interval(CI)using multiple logistic regression.Results:Among participants,27.7%had previously been treated once with PZQ,8.2%twice,2.8%three times,and 3.5%more than three times.Current O.viverrini prevalence was 17%(n=524).Compared with participants who never used PZQ,the aOR for infection among those who used the drug once was 1.09(95%CI:0.88-1.37),twice was 1.19(95%CI:0.85-1.68),three times was 1.28(95%C/:0.74-2.21),and more than three times was 1.86(95%C/:1.18-2.93;P=0.007).Conclusions:The population with a frequent history of PZQ use and still continued raw fish consumption showed high levels of repeated reinfection with O.viverrini.They were infected,treated and re-infected repeatedly.These findings suggest that certain participants continue raw fish consumption even after previous infection.This is a particular problem in highly endemic areas for O.viverrni and increases the risk of CCA. | Kavin Thinkhamrop Narong Khuntikeo Paiboon Sithithaworn Wilaiphorn Thinkhamrop Kinley Wangdi Matthew J.Kelly Apiporn T.Suwannatrai Darren J.Gray | 2019 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2019，8，2： | 0 |
| 13 | Influence of laser polarization on collective electron dynamics in ultraintense laser-foil interactions显示文摘The collective response of electrons in an ultrathin foil target irradiated by an ultraintense(~6×10^(20)W cm^(-2)) laser pulse is investigated experimentally and via 3D particle-in-cell simulations. It is shown that if the target is sufficiently thin that the laser induces significant radiation pressure, but not thin enough to become relativistically transparent to the laser light, the resulting relativistic electron beam is elliptical, with the major axis of the ellipse directed along the laser polarization axis. When the target thickness is decreased such that it becomes relativistically transparent early in the interaction with the laser pulse, diffraction of the transmitted laser light occurs through a so called ‘relativistic plasma aperture', inducing structure in the spatial-intensity profile of the beam of energetic electrons. It is shown that the electron beam profile can be modified by variation of the target thickness and degree of ellipticity in the laser polarization. | Bruno Gonzalez-Izquierdo Ross J.Gray Martin King Robbie Wilson Rachel J.Dance Haydn Powell David A.Mac Lellan John McCreadie Nicholas M.H.Butler Steve Hawkes James S.Green Chris D.Murphy Luca C.Stockhausen David C.Carroll Nicola Booth Graeme G.Scott Marco Borghesi David Neely Paul McKenna | 2016 | High Power Laser Science and Engineering2016，4，3： | 0 |
| 14 | 加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚布莱克多姆始新世浅成热液银-金矿床的矿液性质显示文摘对加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚南部布莱克多姆(Blackdome)矿区的始新世浅成热液Ag-Au-(Sb-Cu-Fe-Zn-Pb-S-Se-As)矿床进行了溶液包体研究和稳定同位素分析。贵金属矿脉赋存于钙-碱性火山岩系内,是大气成因地下水在地表以下0.5—1.1km渗入火山堆积物的裂隙而发育形成的矿床。部分裂口,由于沸腾地热系统和水流体的影响,使主岩岩石形成层状硅酸盐及钾长石化蚀变。火山岩主岩的普遍青磐岩化表示它以前具地热田的特征。地热溶液为低盐度-0.21-2.07wt%NaCl,密度为0.72-0.81g/cm^3,δ^(18)O值为-6.8至-8.8‰(SMOW),δD值为-125至-134‰(SMOW)。在含水的交代作用时期,氧同位素交换造成偏离“雨水线”的正位移。少数在δD值内正位移,偏离原生雨水线的数值是因为氢从裂口系统或与围岩的氢选择交代作用而发生亏损。Blackdome矿床明显属于冰长石-绢云母型的火山岩主岩浅成热液贵金属矿床。 | G.Vivian R.D.Morton A.Changkakoti J.Gray 石其光 | 1989 | 世界核地质科学1989，18，4： | 0 |
| 15 | Correction to:Repeated praziquantel treatment and Opisthorchis viverrini infection:a population-based crosssectional study in northeast Thailand显示文摘In the original publication of this article[1],there is an error in the section of‘Ethics approval and consent to participate’at the end of the article,the correct Ethics reference number should be HE551404 rather than HE591067. | Kavin Thinkhamrop Narong Khuntikeo Paiboon Sithithaworn Wilaiphorn Thinkhamrop Kinley Wangdi Matthew J.Kelly Apiporn T.Suwannatrai Darren J.Gray | 2019 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2019，8，3： | 0 |
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