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| 1 | Mechanisms of resistance to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors in metastatic colorectal cancer显示文摘The prognosis of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer(m CRC) remain poor despite the impressive improvement of treatments observed over the last 20 years that led to an increase in median overall survival from 6 mo, with the only best supportive care, to approximately 30 mo with the introduction of active chemotherapy drugs and targeted agents. The monoclonal antibodies(mo Abs) cetuximab and panitumumab, directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR), undoubtedly represent a major step forward in the treatment of m CRC, given the relevant efficacy in terms of progression-free survival, overall survival, response rate, and quality of life observed in several phase Ⅲ clinical trials among different lines of treatment. However, the anti-EGFR mo Abs were shown only to be effective in a subset of patients. For instance, KRAS and NRAS mutations have been identified as biomarkers of resistance to these drugs, improving the selection of patients who might derive a benefit from these treatments. Nevertheless, several other alterations might affect the response to these drugs, and unfortunately, even the responders eventually become resistant by developing secondary(or acquired) resistance in approximately 13-18 mo. Several studies highlighted that the landscape of responsible alterations of both primary and acquired resistance to anti-EGFR drugs biochemically converge into MEK-ERK and PIK3CA-AKT pathways. In this review, we describe the currently known mechanisms of primary and acquired resistance to anti-EGFR mo Abs together with the various strategies evaluated to prevent, overcame or revert them. | Vincenzo Sforza Erika Martinelli Fortunato Ciardiello Valentina Gambardella Stefania Napolitano Giulia Martini Carminia della Corte Claudia Cardone Marianna L Ferrara Alfonso Reginelli Giuseppina Liguori Giulio Belli Teresa Troiani | 2016 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2016，22，28： | 6 |
| 2 | Familiarity of physical and metabolic characteristic that predict the development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Pima Indians显示文摘 | Sakul H Pratley R Cardon L | 1997 | Am J Hum Genet1997，60，： | 1 |
| 3 | Validation of real-time three-dimensional echocardiography for quantifying left ventricular volumes in the presence of a left ventricular aneurysm: in vitro and in vivo studies显示文摘 | Jian Xin Qin Michael Jones Takahiro Shiota Neil L Greenberg Hiroyuki Tsujino Michael S Firstenberg Pankaj C Gupta Arthur D Zetts Yong Xu Jing Ping Sun Lisa A Cardon Jill A Odabashian Scott D Flamm Richard D White Julio A Panza James D Thomas | 2000 | Journal of the American College of Cardiology2000，，3： | 1 |
| 4 | Molecular diagnostics of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies显示文摘 | Ingrosso L Vetrugno V Cardone F | 2001 | Trend Mol Med2001，8，： | 1 |
| 5 | Molecular diagnostics of transmissible spongiformencephalopathies显示文摘 | INGROSSO L VETRUGNO V CARDONE F | 2002 | Trends Mol Med2002，8，6： | 1 |
| 6 | Reciprocal activating interaction between dendritic cells and pamidronate-stimulated gamma delta T cells:role of CD86and inflammatory cytokines显示文摘 | Conti L Casetti R Cardone M Varano B Martino A Belardelli F Poccia F Gessani S | 2005 | J Immunol2005，174，1： | 1 |
| 7 | A laboratory artefact to detect: the EDTA-dependent pseudothrombocytopenia 显示文摘 | Gerome P Cardon N Crevon L | 2003 | Ann Biol Clin (Paris)2003，61，1： | 1 |
| 8 | Topical capsaiein for treatment of hemodialysis -related pruritus显示文摘 | BRENEMAN D L CARDONE J S BLUMSACKLTLR F | 1992 | Am Acad Dermatol1992，26，： | 1 |
| 9 | Genome-wide association studies for complex traits: consensus, uncertainty and challenges 显示文摘 | MCCARTHY M I ABECASIS G R CARDON L R | 2008 | Nat Rev Genet2008，9，： | 1 |
| 10 | Genetic immunization with LYVE-1 cDNA yields function-blocking antibodies against native protein 显示文摘 | Cardones A R Leitner W W Fang L | 2006 | Microvasc Res2006，71，1： | 1 |
| 11 | Genome-wide strategies for detecting multiple loci that influence complex diseases显示文摘 | Marchini J Donnelly P Cardon L R | 2005 | Nat Genet2005，37，4： | 1 |
| 12 | Using haplotype blocks to map human complex trait loci显示文摘 | Cardon L R | 2003 | Trends Genet2003，19，3： | 1 |
| 13 | VEGF inhibitors in cancer therapy 显示文摘 | CARDONES A R BANEZ L L | 2006 | Curr Pharm Des2006，12，3： | 1 |
| 14 | Reciprocal acti- vating interaction between dendritic cells and pamidr- onate-stimulated gammade!ta T cells; role of CD8fi and inflammatory cytokines显示文摘 | Conti L Casetti R Cardone M | 2005 | J Immunol2005，174，1： | 1 |
| 15 | Impact of QuikSCAT Surface Marine Winds on Wave Hindcasting, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science显示文摘 | Cardone V J Cox A T Harris E L | 2005 | 1-242005，124，： | 1 |
| 16 | PIK3CA activating mu tations and chemotherapy sensitivity in stage Ⅱ-Ⅲ breast cancer显示文摘 | Liedtke C Cardone L Tordai A | 2008 | Breast Cancer Res2008，10，2： | 1 |
| 17 | PIK3CA-activating mutations and chemotherapy sensitivity in stage II-III breast cancer 显示文摘 | Liedtke C Cardone L Tordai A | 2008 | Breast Cancer Res2008，10，2： | 1 |
| 18 | A general test of association for quantitative traits in nuclear families显示文摘 | Abecasis G R Cardon L R Cookson W O | 2000 | Am J Hum Genet2000，66，： | 1 |
| 19 | A-kinase anchor protein 84/121 are targeted to mitoehondria and mitotic spindles by overlapping amino-terminal motifs显示文摘 | CARDONE L DE CRISTOFARO T AFFAITATI A | 2002 | J Mol Biol2002，320，3： | 1 |
| 20 | Topical capsaicin for treatment of hemodialysis-related pruritus 显示文摘 | Breneman D L Cardone J S Blumsack R F | 1992 | J Am Acad Dermatol1992，26，1： | 1 |
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