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| 1 | 东南极拉斯曼丘陵泥质麻粒岩的变质作用演化显示文摘普里兹湾拉斯曼丘陵代表了东南极一条重要的早古生代的~530Ma泛非期(Pan-African)高级构造活动带。然而,该区早期的晚元古代的~1000Ma格林维尔期(Grenvellian)高级变质作用的演化历史至今仍有争论。该区呈透镜状产出的泥质麻粒岩峰期矿物组合(M1)为石榴石+堇青石+斜方辉石+钾长石+石英,峰期石榴石变斑晶发育堇青石或堇青石+斜方辉石反应边(M2)。利用Thermocalc程序在KFMASH模式体系对该泥质麻粒岩进行的定量模拟表明,其峰期矿物组合是由反应石榴石+黑云母+石英=堇青石+斜方辉石+钾长石+熔体形成的。利用Themocalc平均P-T计算方法获得峰期M1变质P-T条件为~0.9GPa和~900℃,而叠加的M2组合反映了一个减压冷却的过程,其变质P-T条件为~0.7GPa和800~850℃。结合已有的年代学数据,认为该区泥质麻粒岩的峰期M1矿物组合反映晚元古代(~1000Ma)格林维尔期挤压D1构造事件,而叠加的M2矿物组合与M3蠕虫状结构则形成于早古生代泛非期(~530Ma)D2~D3高级扭压剪切构造期间。该扭压事件导致了面状高低应变带的发育以及进步花岗岩和伟晶岩的侵入。 | 仝来喜 刘小汉 王彦斌 Chris J L Wilson | 2012 | 地质学报2012，86，8： | 12 |
| 2 | 系统综述与网状Meta分析的PRISMA扩展声明显示文摘PRISMA声明旨在提高系统综述和META分析报告的完整性,该声明已经广泛用于指导系统综述和META分析的报告和发表。原始的PRISMA声明是针对两种干预措施比较的传统的系统综述与META分析而制定的,然而,随着多种干预措施比较的系统综述的发展,实施和报告这一类系统综述面临较大挑战。此时,针对网状META分析的PRISMA扩展声明应运而生,旨在提高网状META分析系统综述的报告质量。PRISMA扩展声明是由专家们通过DELPHI调查、面对面讨论和共识大会而最终确立的。PRISMA扩展声明是在原始PRISMA声明的报告清单的基础上经过修改,最终确定了32个条目,每个条目均与网状META分析报告的内容直接相关。本文对网状META分析的PRISMA扩展声明进行了阐述,对报告清单各条目进行了举例说明,并详细说明了在原始PRISMA声明的基础上新增和修改各条目的理由。此外,PRISMA扩展声明强调了在网状META分析的实际操作中需要重点关注的信息。本文的目标读者包括网状META分析的作者与读者,以及期刊杂志的编辑与同行评审。 | 李志霞 杨俊 叶欣 周凌波 杨智荣 孙凤 詹思延 Brian Hutton Georgia Salanti Deborah M.Caldwell Anna Chaimani Christopher H.Schmid Chris Cameron John P.A.Ioannidis Sharon Straus Kristian Thorlund Jeroen P.Jansen Cynthia Mulrow Ferrán Catalá-López Peter C.Gozsche Kay Dickersin Isabelle Boutron Douglas G.Altman David Moher | 2016 | 中国循证心血管医学杂志2016，8，6： | 11 |
| 3 | Gastroenterology in developing countries:Issues and advances显示文摘Developing countries shoulder a considerable burden of gastroenterological disease. Infectious diseases in particular cause enormous morbidity and mortality. Diseases which afflict both western and developing countries are often seen in more florid forms in poorer countries. Innovative techniques continuously improve and update gastroenterological practice. However, advances in diagnosis and treatment which are commonplace in the West, have yet to reach many developing countries. Clinical guidelines, based on these advances and collated in resource-rich environments,lose their relevance outside these settings. In this two-part review, we first highlight the global burden of gastroenterological disease in three major areas: diarrhoeal diseases, hepatitis B, and Helicobacter pylori . Recent progress in their management is explored, with consideration of future solutions. The second part of the review focuses on the delivery of clinical services in developing countries. Inadequate numbers of healthcare workers hamper efforts to combat gastroenterological disease. Reasons for this shortage are examined, along with possibilities for increased specialist training. Endoscopy services, the mainstay of gastroenterology in the West, are in their infancy in many developing countries. The challenges faced by those setting up a service are illustrated by the example of a Nigerian endoscopy unit. Finally, we highlight the limited scope of many clinical guidelines produced in western countries. Guidelines which take account of resource limitations in the form of 'cascades' are advocated in order to make these guidelines truly global. Recognition of the different working conditions facing practitioners worldwide is an important step towards narrowing the gap between gastroenterology in rich and poor countries. | Kate L Mandeville Justus Krabshuis Nimzing Gwamzhi Ladep Chris JJ Mulder Eamonn MM Quigley Shahid A Khan | 2009 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2009，15，23： | 8 |
| 4 | 大气二氧化氮与每日总死亡率、心血管和呼吸系统疾病死亡率的短期关联:398个城市的多中心分析显示文摘目的:采用统一的分析方案,评估全球多个国家/地区的二氧化氮(NO_(2))与总死亡率、心血管和呼吸系统疾病死亡率之间的短期关联。研究设计:采用两阶段的时间序列分析方法、过度离散的广义线性模型和多水平meta分析。研究地点:22个低到高收入国家/地区的398个城市。主要结局指标:1973—2018年逐日总死亡人数(6280万人)、心血管疾病死亡人数(1970万人)和呼吸系统疾病死亡人数(550万人)。结果:平均而言,NO_(2)浓度在滞后1天(前1天)每增加10μg/m^(3),会导致总死亡率、心血管和呼吸系统疾病死亡率分别增加0.46%(95%可信区间0.36%~0.57%)、0.37%(0.22%~0.51%)、0.47%(0.21%~0.72%)。在对共污染物(PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、臭氧、二氧化硫和一氧化碳)进行调整后,这些关联仍然很稳定。所有3种死因的暴露-反应曲线几乎是线性的,没有明显的阈值。在398个城市中,可归因于高过假定零水平的NO_(2)浓度造成的死亡比例为1.23%(95%可信区间0.96%~1.51%)。结论:这项多中心研究提供了关于NO_(2)短期暴露与总死亡率、心血管和呼吸系统死亡风险之间的独立和线性关联的关键证据,说明通过加强NO_(2)的控制和监管限制标准,可获得人群水平的健康收益。 | 孟夏 刘聪(校) 陈仁杰 郑湃(译) 阚海东(校) Francesco Sera Ana Vicedo-Cabrera Ai Milojevic Maria Guo Yuming Tong Shilu Micheline de Sousa Zanotti Stagliorio Coelh Paulo Hilario Nascimento Saldiva Eric Lavigne Patricia Matus Correa Nicolas Valdes Ortega Samuel Osorio Garcia Jan Kysely Ales Urban Hans Orru Marek Maasikmets Jouni J K Jaakkola Niilo Ryti Veronika Huber Alexandra Schneider Klea Katsouyanni Antonis Analitis Masahiro Hashizume Yasushi Honda Chris Fook Sheng Ng Baltazar Nunes João Paulo Teixeira Iulian Horia Holobaca Simona Fratianni Ho Kim Aurelio Tobias Carmeníniguez Bertil Forsberg ChristoferÅström Martina S Ragettli Yue-Liang Leon Guo Shih-Chun Pan Shanshan Li Michelle L Bell Antonella Zanobetti Joel Schwartz Tangchun Wu Antonio Gasparrini | 2021 | 英国医学杂志中文版2021，24，8： | 7 |
| 5 | Optically monitoring and controlling nanoscale topography during semiconductor etching显示文摘We present epi-diffraction phase microscopy(epi-DPM)as a non-destructive optical method for monitoring semiconductor fabrication processes in real time and with nanometer level sensitivity.The method uses a compact Mach–Zehnder interferometer to recover quantitative amplitude and phase maps of the field reflected by the sample.The low temporal noise of 0.6 nm per pixel at 8.93 frames per second enabled us to collect a three-dimensional movie showing the dynamics of wet etching and thereby accurately quantify non-uniformities in the etch rate both across the sample and over time.By displaying a gray-scale digital image on the sample with a computer projector,we performed photochemical etching to define arrays of microlenses while simultaneously monitoring their etch profiles with epi-DPM. | Chris Edwards Amir Arbabi Gabriel Popescu Lynford L Goddard | 2012 | Light(Science & Applications)2012，1，1： | 5 |
| 6 | 针对患者利益的机器学习和人工智能研究:在透明性、可重复性、伦理和有效性等方面的20个关键问题显示文摘机器学习(ML)、人工智能(AI)和其他现代统计方法正为利用先前尚未开发且极速增长的数据资源提供新的机会,以期让患者获益。尽管目前正在进行许多有前景的研究,特别是在图像方面,但就文献整体而言还缺乏透明度、对可重复性清晰的阐述、对潜在伦理问题的探究,以及对有效性的明确验证。这些问题的存在有许多原因,其中最重要的一点(为此我们提供了初步解决方案)就是当前缺乏针对ML和AI的最佳实践指南。我们认为从事研究的跨学科团队和应用ML/AI影响健康的项目,将因解决有关透明度、可重复性、伦理和有效性(TREE)的一系列问题而受益。这里提出的20个关键问题为研究团队提供了一个研究设计、实施和报告框架;帮助编辑和同行评审专家评估文献的贡献;让患者、临床医生和政策制定者评估新发现可能会给患者带来的获益。 | Sebastian Vollmer Bilal A Mateen Gergo Bohner Franz J Kirdly Rayid Ghani Pall Jonsson Sarah Cumbers Adrian Jonas Katherine S L McAllister Puja Myles David Granger Mark Birse Richard Branson Karel G M Moons Gary S Collins John P A Chris Holmes Harry Hemingwayp 李峰(译) 徐磊(校) 赵邑(校) | 2020 | 英国医学杂志中文版2020，23，9： | 5 |
| 7 | The Changing Cold Regions Network:Observation,diagnosis and prediction of environmental change in the Saskatchewan and Mackenzie River Basins,Canada显示文摘Climate change is causing rapid and severe changes to many Earth systems and processes,with widespread cryospheric,ecological,and hydrological impacts globally,and especially in high northern latitudes.This is of major societal concern and there is an urgent need for improved understanding and predictive tools for environmental management.The Changing Cold Regions Network(CCRN)is a Canadian research consortium with a focus to integrate existing and new experimental data with modelling and remote sensing products to understand,diagnose,and predict changing land,water,and climate,and their interactions and feedbacks over the geographic domain of the Mackenzie and Saskatchewan River Basins in Canada.The network operates a set of 14 unique and focused Water,Ecosystem,Cryosphere and Climate(WECC)observatories within this region,which provide opportunities to observe and understand processes and their interaction,as well as develop and test numerical simulation models,and provide validation data for remote sensing products.This paper describes this network and its observational,experimental,and modelling programme.An overview of many of the recent Earth system changes observed across the study region is provided,and some local insights from WECC observatories that may partly explain regional patterns and trends are described.Several of the model products being developed are discussed,and linkages with the local to international user community are reviewed—In particular,the use of WECC data towards model and remote sensing product calibration and validation is highlighted.Some future activities and prospects for the network are also presented at the end of the paper. | Chris M DEBEER Howard S WHEATER William L QUINTON Sean K CAREY Ronald E STEWART Murray D MACKAY Philip MARSH | 2015 | Science China Earth Sciences2015，58，1： | 5 |
| 8 | Mediastinal node staging by positron emission tomographycomputed tomography and selective endoscopic ultrasound with fine needle aspiration for patients with upper gastrointestinal cancer:Results from a regional centre显示文摘AIM To investigate the impact of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration(EUS-FNA) and positron emission tomography-computed tomography(PET-CT) in the nodal staging of upper gastrointestinal(GI) cancer in a tertiary referral centre.METHODS We performed a retrospective review of prospectively recorded data held on all patients with a diagnosis of upper GI cancer made between January 2009 and December 2015. Only those patients who had both a PET-CT and EUS with FNA sampling of a mediastinal node distant from the primary tumour were included. Using a positive EUS-FNA result as the gold standard for lymph node involvement, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values(PPV and NPV) and accuracy of PET-CT in the staging of mediastinal lymph nodes were calculated. The impact on therapeutic strategy of adding EUS-FNA to PET-CT was assessed.RESULTS One hundred and twenty one patients were included. Sixty nine patients had a diagnosis of oesophageal adenocarcinoma(Thirty one of whom were junctional), forty eight had oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma and four had gastric adenocarcinoma. The FNA results were inadequate in eleven cases and the PET-CT findings were indeterminate in two cases, therefore thirteen patients(10.7%) were excluded from further analysis. There was concordance between PET-CT and EUS-FNA findings in seventy one of the remaining one hundred and eight patients(65.7%). The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV values of PET-CT were 92.5%, 50%, 52.1% and 91.9% respectively. There was discordance between PET-CT and EUS-FNA findings in thirty seven out of one hundred and eight patients(34.3%). MDT discussion led to a radical treatment pathway in twenty seven of these cases, after the final tumour stage was altered as a direct consequence of the EUS-FNA findings. Of these patients, fourteen(51.9%) experienced clinical remission of a median of nine months(range three to forty two months). CONCLUSION EUS-FNA leads to altered staging of upper GI cancer, resulting in more patients receiving radical treatment that would have been the case using PET-CT staging alone. | Chris Harrington Lyn Smith Jennifer Bisland Elisabet López González Neil Jamieson Stuart Paterson Adrian John Stanley | 2018 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy2018，10，1： | 4 |
| 9 | Efficacy of HPV-based screening for prevention of invasive cervical cancer: follow-up of four European randomised controlled trials显示文摘 | Guglielmo Ronco Joakim Dillner K Miriam Elfstr?m Sara Tunesi Peter J F Snijders Marc Arbyn Henry Kitchener Nereo Segnan Clare Gilham Paolo Giorgi-Rossi Johannes Berkhof Julian Peto Chris J L M Meijer | 2013 | The Lancet2013，，： | 3 |
| 10 | 14 Years of Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Clinical Features and Prognosis显示文摘 | Jonathan M Spergel Terri F Brown-Whitehorn Janet L Beausoleil James Franciosi Michele Shuker Ritu Verma Chris A Liacouras | 2009 | Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition2009，，1： | 2 |
| 11 | Soil moisture: A central and unifying theme in physical geography显示文摘 | Legates David R Mahmood Rezaul Levia Delphis F DeLiberty Tracy L Quiring Steven M Houser Chris Nelson Frederick E | 2011 | Progress in Physical Geography2011，，1： | 2 |
| 12 | Human enamel thickness and ENAM polymorphism显示文摘The tooth enamel development gene, enamelin(ENAM), showed evidence of positive selection during a genome-wide scan of human and primate DNA for signs of adaptive evolution. The current study examined the hypothesis that a single-nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) C14625T(rs7671281) in the ENAM gene identified in the genome-wide scan is associated with a change in enamel phenotype. African Americans were selected as the target population, as they have been reported to have a target SNP frequency of approximately 50%, whereas non-Africans are predicted to have a 96% SNP frequency. Digital radiographs and DNA samples from 244 teeth in 133 subjects were analysed, and enamel thickness was assessed in relation to SNP status,controlling for age, sex, tooth number and crown length. Crown length was found to increase with molar number, and females were found to have thicker enamel. Teeth with larger crowns also had thicker enamel, and older subjects had thinner enamel.Linear regression and generalized estimating equations were used to investigate the relationship between enamel thickness of the mandibular molars and ENAM SNP status; enamel in subjects with the derived allele was significantly thinner(P = 0.040)when the results were controlled for sex, age, tooth number and crown length. The derived allele demonstrated a recessive effect on the phenotype. The data indicate that thinner dental enamel is associated with the derived ENAM genotype. This is the first direct evidence of a dental gene implicated in human adaptive evolution as having a phenotypic effect on an oral structure. | Diane M Daubert Joanna L Kelley Yuriy G Udod Carolina Habor Chris G Kleist Ilona K Furman Igor N Tikonov Willie J Swanson Frank A Roberts | 2016 | International Journal of Oral Science2016，8，2： | 2 |
| 13 | 紫硫镍矿交代镍黄铁矿的水热反应机理及动力学显示文摘本工作首次在实验室条件下对浅生区紫硫镍矿(Ni,Fe)3S4交代镍黄铁矿(Ni,Fe)9S8水热反应的机理及动力学进行了研究。起始反应矿物采用高纯自然镍黄铁矿,合成纯镍黄铁矿或合成镍黄铁矿-磁黄铁矿集合体。反应pH值采用0.2M醋酸-醋酸纳缓冲溶液控制在3~5的范围内。反应进程由X-射线衍射物相定量分析及扫描电镜观察进行跟踪。结果表明,当反应温度恒定在80℃时,交代20(4)%的镍黄铁矿需792h。相同条件下加入少量H2S可将反应速率提高一倍。当反应在125℃饱和蒸汽压水热环境下进行时,完全交代纯镍黄铁矿需约168h。此过程由于磁黄铁矿的存在而被催化,交代集合体中的镍黄铁矿仅需68h,进一步反应磁黄铁矿被交代成白铁矿。磁黄铁矿的催化作用可能源于溶解产生的微裂纹加速了流体的传质过程。当反应温度升高至145℃时,速率反而下降,不遵循Arrhenius经验规律。动力学分析得80℃速率常数介于5.8×10-8~3.0×10-7/s之间,125℃及145℃速率常数分别介于2.8×10-6~2.08×10-5/s及1×10-6~5.1×10-6/s之间,远高于同温度下固相扩散反应的速率常数,表明该反应在地质时标上为一快速反应。此外,用背散射电子显微技术对矿物表面形貌进行了分析,发现交代产物紫硫镍矿具有颗粒细小及存在微裂纹等特征,与自然界浅生矿床中的紫硫镍矿非常相似;电镜实验还表明该交代作用是一个典型的耦合溶解-再沉淀反应。其耦合机制的驱动力可能与反应界面处微空隙对流体饱和度的控制有关。 | 夏方 陈国荣 Allan PRING Joёl BRUGGER Yung NGOTHAI Brain O'NEILL Chris COLBY Christophe TENAILLEAU 王海鹏 杨云霞 | 2007 | 地质学报2007，81，10： | 2 |
| 14 | Personalising pancreas cancer treatment:When tissue is the issue显示文摘The treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer has not moved much beyond single agent gemcitabine until recently when protocols such as FOLFIRINOX(fluorouracil,leucovorin,irinotecan and oxaliplatin)and nab-paclitaxelgemcitabine have demonstrated some improved outcomes.Advances in technology especially in massively parallel genome sequencing has progressed our understanding of the biology of pancreatic cancer especially the candidate signalling pathways that are involved in tumourogenesis and disease course.This has allowed identification of potentially actionable mutations that may be targeted by new biological agents.The heterogeneity of pancreatic cancer makes tumour tissue collection important with the aim of being able to personalise therapies for the individual as opposed to a one size fits all approach to treatment of the condition.This paper reviews the developments in this area of translational research and the ongoing clinical studies that will attempt to move this into the everyday oncology practice. | Katrin M Sjoquist Venessa T Chin Lorraine A Chantrill Chelsie O'Connor Chris Hemmings David K Chang Angela Chou Marina Pajic Amber L Johns Adnan M Nagrial Andrew V Biankin Desmond Yip | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，24： | 2 |
| 15 | If Smallpox Strikes Portland显示文摘 | Chris L Barrett Sphen G Eubank James P Smith | 2005 | Scientific American (S0036-8733)2005，292，3： | 1 |
| 16 | Induced resistance against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in carrots treated with enzymatically hydrolysed chitosan显示文摘 | Chris M Cheah L H Koolaard J P | 2004 | Postharvest Biology and Technology2004，33，： | 1 |
| 17 | The HITRAN molecular spectroscopic database: edition of 2000 including updates through 2001显示文摘 | Rothman L S Barbe A Chris Benner D | 2003 | JQSRT2003，82，： | 1 |
| 18 | Voluntary Disclosure of Segment Information 显示文摘 | Mitchell Jason D Chia Chris W L Loh Andrew S | 1995 | Accounting and Fi nance1995，35，： | 1 |
| 19 | Helicobacter pylori porCDAB andoorDABC genes encode distinct pyruvate:flavodoxin and 2-oxoglutarate:acceptor oxidoreductases whichmediate electron transport to NADP显示文摘 | Nicky J Hughes Chris L Clayton Peter A Chalk | 1998 | Journal of bacteriology1998，180，5： | 1 |
| 20 | Identification of the trscriptional unit,structural organization and promot-or sequence of the human sex-determining region Y(SRY) gene using reverse genetic approach显示文摘 | Hua S Chris L | 1993 | A M J Hum Genet1993，52，132： | 1 |
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