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| 1 | Plant Surfaces:Structures and Functions for Biomimetic Innovations显示文摘An overview of plant surface structures and their evolution is presented. It combines surface chemistry and architecture with their functions and refers to possible biomimetic applications. Within some 3.5 billion years biological species evolved highly complex multifunctional surfaces for interacting with their environments: some 10 million living prototypes(i.e., estimated number of existing plants and animals) for engineers. The complexity of the hierarchical structures and their functionality in biological organisms surpasses all abiotic natural surfaces: even superhydrophobicity is restricted in nature to living organisms and was probably a key evolutionary step with the invasion of terrestrial habitats some 350–450 million years ago in plants and insects. Special attention should be paid to the fact that global environmental change implies a dramatic loss of species and with it the biological role models. Plants, the dominating group of organisms on our planet, are sessile organisms with large multifunctional surfaces and thus exhibit particular intriguing features.Superhydrophilicity and superhydrophobicity are focal points in this work. We estimate that superhydrophobic plant leaves(e.g., grasses) comprise in total an area of around 250 million km^2, which is about 50% of the total surface of our planet. A survey of structures and functions based on own examinations of almost 20,000 species is provided, for further references we refer to Barthlott et al.(Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 374: 20160191, 1). A basic difference exists between aquatic nonvascular and land-living vascular plants; the latter exhibit a particular intriguing surface chemistry and architecture. The diversity of features is described in detail according to their hierarchical structural order. The first underlying and essential feature is the polymer cuticle superimposed by epicuticular wax and the curvature of single cells up to complex multicellular structures. A descriptive terminology for this diversity is provided. Simplified, the functions of plant surface characteristics may be grouped into six categories:(1) mechanical properties,(2) influence on reflection and absorption of spectral radiation,(3) reduction of water loss or increase of water uptake, moisture harvesting,(4) adhesion and nonadhesion(lotus effect, insect trapping),(5) drag and turbulence increase, or(6) air retention under water for drag reduction or gas exchange(Salvinia effect). This list is far from complete. A short overview of the history of bionics and the impressive spectrum of existing and anticipated biomimetic applications are provided. The major challenge for engineers and materials scientists, the durability of the fragile nanocoatings, is also discussed. | Wilhelm Barthlott Matthias Mail Bharat Bhushan Kerstin Koch | 2017 | Nano-Micro Letters2017，9，2： | 16 |
| 2 | Classification and terminology of plant epicuticular waxes显示文摘 | WILHELM BARTHLOTT CHRISTOPH NEINHUIS DAVID CUTLER FRIEDRICH DITSCH IRIS MEUSEL INGE THEISEN HILTRUD WILHELMI | 1998 | Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society1998，，3： | 3 |
| 3 | Applying Methods from Differential Geometry to Devise Stable and Persistent Air Layers Attached to Objects Immersed in Water显示文摘We describe a few mathematical tools which allow to investigate whether air-water interfaces exist(under prescribedconditions)and are mechanically stable and temporally persistent.In terms of physics,air-water interfaces are governed by theYoung-Laplace equation.Mathematically they are surfaces of constant mean curvature which represent solutions of a nonlinearelliptic partial differential equation.Although explicit solutions of this equation can be obtained only in very special cases,it is-under moderately special circumstances-possible to establish the existence of a solution without actually solving thedifferential equation.We also derive criteria for mechanical stability and temporal persistence of an air layer.Furthermorewe calculate the lifetime of a non-persistent air layer.Finally,we apply these tools to two examples which exhibit the symmetriesof 2D lattices.These examples can be viewed as abstractions of the biological model represented by the aquatic fernSalvinia. | Wilfried Konrad Christian Apeltauer Jrg Frauendiener Wilhelm Barthlott Anita Roth-Nebelsick | 2009 | Journal of Bionic Engineering2009，6，4： | 3 |
| 4 | Purity of the sacred lotus, or escape from contamination in biological surfaces显示文摘 | W. Barthlott C. Neinhuis | 1997 | Planta1997，，1： | 3 |
| 5 | Characterization and Distribution of Water-repellent, Self-cleaning Plant Surfaces显示文摘 | C. NEINHUIS W. BARTHLOTT | 1997 | Annals of Botany1997，，6： | 3 |
| 6 | Classification and terminology of plant epicuticular waxes显示文摘 | WILHELM BARTHLOTT CHRISTOPH NEINHUIS DAVID CUTLER FRIEDRICH DITSCH IRIS MEUSEL INGE THEISEN HILTRUD WILHELMI | 1998 | Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society1998，，3： | 2 |
| 7 | Structural analysis of wheat wax (Triticum aestivum, c.v. ‘Naturastar’ L.): from the molecular level to three dimensional crystals显示文摘 | K. Koch W. Barthlott S. Koch A. Hommes K. Wandelt W. Mamdouh S. De-Feyter P. Broekmann | 2006 | Planta2006，，2： | 2 |
| 8 | Purity of the sacred lo-tus,or escape from contamination in biological surfaces显示文摘 | BARTHLOTT W NEINHUIS C | 1997 | Planta1997，202，： | 1 |
| 9 | Purity of the sacred lotus, or escape from contamination in biological surfaces显示文摘 | Barthlott W Neinhuis C | 1997 | Planta1997，202，1： | 1 |
| 10 | Characterization and distribution of water-repellent,self-cleaning plant surfaces显示文摘 | NEINHUIS C BARTHLOTT W | 1997 | Annals of Botany1997，79，： | 1 |
| 11 | Purity of the scared lotus, or es- cape from contamination in biological surfaces 显示文摘 | Barthlott W Neinhuis C | 1997 | Plan- ta1997，202，1： | 1 |
| 12 | Classification and ter-minology of plant epicuticular waxes显示文摘 | Barthlott W Neinhuis C Cutler D | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 13 | Purity of the sacred lotus,or escape from contamination in biological surfaces显示文摘 | BARTHLOTT W NEINHUIS C | 1997 | Planta1997，202，1： | 1 |
| 14 | Characterization and distribution of water-repellent self-cleaning plant surfaces显示文摘 | NEINHUIS C BARTHLOTT W | 1997 | Annals of Botan1997，79，6： | 1 |
| 15 | Characterization and distribution of water-repellent, self-cleaning plant surfaces显示文摘 | Neinhuis C Barthlott W | 1997 | Annals of Botany1997，79，6： | 1 |
| 16 | Characterization and distribution of water-repellent, self-cleaning plant surfaces 显示文摘 | Neinhuis C Barthlott W | 1997 | An- nals of Botany1997，79，6： | 1 |
| 17 | CD4^+CD25^+ T cells compete with naive CD4+ T cells for IL-2 and exploit it for the induction of IL-10 production显示文摘 | Barthlott T Moncrieffe H Veldhoen M | 2005 | Int Immunol2005，17，3： | 1 |
| 18 | Purity of the scared lotus or escape from contain ination in biological surfaces 显示文摘 | BARTHLOTT W NEINHUIS C | 1997 | Planta1997，202，1： | 1 |
| 19 | Quantitative assessment to the structural basis of water repellency in natural and technical surfaces显示文摘 | WAGNER P FURSTNER R BARTHLOTT W | 2003 | J Exp Bot2003，54，385： | 1 |
| 20 | Quantitative assessment to the structural basis of water repellency in natural and technical surfaces 显示文摘 | WAGNER P FURSTNER F BARTHLOTT W | 2003 | Journal of Experinental Botany2003，54，385： | 1 |
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