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| 1 | Risk for emerging bipolar disorder, variants, and symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, now grown up显示文摘AIM: To determine the prevalence of bipolar disorder(BD) and sub-threshold symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) through 14 years' follow-up, when participants were between 21-24 years old.METHODS: First, we examined rates of BD type Ⅰ?and Ⅱ diagnoses in youth participating in the NIMH-funded Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD(MTA). We used the diagnostic interview schedule for children(DISC), administered to both parents(DISC-P) and youth(DISCY). We compared the MTA study subjects with ADHD(n = 579) to a local normative comparison group(LNCG, n = 289) at 4 different assessment points: 6, 8, 12, and 14 years of follow-ups. To evaluate the bipolar variants, we compared total symptom counts(TSC) of DSM manic and hypomanic symptoms that were generated by DISC in ADHD and LNCG subjects. Then we sub-divided the TSC into pathognomonic manic(PM) and non-specific manic(NSM) symptoms. We compared the PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG at each assessment point and over time. We also evaluated the irritability as category A2 manic symptom in both groups and over time. Finally, we studied the irritability symptom in correlation with PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG subjects.RESULTS: DISC-generated BD diagnosis did not differ significantly in rates between ADHD(1.89%) and LNCG 1.38%). Interestingly, no participant met BD diagnosis more than once in the 4 assessment points in 14 years. However, on the symptom level, ADHD subjects reported significantly higher mean TSC scores: ADHD 3.0; LNCG 1.7; P < 0.001. ADHD status was associated with higher mean NSM: ADHD 2.0 vs LNCG 1.1; P < 0.0001. Also, ADHD subjects had higher PM symptoms than LNCG, with PM means over all time points of 1.3 ADHD; 0.9 LNCG; P = 0.0001. Examining both NSM and PM, ADHD status associated with greater NSM than PM. However, Over 14 years, the NSM symptoms declined and changed to PM over time(df 3, 2523; F = 20.1; P < 0.0001). Finally, Irritability(BD DSM criterion-A2) rates were significantly higher in ADHD than LNCG(χ2 = 122.2, P < 0.0001), but irritability was associated more strongly with NSM than PM(df 3, 2538; F = 43.2; P < 0.0001).CONCLUSION: Individuals with ADHD do not appear to be at significantly greater risk for developing BD, but do show higher rates of BD symptoms, especially NSM. The greater linkage of irritability to NSM than to PM suggests caution when making BD diagnoses based on irritability alone as one of 2(A-level) symptoms for BD diagnosis, particularly in view of its frequent presentation with other psychopathologies. | Ahmed Z Elmaadawi Peter S Jensen L Eugene Arnold Brooke SG Molina Lily Hechtman Howard B Abikoff Stephen P Hinshaw Jeffrey H Newcorn Laurence Lee Greenhill James M Swanson Cathryn A Galanter | 2015 | World Journal of Psychiatry2015，5，4： | 3 |
| 2 | B7-1 and B7-2 costimulatory molecules activate differentially the Th1/Th2 developmental pathways: Application to autoimmune disease therapy显示文摘 | Vijay K Kuchroo Mercy Prabhu Das Julia A Brown Ann M Ranger Scott S Zamvil Raymond A Sobel Howard L Weiner Nasrin Nabavi Laurie H Glimcher | 1995 | Cell1995，，5： | 2 |
| 3 | NuMA assembles into an extensive filamentous structure when expressed in the cell cytoplasm显示文摘 | Howard L Compton DA | 1996 | J Cell Sci1996，109，3： | 1 |
| 4 | China's Re-tention Challenges 显示文摘 | Howard A Liu L Wellins R and Williams S | 2007 | Go Magazine2007，2，： | 1 |
| 5 | Stroke and the statisties of the aspirin/clopidogrel secondary prevention trials显示文摘 | Howard G MeClure L A KrakauerJ W | 2007 | Curr Opin Neurol2007，20，1： | 1 |
| 6 | The solid particle and cavitation erosion of titanium aluminide intermetallic alloys显示文摘 | Howard R L Ball A | 1995 | Wear1995，，： | 1 |
| 7 | The effect of maintenance energy requirements on biomass production during wastewater treatment显示文摘 | Euan L W Howard C A | 1999 | Water Research1999，33，3： | 1 |
| 8 | Ziprasidone : a novel antipsychotic agent with a unique human receptor binding profile显示文摘 | SCHMIDT A W LEBEL L A HOWARD H R J R | 2001 | Eur J Pharmacol2001，425，3： | 1 |
| 9 | Measurement of primary amine groups on surface-modified silica and their role in metal binding 显示文摘 | Taylor L Howard A G | 1993 | Anal Chim Acta1993，271，1： | 1 |
| 10 | Sorption Isotherm-Sequential Extraction Analysis of Heavy Metal Retention in Landfill Liners显示文摘 | SALIM I A MILLER C J HOWARD J L | 1996 | Soil Science Society of America Journal1996，60，1： | 1 |
| 11 | Distal symmetric polyneuropathy: A definition for clinical research: Report of the American Academy of Neurology, the American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine, and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation显示文摘 | J D. England G S. Gronseth G Franklin R G. Miller A K. Asbury G T. Carter J A. Cohen M A. Fisher J F. Howard L J. Kinsella N Latov R A. Lewis P A. Low A J. Sumner | 2005 | Neurology2005，，2： | 1 |
| 12 | Effects of plating density and culture time on bone marrow stromal cell characteristics 显示文摘 | Neuhuber B Swanger S A Howard L | 2008 | Exp Hematol2008，36，9： | 1 |
| 13 | Modeling singlecomponent protein adsorption to the cation exchange s sepharrosee FF显示文摘 | GRAHAM L S BRENDA J H HOWARD A C | 1990 | Journal of Chromatography A1990，498，： | 1 |
| 14 | Five years prospective study of the incidence, clinical features, and diagnosis of achalasia in Edinburgh显示文摘 | Howard PJ Maher L Pryde A | 1992 | Gut1992，33，8： | 1 |
| 15 | Fives years prospective study of the incidence,clinical features,and diagnosis of achalasia in edinburgh 显示文摘 | Howard PJ Maher L Pryde A | 1992 | Gut1992，33，8： | 1 |
| 16 | Dimethyl ether (DME) as an alternative fuel显示文摘 | Troy A Semelsberger Rodney L Borup Howard L Greene | 2006 | Journal of Power Sources2006，，156： | 1 |
| 17 | Corn as a production system for human and animal vaccines显示文摘 | Streatfield S J Lane J R Brooks C A Barker D K Poage M L Mayor J M Lamphear B J Drees C F Jilka J M Hood E E and Howard J A | 2003 | Vaccine2003，21，： | 1 |
| 18 | Application of a boundary layer model to flow over an eolian dune 显示文摘 | WALMSLEY J L HOWARD A D | 1985 | Journal of Geophysical Research : Atmospheres ( 1984-- 2012)1985，90，10： | 1 |
| 19 | Microwave pyrolysis,a novel process for recycling waste automotive engine oil显示文摘 | SU S L ALAN D R HOWARD A C | | 0，，35： | 1 |
| 20 | Racial differences in the impact of elevated systolic blood pressure on stroke risk显示文摘 | Howard G Lackland DT Kleindorfer DO et a l | 2013 | JAMA Intern Med2013，173，： | 1 |
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