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| 1 | Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cold Metal Transfer Welding Similar and Dissimilar Aluminum Alloys显示文摘Integrating structures made from aluminum alloys in automotive industry requires a large amount of joining. As a consequence, the properties of the joints have a significant influence on the overall performance of the whole structure.Robot cold metal transfer welding is a relatively new joining technique and has been used in this work to join 6082-T4 and5182-O aluminum alloy sheets by using ER5356 and ER4043 filler metals. Microstructure characterization was performed by optical microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and the mechanical properties were measured by tensile and hardness tests. A correlation is made between welding variables, mechanical properties and the microstructure of welded joints. Results indicate that robot cold metal transfer welding provides good joint efficiency with high welding speed, good tensile strength, and ductility. Owing to the low heat input of robot cold metal transfer welding process, the heat affected zone microstructure was quite similar to base metals, and weld metal microstructure was the controlling factor of joint efficiency. The best performing were the 5182/5182 joints welded with ER5356 and these had mechanical property coefficients of 100%, 98%, and 85% for yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation, respectively. | Ahmed Elrefaey Nigel G.Ross | 2015 | Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters)2015，28，6： | 8 |
| 2 | Real-time PCR diagnosis of Schistosoma japonicum in low transmission areas of China显示文摘Background:Schistosomiasis in the People’s Republic of China(PRC)can be traced back to antiquity.In the past 60 years,the Chinese government has made great efforts to control this persistent disease with elimination slated by 2020 through the implementation of a comprehensive control strategy.This strategy aims to reduce the role of bovines and humans as sources of infection as a pre-requisite for elimination through transmission interruption.The goal of elimination will be achievable only by the implementation of a sustainable surveillance and control system,with sensitive diagnosis a key feature so that the true disease burden is not underestimated.Currently used diagnostics lack the necessary sensitivity to accurately determine the prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infection in areas with low infection intensities.It is of critical importance to find and treat people and to identify animals with low-level infections if the National Control Programme for China is to achieve schistosomiasis elimination.Methods:We evaluated a real-time polymerase chain reaction(qPCR)assay using 633 human stool samples collected from five villages in Hunan,Anhui,Hubei,and Jiangxi provinces,and 182 bovine(70 cattle and 112 buffalo)stool samples obtained from four villages in Hunan,Anhui,and Jiangxi provinces in the PRC.All stool samples were subjected to the miracidium hatching test(MHT,a diagnostic procedure used in the National Schistosomiasis Control Programme)and the qPCR assay.Samples positive by MHT were subjected to either the Kato-Katz technique for humans,or the formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation-digestion(FEA-SD)procedure for bovines,to determine infection intensities.Results:The qPCR assay exhibited a high level of sensitivity in the detection of S.japonicum infections.With both the human and bovine samples,a significantly higher prevalence was determined using the qPCR assay(11.06%humans,24.73%bovines)than with the MHT(0.93%humans,7.69%bovines).The animal contamination index(calculated using data obtained with the qPCR technique)for all positive bovines was 27618000 eggs per day,indicating a considerable amount of environmental egg contamination that would be underestimated using less sensitive diagnostic procedures.Conclusions:The qPCR assay we have evaluated will be applicable as a future field diagnostic and surveillance tool in low-transmission zones where schistosomiasis elimination is targeted and for monitoring post-intervention areas to verify that elimination has been maintained. | Pei He Catherine A.Gordon Gail M.Williams Yuesheng Li Yuanyuan Wang Junjian Hu Darren J.Gray Allen G.Ross Donald Harn Donald P.McManus | 2018 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2018，7，1： | 7 |
| 3 | Field study results of a 3rd generation roof bolter canopy air curtain for respirable coal mine dust control显示文摘A 3rd generation roof bolter canopy air curtain(CAC)has been developed and constructed by J.H.Fletcher&Co.,Inc.As with the previous generation of the CAC,this design uses the principle of providing uniform airflow across the canopy area as recommended by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.The new modifications include a plenum that is constructed of a single flat aluminum plate,smaller-diameter airflow openings,and a single row of perimeter nozzles designed to prevent mine air contaminated by respirable dust from entering the CAC protection zone.Field testing was conducted on this new 3rd generation design showing reductions in coal mine respirable dust exposure for roof bolter operators.Dust control efficiencies for the CAC for the left bolter operator(intake side)ranged from approximately 26%–60%,while the efficiencies for the CAC for the right bolter operator(return side)ranged from 3%to 47%. | W.R.Reed M.Shahan S.Klima G.Ross K.Singh R.Cross T.Grounds | 2020 | International Journal of Coal Science & Technology2020，7，1： | 4 |
| 4 | Laboratory results of a 3rd generation roof bolter canopy air curtain for respirable coal mine dust control显示文摘Testing was completed on an earlier roof bolter CAC that used slots to provide a perimeter airflow. NIOSH tested it due to its unique design that differed from canopies that provided uniform airflow. Based upon NIOSH recommendations from the earlier testing, a 3rd generation roof bolter CAC has been developed by J.H. Fletcher & Co. The changes to this CAC involve design modifications to the plenum outlets, using a single row of outlets on the perimeter and a different material for the plenum. This laboratory testing was a continuation of the original perimeter slotted CAC design. Using gravimetric and instantaneous sampling of respirable dust concentrations underneath and outside of the CAC. the laboratory testing was completed using three different blower fans that delivered differing airflows. The maximum plenum airflow velocities ranged from 2.34 to 3.64 m/s (460-716 fpm). Results showed plenum respirable dust concentrations ranging from 34.6% to 49.3% lower than respirable dust concentrations outside the plenum protection zone, thus showing an improvement in protection for the roof bolter operators. | W.R.Reed G.J.Joy M.Shahan S.Klima G.Ross | 2019 | International Journal of Coal Science & Technology2019，6，1： | 3 |
| 5 | 水产养殖与生物多样性显示文摘水产养殖对生物多样性很少有有正面影响,有时没有影响,但通常有某种程度的负面影响。影响包括:资源消耗,例如,土地(或空间)、水、种苗和饲料等的消耗;水产品深加工;废物的产生(未吃掉的食物、粪尿、化学药品、微生物、寄生物和野生养殖的有机体)。负面影响可以是直接的,如外来遗传材料的引入;或是间接的,如栖息地和小生境的丧失。结论是,在决定水产养殖这种食物生产方法是否可接受时,关键问题在于资源利用的规模、强度,以及废物的净生产。本文还认为,从水产养殖者的观点出发,有必要对生物多样性进行保护。 | Malcolm C.M.Beveridge Lindsay G.Ross Liam A.Kelly 摆万奇 | 1994 | 人类环境杂志1994，23，8： | 2 |
| 6 | Distribution pattern of the snail intermediate host of schistosomiasis japonica in the Poyang Lake region of China显示文摘Background:With the closure of the Three Gorges Dam in 2003 the hydrology of Poyang Lake was altered dramatically leading to significant changes in the environment.In order to assess the impact on schistosomiasis this study assessed the spatial and temporal patterns of the snail intermediate host,Oncomelania hupensis in the Poyang Lake tributaries.The results of the study have important implications for future snail control strategies leading to disease elimination.Methods:The marshland area surrounding Poyang Lake was divided randomly into 200×200 m vector grids using ArcGIS software,and the surveyed grids were randomly selected by the software.The snail survey was conducted in each selected grid using a survey frame of 50×50 m with one sideline of each grid serving as the starting line.No less than ten frames were used in each surveyed grid with Global Positioning System(GPS)recordings for each.All snails in each frame were collected to determine infection status by microscopy.Altitude data for all frames were extracted from a lake bottom topographic map in order to analyze the average altitude.All snail survey data were collected and statistically analyzed with SPSS 20.0 software in order to determine the difference of the percentage of frames with living snails and mean density of living snails in different regions of Poyang Lake.The altitude of the snail-infested marshlands and snail dens were subsequently identified.Results:A total of 1159 potential snail sampling grids were surveyed,of which 15231 frames(0.1 m2/frame)were investigated.1241 frames had live Oncomelania snails corresponding to 8.15%of the total number of frames.The mean density of living snails was 0.463/0.1 m2 with a maximum of 57 snails per frame.The percent of frames with snails in the southern sector(8.13%)of Poyang Lake did not differ statistically from the north(8.21%).However,the mean density of live snails in the northern sector(0.164/0.1 m2)of the lake was statistically higher(F=6.727;P=0.010)than the south(0.141/0.1 m2).In the south of the lake,the elevation of snail-inhabited marshland ranged between 11-16 m,and could be further subdivided into two snail-concentrated belts at 12-13 m of elevation and 15-16 m of elevation respectively.In the north of the lake,the elevation of snail-inhabited marshland ranged between 9-16 m with the elevation of 12-14 m being the snail-concentrated zone.Conclusions:The elevation of snail-infested marshlands in the Poyang Lake region ranged from 9 to 16 m.The snail distribution and habitat has moved north of the lake and to a lower altitude due to changes in the water level post dam closure.Based on the current geological features of the snail habitant focused mollusciciding should occur in snail dense northern regions with frequent bovine and human traffic.Targeting these identified'hotspots'of transmission will assist in elimination efforts. | Fei Hu Jun Ge Shang-Biao Lv Yi-Feng Li Zhao-Jun Li Min Yuan Zhe Chen Yue-Ming Liu Yue-Sheng Li Allen G.Ross Dan-Dan Lin | 2019 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2019，8，2： | 2 |
| 7 | The role of tutoring in problem-solving显示文摘 | Wood D J.Bruner G.Ross | | 0，，17： | 1 |
| 8 | Co-parasitism of intestinal protozoa and Schistosoma japonicum in a rural community in the Philippines显示文摘Background:Co-parasitism is a frequent occurrence in impoverished communities in the tropics resulting in a considerable disease burden.While there are extensive reports of intestinal helminthiases,including schistosomiasis japonica,the occurrence and extent of diseases caused by intestinal protozoa(IP)have yet to be investigated in depth in the Philippines.We present a detailed analysis of polyparasitism in a rural community of Northern Samar,focusing on co-infections of IP with Schistosoma japonicum.Methods:A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out in 2015 across 18 barangays(villages)endemic for S.japonicum in Northern Samar,the Philippines to assess the burden of human schistosomiasis and IP infections.Faecal samples collected from 412 participants from the 18 barangays were included in the final molecular analysis.A multiplex quantitative PCR assay was developed and used for the detection of Blastocystis spp.,Entamoeba histolytica,Cryptosporidium spp.and Giardia duodenalis in stool samples.The findings were combined with previous results of droplet digital PCR diagnosis of individuals from the same 18 barangays infected with S.japonicum determined using the same stool samples for analysis.Results:Mean age of the study participants was 40.3 years(95%CI:38.8-41.8)with 53%(n=218)being males.Prevalence of S.japonicum(74.5%)and Blastocystis spp.(58.7%)was significantly higher compared to other infections,with E.histolytica having the lowest prevalence(12.1%).A majority of individuals were infected with more than one parasite with two infections being most common(n=175,42.5%).The prevalence of individuals with two parasites was significantly higher than all others with 27.9%(n=115)subjects harbouring a single parasite species.Of individuals with two infections,S.japonicum and Blastocystis spp.were the most common combination(n=110,62.9%).Examining age within the population,58.5%(n=38)of school-aged children and 60.1%(n=14)of women of child bearing age harboured at least two parasite species.Conclusions:The study revealed that polyparasitism with IP infections and schistosomiasis japonica is highly prevalent in individuals in Northern Samar which likely contributes to the significant public health and socio-economic burden suffered by this population.More generally,the findings are of relevance when considering implementation of integrated control strategies for intestinal parasites. | Kosala Gayan Weerakoon Catherine AGordon Gail M.Williams Pengfei Cai Geoffrey N.Gobert Remigio M.Olveda Allen G.Ross David U.Olveda Donald P.McManus | 2018 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2018，7，1： | 1 |
| 9 | The role of tutoring in problem solving显示文摘 | Wood D Bruner J G.Ross | | 0，，17： | 1 |
| 10 | 产前胆碱水平与精神分裂症的发生(英文)显示文摘背景:医学的最终目的是在人群中对疾病进行一级预防,这对精神分裂症而言似乎是难以实现的。精神分裂症的病因早在胎儿大脑发育时期就开始出现,远远早于病症的出现。基因因素是精神分裂症的主要病因之一,作用于烟碱型胆碱能受体上的胆碱能神经递质的传递是与此遗传风险相关的病理生理机制之一。在胎儿大脑发育过程中,胆碱可以激活上述烟碱型受体。因而通过孕期膳食补充胆碱可能是在更早期预防精神分裂症发生发展的一种干预手段。目的:对有关孕期和胎儿大脑发育过程中补充胆碱或胆碱水平与疾病关系的文献进行综述。方法:在Medline上检索评估胆碱对人类胎儿发育影响的研究,还检索了有关精神分裂症的其他产前危险因素的研究以及胆碱能神经传递对精神分裂症病理生理作用的研究。结果:孕期饮食中胆碱含量要高,因为膜的生物合成、一碳单位代谢和胆碱能神经传递等都需要胆碱。高浓度胆碱能够直接作为烟碱型受体激动剂,这对正常的大脑环路发育是至关重要的。在孕中、晚期的膳食中补充磷脂酰胆碱可以增强上述胆碱的功能,更有利于胎儿的发育。有研究观察到膳食补充磷脂酰胆碱能改善抑制性神经元功能,而该功能不足与精神分裂症和注意缺陷障碍相关。结论:产前膳食补充磷脂酰胆碱,提倡食用富含胆碱的食物(肉类、大豆、鸡蛋),可能会促进胎儿大脑发育,从而降低今后发生精神疾病的风险。这种短期(6个月)干预风险低,特别适用于普通人群。这类似于以往研究发现叶酸能预防腭裂,因而建议产前补充相应的药物并改善饮食。然而,数十年内还无法获得产前补充胆碱有效性的确切证据(因为精神分裂症的发生要滞后约20年),所以公共卫生领域的官员只能根据现有的有限信息来决定是否提倡补充胆碱。 | Robert FREEDMAN Randal G.ROSS | 2015 | 上海精神医学2015，27，2： | 1 |
| 11 | Schis-tosomiasis Research in the Dongting Lake Region and Its Impact on Local and National Treatment and Control in China显示文摘 | Donald P.McManus Darren J.Gray Allen G.Ross | 2011 | 2011，，08： | 1 |
| 12 | Do Environmental Social Controls Matter to Australian Capital Investment Decision-Making显示文摘 | DONALD G.ROSS DOROTHY WOOD | | 0，，17： | 1 |
| 13 | Performance of the point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen test in the diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica in a human cohort from Northern Samar, the Philippines显示文摘Background:Zoonotic schistosomiasis,caused by Schistosoma japonicum,remains a major public health problem in the Philippines.This study aimed to evaluate the commercially available rapid diagnostic point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen(POC-CCA)test in detecting individuals infected with S.japonicum in a human cohort from an endemic area for schistosomiasis japonica in the Philippines.Methods:Clinical samples were collectedin 18 barangays endemic for S.japonicum infection in Laoang and Palapag municipalities,Northern Samar,the Philippines,in 2015.The presence of CCA in flter-concentrated urine samples(n=412)was evaluated using the commercial kits and the results were converted to images,which were further analyzed by ImageJ software to calculate R values.The diagnostic performance of the immunochromatographic POCCCA test was compared using the Kato-Katz(KK)procedure,in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays(ELISAs)and droplet digital(dd)PCR assays as reference.Results:The POC-CCA test was able to detect S.japonicum-infected individuals in the cohort with an eggs per gram of faeces(EPG)more than or equal to 10 with sensitivity/specifcity values of 63.3%/93.3%.However,the assay showed an inability to diagnose schistosomiasis japonica infections in all cohort KK-positive individuals,of which the majority had an extremely low egg burden(EPG:1–9).The prevalence of S.japonicum infection in the total cohort determined by the POC-CCA test was 12.4%,only half of that determined by the KK method(26.2%).When compared with the ELISAs and ddPCR assays as a reference,the POC-CCA assay was further shown to be a test with low sensitivity.Nevertheless,the assay exhibited signifcant positive correlations with egg burden determined by the KK technique and the target gene copy number index values determined by the ddPCR assays within the entire cohort.Conclusions:By using in silico image analysis,the POC-CCA cassette test could be converted to a quantitative assay to avoid reader-variability.Because of its low sensitivity,the commercially available POC-CCA assay had limited potential for determining the status of a S.japonicum infection in the target cohort.The assay should be applied with caution in populations where schistosome parasites(especially S.japonicum)are present at low infection intensity. | Pengfei Cai Yi Mu Kosala G.Weerakoon Remigio M.Olveda Allen G.Ross Donald P.McManus | 2021 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2021，10，5： | 0 |
| 14 | Vertebrate pesticide risk assessment by indigenous communities in New Zealand显示文摘In New Zealand,the vertebrate pesticide sodium fluoroacetate(Compound 1080)is aerially applied in baits for control of the brush-tailed possum Trichosurus vulpecula(Kerr,1792).Maori,the indigenous people of New Zealand,have raised concerns about 1080 impacts on culturally-important species.Here,we outline two steps taken to help Maori assess 1080 risk.First,field research was undertaken to determine if naturally-occurring plants utilized by a Maori community for food and medicine would take up 1080 from baits.Single baits were placed at the base of individual plants of two species,pikopiko(Asplenium bulbiferum)and karamuramu(Coprosma robusta).Plants were sampled at various times up to 56 days,and samples were analyzed for 1080 content.No 1080 was detected in any of the pikopiko samples,whereas 1080 was detected in karamuramu,at a maximum concentration of 5 ppb after seven days,and 2.5 ppb after 14 days.This concentration decreased to 0 at 28 days,indicating that 1080 was not persistent.The results of the present study suggest there is negligible risk of humans being poisoned by consum-ing plants that have taken up 1080 from baits.To allay community concerns that minute concentrations of 1080 might influence the medicinal properties of plants,it is suggested that a withholding period of 30 days after 1080 control operations could be adopted.Second,after further consultation we undertook a review of the scientific literature relating to 1080 impacts on additional non-target species of cultural importance to Maori.The information was presented on an interactive foodweb database that allowed the collection and presentation of a large volume of complex information about 1080 in a holistic and pictorial fashion.This database was presented to many Maori communities throughout New Zealand,and feedback was overwhelmingly positive.The database is likely to play a key role in informing these communities about 1080,and is seen as an important new tool to help these communities make their own risk assessments. | Shaun C.OGILVIE James M.ATARIA James WAIWAI James DOHERTY Aroha MILLER James G.ROSS Charles T.EASON | 2010 | Integrative Zoology2010，5，1： | 0 |
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