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| 1 | Risk for emerging bipolar disorder, variants, and symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, now grown up显示文摘AIM: To determine the prevalence of bipolar disorder(BD) and sub-threshold symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) through 14 years' follow-up, when participants were between 21-24 years old.METHODS: First, we examined rates of BD type Ⅰ?and Ⅱ diagnoses in youth participating in the NIMH-funded Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD(MTA). We used the diagnostic interview schedule for children(DISC), administered to both parents(DISC-P) and youth(DISCY). We compared the MTA study subjects with ADHD(n = 579) to a local normative comparison group(LNCG, n = 289) at 4 different assessment points: 6, 8, 12, and 14 years of follow-ups. To evaluate the bipolar variants, we compared total symptom counts(TSC) of DSM manic and hypomanic symptoms that were generated by DISC in ADHD and LNCG subjects. Then we sub-divided the TSC into pathognomonic manic(PM) and non-specific manic(NSM) symptoms. We compared the PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG at each assessment point and over time. We also evaluated the irritability as category A2 manic symptom in both groups and over time. Finally, we studied the irritability symptom in correlation with PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG subjects.RESULTS: DISC-generated BD diagnosis did not differ significantly in rates between ADHD(1.89%) and LNCG 1.38%). Interestingly, no participant met BD diagnosis more than once in the 4 assessment points in 14 years. However, on the symptom level, ADHD subjects reported significantly higher mean TSC scores: ADHD 3.0; LNCG 1.7; P < 0.001. ADHD status was associated with higher mean NSM: ADHD 2.0 vs LNCG 1.1; P < 0.0001. Also, ADHD subjects had higher PM symptoms than LNCG, with PM means over all time points of 1.3 ADHD; 0.9 LNCG; P = 0.0001. Examining both NSM and PM, ADHD status associated with greater NSM than PM. However, Over 14 years, the NSM symptoms declined and changed to PM over time(df 3, 2523; F = 20.1; P < 0.0001). Finally, Irritability(BD DSM criterion-A2) rates were significantly higher in ADHD than LNCG(χ2 = 122.2, P < 0.0001), but irritability was associated more strongly with NSM than PM(df 3, 2538; F = 43.2; P < 0.0001).CONCLUSION: Individuals with ADHD do not appear to be at significantly greater risk for developing BD, but do show higher rates of BD symptoms, especially NSM. The greater linkage of irritability to NSM than to PM suggests caution when making BD diagnoses based on irritability alone as one of 2(A-level) symptoms for BD diagnosis, particularly in view of its frequent presentation with other psychopathologies. | Ahmed Z Elmaadawi Peter S Jensen L Eugene Arnold Brooke SG Molina Lily Hechtman Howard B Abikoff Stephen P Hinshaw Jeffrey H Newcorn Laurence Lee Greenhill James M Swanson Cathryn A Galanter | 2015 | World Journal of Psychiatry2015，5，4： | 3 |
| 2 | B7-1 and B7-2 costimulatory molecules activate differentially the Th1/Th2 developmental pathways: Application to autoimmune disease therapy显示文摘 | Vijay K Kuchroo Mercy Prabhu Das Julia A Brown Ann M Ranger Scott S Zamvil Raymond A Sobel Howard L Weiner Nasrin Nabavi Laurie H Glimcher | 1995 | Cell1995，，5： | 2 |
| 3 | The apparent, of polyphenol oxidase and phloridzin in the production of apple rooting cofactors显示文摘 | Bassuk N L Hunter L D Howard B H | 1981 | J Hort Sci1981，56，4： | 1 |
| 4 | Ziprasidone : a novel antipsychotic agent with a unique human receptor binding profile显示文摘 | SCHMIDT A W LEBEL L A HOWARD H R J R | 2001 | Eur J Pharmacol2001，425，3： | 1 |
| 5 | The apparent of polyphenol oxidase and phlorizin in the production of apple rooting factors显示文摘 | Bassuk N L Hunter L D Howard B H | 1981 | J Hort Sci1981，56，4： | 1 |
| 6 | Path-loss prediction model for micro cells 显示文摘 | Dongsoo H Howard H X Bertoni H L | 1999 | IEEE Trans Vehicular Tech1999，48，5： | 1 |
| 7 | Modeling singlecomponent protein adsorption to the cation exchange s sepharrosee FF显示文摘 | GRAHAM L S BRENDA J H HOWARD A C | 1990 | Journal of Chromatography A1990，498，： | 1 |
| 8 | Neuroprotective signaling pathways are modulated by adenosine in the anoxia tolerant turtle显示文摘 | GAURI H N HOWARD M P SARAH L M | 2011 | J Cereb Blood Flow Metab2011，31，2： | 1 |
| 9 | Interestingness measures for data mining: A survey 显示文摘 | GENG L HOWARD J HAMILTON H J | 2006 | ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)2006，38，3： | 1 |
| 10 | Validation of a solid-phase microextraction method for headspace analysis of wine aroma components 显示文摘 | HOWARD K L MIKE J H RIESEN R | 2005 | American Journal of Enology and Viticulture2005，56，1： | 1 |
| 11 | The apparent of polyphenol oxidase and phloridzin in the production of apple rooting cofactors 显示文摘 | Bassuk N L Hunter L D Howard B H | 1981 | J Hort Sci1981，56，4： | 1 |
| 12 | Column liquid chromatography显示文摘 | Howard G B William E B Charles H L | 1988 | Analytical Chemistry1988，60，12： | 1 |
| 13 | Validation of a solid- phase microextraction method for headspace analysis of wine aroma components显示文摘 | Howard K L Mike J H Riesen R | 2005 | American Journal of Enology and Viticulture2005，56，1： | 1 |
| 14 | Ziprasidone :a novel anti psychotic agent with aunique human receptor binding profile 显示文摘 | SCHMIDT A W LEBEL L A HOWARD H R J 1L | 2001 | Eur J Phannacol2001，425，3： | 1 |
| 15 | Human metabolism of the experimental cancer therapeutic agent d-limonene 显示文摘 | Crowell P L Charles E E Howard H | 1994 | Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology1994，35，11： | 1 |
| 16 | The apparent of polyphenol oxidase and phlofidzin in the production of ap- ple rooting cofactors显示文摘 | BASSUK N L HUNTER L D HOWARD B H | 1981 | J Hort Sci1981，56，4： | 1 |
| 17 | The apparent of polyphenol oxidase and phloridzin in the production of apple rooting cofactors 显示文摘 | Bassuk N L Hunter L D Howard B H | 1981 | J Hort Sci1981，56，4： | 1 |
| 18 | Prevention conference VI : Diabetes and cardiovasculardisease: Writing Group I : Epidemiology显示文摘 | Howard B V Rodriguez B L Bennett P H | 2002 | Circulation2002，105，18： | 1 |
| 19 | Recombinant genomes which express chloram-phenicol acetyltransferase in mammalian cells显示文摘 | GORMAN C M MOFFAT L F HOWARD B H | 1982 | Mol Cell Biol1982，2，： | 1 |
| 20 | Validation ofa solid-phase micro-extraction method for headspaceanalysis of wine aroma components显示文摘 | HOWARD K L MIKE J H RIESEN R | 2005 | American Journal ofEnology and Viticulture2005，56，1： | 1 |
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