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| 1 | Treating comorbid anxiety and depression: Psychosocial and pharmacological approaches显示文摘Comorbid anxiety with depression predicts poor outcomes with a higher percentage of treatment resistance than either disorder occurring alone. Overlap of anxiety and depression complicates diagnosis and renders treatment challenging. A vital step in treatment of such comorbidity is careful and comprehensive diagnostic assessment. We attempt to explain various psychosocial and pharmacological approaches for treatment of comorbid anxiety and depression. For the psychosocial component, we focus only on generalized anxiety disorder based on the following theoretical models:(1) 'the avoidance model';(2) 'the intolerance of uncertainty model';(3) 'the meta-cognitive model';(4) 'the emotion dysregulation model'; and(5) 'the acceptance based model'. For depression, the following theoretical models are explicated:(1) 'the cognitive model';(2) 'the behavioral activation model'; and(3) 'the interpersonal model'. Integration of these approaches is suggested. The treatment of comorbid anxiety and depression necessitates specific psychopharmacological adjustments as compared to treating either condition alone. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors are considered first-line treatment in uncomplicated depression comorbid with a spectrum of anxiety disorders. Short-acting benzodiazepines(BZDs) are an important 'bridging strategy' to address an acute anxiety component. In patients with comorbid substance abuse, avoidance of BZDs is recommended and we advise using an atypical antipsychotic in lieu of BZDs. For mixed anxiety and depression comorbid with bipolar disorder, we recommend augmentation of an antidepressant with either lamotrigine or an atypical agent. Combination and augmentation therapies in the treatment of comorbid conditions vis-à-vis monotherapy may be necessary for positive outcomes. Combination therapy with tricyclic antidepressants, gabapentin and selective serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors(e.g., duloxetine) are specifically useful for comorbid chronic pain syndromes. Aripiprazole, quetiapine, risperidone and other novel atypical agents may be effective as augmentations. For treatment-resistant patients, we recommend a 'stacking approach' not dissimilar from treatment of hypertension In conclusion, we delineate a comprehensive approach comprising integration of various psychosocial approaches and incremental pharmacological interventions entailing bridging strategies, augmentation therapies and ultimately stacking approaches towards effectively treating comorbid anxiety and depression. | Jeremy D Coplan Cindy J Aaronson Venkatesh Panthangi Younsuk Kim | 2015 | World Journal of Psychiatry2015,5,4: | 7 |
| 2 | Anxiety disorders in adults treated by hemodialysis:a single-center study显示文摘 | Cukor D Coplan J Brown C | 2008 | Am J Kidney Dis2008,52,1: | 1 |
| 3 | Ponseti treatment for idiopathic clubfoot: minimum 5-year followup显示文摘 | Bor N Coplan JA Herzenberg JE | 2009 | Clin Orthop Relat Res2009,467,5: | 1 |
| 4 | Prognostic significance of systolic blood pressure increases in men during exercise stress testing显示文摘 | Gupta MP Polena S Coplan N | 2007 | AmJCardiol2007,100,11: | 1 |
| 5 | Modeling the long-term outcomes and costs of HIV antiretroviral therapy using I-IIV RNA levels: application to a clinical trial显示文摘 | Cook J Dasbach E Coplan P | 1999 | AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses1999,15,6: | 1 |
| 6 | CELIAS - Charge, Element and Isotope Analysis System for SOHO显示文摘 | D. Hovestadt M. Hilchenbach A. Bürgi B. Klecker P. Laeverenz M. Scholer H. Grünwaldt W. I. Axford S. Livi E. Marsch B. Wilken H. P. Winterhoff F. M. Ipavich P. Bedini M. A. Coplan A. B. Galvin G. Gloeckler P. Bochsler H. Balsiger J. Fischer J. Geiss R. Ka | 1995 | Solar Physics (-)1995,,1: | 1 |
| 7 | Links between empathy, social behavior and social understanding in early childhood显示文摘 | FINDLAY LC GIRARDI A COPLAN RJ | 2006 | Early Child Res Quart2006,211,3: | 1 |
| 8 | Social withdrawal in childhood显示文摘 | Rubin K.H Coplan R.J Bowker J.C | | 0,,: | 1 |
| 9 | Analysis of microphthalmia transcription factor expression in normal tissues and tum-ors,and comparison of its expression with S-100 protein,gp100,and tyrosinase in desmoplastic malignant melanoma显示文摘 | Busam K J Iversen K Coplan K C | 2001 | Am J Surg Pathol2001,25,2: | 1 |
| 10 | Prognostic significance of sys- tolic blood pressure increases in men during exercise stress testing 显示文摘 | Gupta MP Polena S Coplan N | | Am J Cardiol0,100,11: | 1 |
| 11 | Antidepressant- inducedneurogenesis in the hippocampus of adult nonhuman primates 显示文摘 | Perera TD Coplan JD Lisanby SH | 2007 | JNeurosci2007,27,: | 1 |
| 12 | Immunoreactivity for A103,an antibody to Melan-A( Mart-1 ), in adrenocortical and other steroid tumours显示文摘 | Busam KJ Iversen K Coplan KA | 1998 | AmJSurg Pathol1998,22,1: | 1 |
| 13 | Expression of melanocyte- associated markers gp100 and Melan- A/MART - 1 inangiomyolipomas : an immunohistochemical and rt-PCR analysis 显示文摘 | Jungbluth AA Iversen K Coplan K | 1999 | Vichows Arch1999,,: | 1 |
| 14 | Being alone, playing alone, and acting alone: Distinguishing among reticence and passive and active solitude in young children显示文摘 | COPLAN R J RUBIN K H FOX N A | 1994 | Child Development1994,,65: | 1 |
| 15 | Interpretation of 3He abundance variations in the solar wind 显示文摘 | Coplan M A Ogilvie K W Bochsler P Geiss J | 1984 | Solar Physics1984,93,2: | 1 |
| 16 | Persistent elevations of cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of corticotropin-releasing factor in adult nonhuman primates exposed to early-life stressors:implications for the pathophysiology of mood and anxiety disorders显示文摘 | Coplan JD Andrews MW Rosenblum LAF | 1996 | Proc Natl Acad Sci1996,93,4: | 1 |
| 17 | Anxiety disorders in adults treated by hemodialysis: A single-center study 显示文摘 | Cukor D Coplan J Brown C | 2008 | Am J Kidney Dis2008,52,: | 1 |
| 18 | Nocturnal growth hormone secretion studies in adolescents with or without major depression re-examined:integration of adult clinical follow-up data 显示文摘 | Coplan JD Wolk SI Goetz RR | 2000 | Biol Psychiatry2000,47,: | 1 |
| 19 | Gorman JM: Ambulatory monit oring of respiration in anxiety显示文摘 | Martinez JM Papp LA Coplan JD | 1996 | Anxiety1996,2,: | 1 |
| 20 | Incidence and hospitalization rates of varicella and herpes zoster before varicella vaccine introduction:a baseline assessment of the shifting epidemiology of varicella disease显示文摘 | Coplan P Black S Rojas C | | 0,,07: | 1 |