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| 1 | Numerical simulation of GPS observed clockwise rotation around the eastern Himalayan syntax in the Tibetan Plateau显示文摘From Global Position System(GPS) measurements,there is a clockwise rotation around the eastern Himalayan syntax in the Tibetan Plateau.This phenomenon is difficult to be interpreted by simple two-dimensional modeling from a geodynamic point of view.Because of the extremely thick crust and the lower crust with relatively high temperature in the Tibetan Plateau,the lithospheric rheology in Tibet and surrounding areas present a complex structure.In general,the tectonic structure of the Tibetan Plateau consists of brittle upper crust,ductile lower crust,high viscosity lithospheric upper mantle,and low viscosity asthenosphere,the same as the case in many other continental regions.However,the lower crust in the Tibetan Plateau is much more ductile with a lower viscosity than those of its sur-roundings at the same depth,and the effective viscosity is low along the collision fault zone.In this study,we construct a three-dimensional Maxwell visco-elastic model in spherical coordinate system,and simulate the deformation process of the Tibetan Plateau driven by a continuous push from the Indian plate.The results show that the existence of the soft lower crust under the plateau makes the entire plateau uplift as a whole,and the Himalayas and the eastern Himalayan syntax uplift faster.Since the lower crust of surrounding blocks is harder except in the southeastern corner where the high-temperature material is much softer and forms an exit channel for material transfer,after the whole plateau reaches a certain height,the lower crustal and upper mantle material begins to move eastward or southeastward and drag the upper crust to behave same way.Thus,from the macroscopic point of view,a relative rigid motion of the plateau with a clockwise rotation around the eastern Himalayan syntax is developed. | CAO JianLing SHI YaoLin ZHANG Huai WANG Hui | 2009 | Chinese Science Bulletin2009，54，8： | 23 |
| 2 | Rural land use spatial allocation in the semiarid loess hilly area in China:Using a Particle Swarm Optimization model equipped with multi-objective optimization techniques显示文摘Semiarid loess hilly areas in China are enduring a series of environmental conflicts between urban expansion,cultivated land conservation,soil erosion and water shortage,and require land use allocation to reconcile these environmental conflicts.We argue that the optimized spatial allocation of rural land use can be achieved by a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) model in conjunction with multi-objective optimization techniques.Our study focuses on Yuzhong County of Gangsu Province in China,a typical catchment on the Loess Plateau,and proposes a land use spatial optimization model.The model maximizes land use suitability and spatial compactness based on a variety of constraints,e.g.optimal land use structure and restrictive areas,and employs an improved PSO algorithm equipped with a determinant initialization method and a dynamic weighted aggregation (DWA) method to obtain the optimized land use spatial pattern.The results suggest that (1) approximately 4% of land use should be reallocated and these changes would alleviate the environmental conflicts in the study area;(2) the major reshuffling is slope farmland and newly added construction and cultivated land,whereas the unchanged areas are largely forests and basic farmland;and (3) the PSO is capable of optimizing rural land use allocation,and the determinant initialization method and DWA can improve the performance of the PSO. | LIU YaoLin LIU DianFeng LIU YanFang HE JianHua JIAO LiMin CHEN YiYun HONG XiaoFeng | 2012 | Science China Earth Sciences2012，55，7： | 23 |
| 3 | P-wave tomographic images beneath southeastern Tibet:Investigating the mechanism of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake显示文摘We used 71670 P-wave arrival times from 3594 earthquakes recorded by the Sichuan and Yunnan seismic networks to determine the three-dimensional P-wave velocity structure in the crust and uppermost mantle beneath the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Our results show that prominent low P-wave velocity (low-Vp) anomalies exist in the midto lower crust of the Song- pan-Ganze and Sichuan-Yunnan blocks. In contrast, a high P-wave velocity (high-Vp) anomaly is resolved in the middle and lower crust beneath the Sichuan Basin. Our tomographic results provide seismic evidence for a dynamic model of lower crustal flow. Ongoing lower crustal flow beneath the central and eastern Tibetan Plateau abuts against the mechanically strong Si- chuan Basin resulting in accumulated strain in the Longmen Shan region. When a critical accumulation of strain energy was reached, its sudden release led to the occurrence of 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Pronounced low-Vp anomalies are observed in the uppermost mantle in the region south of ~26°N. Combining these results with shear-wave splitting investigations, we suggest that the flow of asthenospheric material has impacted the velocity structure of the uppermost mantle and caused the thinning of the southwestern Yangtze Craton. | WEI Wei SUN RuoMei SHI YaoLin | 2010 | Science China Earth Sciences2010，53，9： | 18 |
| 4 | Mining Weights of Land Evaluation Factors Based on Cloud Model and Correlation Analysis显示文摘The veracity of land evaluation is tightly related to the reasonable weights of land evaluation fac- tors. By mapping qualitative linguistic words into a fine-changeable cloud drops and translating the uncertain factor conditions into quantitative values with the uncertain illation based on cloud model, and then, inte- grating correlation analysis, a new way of figuring out the weight of land evaluation factors is proposed. It may solve the limitations of the conventional ways. | HU Shiyuan LI Deren LIU Yaolin LI Deyi | 2007 | Geo-Spatial Information Science2007，10，3： | 17 |
| 5 | Finite element investigation of the poroelastic effect on the Xinfengjiang Reservoir-triggered earthquake显示文摘Coulomb failure stress changes (ΔCFS) are used in the study of reservoir-induced seismicity (RIS) generation.The threshold value of ΔCFS that can trigger earthquakes is an important issue that deserves thorough research.The M s 6.1 earthquake in the Xinfengjiang Reservoir in 1962 is well acknowledged as the largest reservoir-induced earthquake in China.Therefore, it is a logical site for quantitative calculation of ΔCFS induced by the filling of the reservoir and for investigating the magnitude of CFS that can trigger reservoir seismic activities.To better understand the RIS mechanism, a three-dimensional poroelastic finite element model of the Xinfengjiang Reservoir is proposed here, taking into consideration of the precise topography and dynamic water level.We calculate the instant changes of stress and pore pressure induced by water load, and the time variation of effective stresses due to pore water diffusion.The CFS on the seismogenesis faults and the accumulation of strain energy in the reservoir region are also calculated.Primary results suggest that the reservoir impoundment increases both pore pressure and CFS on the fault at the focal depth.The diffusion of pore pressure was likely the main factor that triggered the main earthquake, whereas the elastic stress owing to water load was relatively small.The magnitude of CFS on seismogenesis fault can reach approximately 10 kPa, and the ΔCFS values at the hypocenter can be about 0.7-3.0 kPa, depending on the fault diffusion coefficient.The calculated maximum vertical subsidence caused by the water load in the Xinfengjiang Reservoir is 17.5 mm, which is in good agreement with the observed value of 15 mm.The accumulated strain energy owing to water load was only about 7.3×10 11 J, even less than 1% of the seismic wave energy released by the earthquake.The reservoir impoundment was the only factor that triggered the earthquake. | CHENG HuiHong ZHANG Huai ZHU BoJing SUN YuJun ZHENG Liang YANG ShaoHua SHI YaoLin | 2012 | Science China Earth Sciences2012，55，12： | 11 |
| 6 | Porosity and permeability evolution and evaluation in anisotropic porosity multiscale-multiphase-multicomponent structure显示文摘Based on the hybrid hypersingular integral equation-lattice Boltzmann methods (HHIE-LBM), the porosity and permeability evolution and evaluation process in anisotropic saturated porosity multiscale-multiphase-multicomponent (ASP-MS-MP-MC) structures under ultra high temperature and pressure conditions was analyzed on parallel CPU and GPU platforms. First, virtual physical models at multi-spatial scales (2 μm, 5 μm and 10 μm) were restructured by computerized microtomography technology and data. Second, using HHIE-LBM methods, the anisotropic porosity and permeability tensor at core level and pore level under ultra high temperature and pressure conditions were calculated. Third, the evolution and evaluation process of the porosity and permeability as a function of multi temporal spatial scales was investigated. Finally, the relationship between porosity and permeability and ASP-MS-MP-MC structures (micro-meso-macro-scale) was explored. | ZHU BoJing CHENG HuiHong QIAO YanChao LIU Chang SHI YaoLin ZHANG Kai SUN DongSheng LIN WeiRen | 2012 | Chinese Science Bulletin2012，57，4： | 11 |
| 7 | Stochastic dynamic model of SARS spreading显示文摘Based upon the simulation of the stochastic process of infection, onset and spreading of each SARS patient, a system dynamic model of SRAS spreading is constructed. Data from Vietnam is taken as an example for Monte Carlo test. The preliminary results indicate that the time-dependent infection rate is the most important control factor for SARS spreading. The model can be applied to prediction of the course with fluctuations of the epidemics, if the previous history of the epidemics and the future infection rate under control measures are known. | SHI Yaolin Computational Geodynamics Laboratory of Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China (e-mail: shiyl@gscas.ac.cn) | 2003 | Chinese Science Bulletin2003，48，13： | 10 |
| 8 | Self-organizing dual clustering considering spatial analysis and hybrid distance measures显示文摘Dual clustering performs object clustering in both spatial and non-spatial domains that cannot be dealt with well by traditional clustering methods.However,recent dual clustering research has often omitted spatial outliers,subjectively determined the weights of hybrid distance measures,and produced diverse clustering results.In this study,we first redefined the dual clustering problem and related concepts to highlight the clustering criteria.We then presented a self-organizing dual clustering algorithm (SDC) based on the self-organizing feature map and certain spatial analysis operations,including the Voronoi diagram and polygon aggregation and amalgamation.The algorithm employs a hybrid distance measure that combines geometric distance and non-spatial similarity,while the clustering spectrum analysis helps to determine the weight of non-spatial similarity in the measure.A case study was conducted on a spatial database of urban land price samples in Wuhan,China.SDC detected spatial outliers and clustered the points into spatially connective and attributively homogenous sub-groups.In particular,SDC revealed zonal areas that describe the actual distribution of land prices but were not demonstrated by other methods.SDC reduced the subjectivity in dual clustering. | JIAO LiMin LIU YaoLin ZOU Bin | 2011 | Science China Earth Sciences2011，54，8： | 10 |
| 9 | Spectral element analysis on the characteristics of seismic wave propagation triggered by Wenchuan M_s8.0 earthquake显示文摘The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake occurred in an active earthquake zone, i.e., Longmenshan tectonic zone. Seismic waves triggered by this earthquake can be used to explore the characteristics of the fault rupture process and the hierarchical structure of the Earth's interior. We employ spectral element method incorporated with large-scale parallel computing technology, to investigate the characteristics of seismic wave propagation excited by Wenchuan earthquake. We calculate synthetic seismograms with one-point source model and three-point source model respectively. The AK135 model is employed as a prototype of our numerical global Earth model. The Earth's ellipticity, Earth’s medium attenuation, and topography data are taken into consideration. These wave propagation processes are simulated by solving three-dimensional elastic wave governing equations. Three-dimensional visualization of our numerical results displays the profile of the seismic wave propagation. The three-point source, which is proposed from the latest investigations through field observation and reverse estimation, can better demonstrate the spatial and temporal characteristics of the source rupture process than the one-point source. We take comparison of synthetic seismograms with observational data recorded at 16 observatory stations. Primary results show that the synthetic seismograms calculated from three-point source agree well with the observations. This can further reveal that the source rupture process of Wenchuan earthquake is a multi-rupture process, which is composed by at least three or more stages of rupture processes. | YAN ZhenZhen ZHANG Huai YANG ChangChun SHI YaoLin | 2009 | Science China Earth Sciences2009，52，6： | 9 |
| 10 | Road Centrality and Landscape Spatial Patterns in Wuhan Metropolitan Area,China显示文摘Road network is a corridor system that interacts with surrounding landscapes,and understanding their interaction helps to develop an optimal plan for sustainable transportation and land use.This study investigates the relationships between road centrality and landscape patterns in the Wuhan Metropolitan Area,China.The densities of centrality measures,including closeness,betweenness,and straightness,are calculated by kernel density estimation(KDE).The landscape patterns are characterized by four landscape metrics,including percentage of landscape(PLAND),Shannon′s diversity index(SHDI),mean patch size(MPS),and mean shape index(MSI).Spearman rank correlation analysis is then used to quantify their relationships at both landscape and class levels.The results show that the centrality measures can reflect the hierarchy of road network as they associate with road grade.Further analysis exhibit that as centrality densities increase,the whole landscape becomes more fragmented and regular.At the class level,the forest gradually decreases and becomes fragmented,while the construction land increases and turns to more compact.Therefore,these findings indicate that the ability and potential applications of centrality densities estimated by KDE in quantifying the relationships between roads and landscapes,can provide detailed information and valuable guidance for transportation and land-use planning as well as a new insight into ecological effects of roads. | LIU Yaolin WANG Huimin JIAO Limin LIU Yanfang HE Jianhua AI Tinghua | 2015 | Chinese Geographical Science2015，25，4： | 9 |
| 11 | Viscous lithospheric structure beneath Sumatra inferred from post-seismic gravity changes detected by GRACE显示文摘Satellite gravity data of the regional rheological structure of the lithosphere in the vicinity of Sumatra is used as evidence to enable a better understanding of the regional geodynamic environment.The data is interpreted using the theory of post-seismic viscoelastic relaxation.Coand post-seismic changes in the gravity field resulting from the 2004 M w 9.3 Sumatra earthquake were calculated from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite data.A spatial Gaussian filter,500 km wide,was used in the calculation.The results indicate that there were significant co-seismic jumps in both uplifted and subducted regions.The magnitude of the jump in the subducted zone was ~9 10 8 m/s 2,more significant than the ~2 10 8 m/s 2 jump observed in the uplifted zone.However,a positive gravity change occurred in the uplifted zone very soon after the earthquake.The rheological structure of the lithosphere has a great effect on deformation and its determination is a fundamental part of developing reliable numerical simulations in geodynamics.Based on the temporally-variable gravity field observed by GRACE,the viscous lithospheric structure of the Sumatra area is investigated with a self-gravitating,half space,viscoelastic earth model.The estimated viscosity is of the order of 1.0 10 18 Pa·s and there are differences in the rheological parameters on the two sides of the fault.The factors that affect the viscosity are discussed in connection with the tectonic structure of the Sumatra area. | WANG WuXing SHI YaoLin SUN WenKe ZHANG Jing | 2011 | Science China Earth Sciences2011，54，8： | 9 |
| 12 | Studying the viscosity of lower crust of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau according to post-seismic deformation显示文摘The viscosity of lower crust of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau on earth should be determined. It has become a predominant problem in quantitative research on geodynamics. Its order of magnitude will have a great influence on the results of quantitative modeling. To obtain the viscosity of lower crust of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, this parameter was calculated by three methods. The first is based on the estimation on the temperature state of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the deep part, and the viscosity of lower crust of northern Plateau was recomputed with strain rate derived from rheology law and GPS observation. Effective viscosity of middle crust in Kunlun region is between 1020 and 1022 Pa·s, and that of lower crust is be- tween 1019 and 1021 Pa·s; the second is based on three kinds of rheological models used to fit the post-seismic deformation recorded by cross-over fault GPS sites set after Ms8.1 Kunlun earthquake in 2001. The viscosity of lower crust obtained by this method is of 1017 Pa·s order of magnitude. However, higher viscosity is required to fit the data of south fault better, and the lower one is required to fit the data of north fault better. The viscosity of lower crust, which was obtained by fitting the cross-over fault post-seismic deformation after Ms7.6 Luhuo earthquake in 1973, is of 1019 Pa·s order of magnitude. Non-linear relationship between effective viscosity and strain rate is ignored in the former research of effective viscosity. This research shows the difference of effective viscosity obtained from laboratory experiment, and shorter and longer time post-seismic deformation after large earthquakes can be explained in phase. | ZHANG ChaoJun CAO JianLing SHI YaoLin | 2009 | Science China Earth Sciences2009，52，3： | 9 |
| 13 | Dynamic simulation of interactions between major earthquakes on the Xianshuihe fault zone显示文摘The authors firstly evaluate the strain accumulation rate of the Xianshuihe fault zone based on earth- quake activity. We calculated the stress and seismic moment accumulation rate for each subsection of the Xianshuihe fault zone based on the distribution of geological slip rate and GPS survey results. According to the results, we get the recurrence intervals of characterized earthquakes on each sub- section respectively. A three-dimensional finite element model for western Sichuan is constructed to discuss the earthquakes triggering among major earthquakes (M>6.7) that occurred along the Xianshuihe fault zone since 1893. The calculated Coulomb failure stress changes (ΔCFS) show that 5 of the 6 earthquakes with Ms>6.7 were triggered by positive ΔCFS. The interactions between major earthquakes not only influence recurrence intervals of characterized earthquakes on each subsection, but also change recurrence behavior of major earthquakes along the whole fault zone. | WANG Hui LIU Jie SHI YaoLin ZHANG Huai ZHANG GuoMin | 2008 | Science China Earth Sciences2008，51，10： | 8 |
| 14 | pH-dependent leaching behaviour and other performance properties of cement-treated mixed contaminated soil显示文摘Portland cement has been widely used for stabilisation/solidification(S/S) treatment of contaminated soils.However,there is a dearth of literature on pH-dependent leaching of contaminants from cement-treated soils.This study investigates the leachability of Cu,Pb,Ni,Zn and total petroleum hydrocarbons(TPH) from a mixed contaminated soil.A sandy soil was spiked with 3000 mg/kg each of Cd,Cu,Pb,Ni and Zn,and 10,000 mg/kg of diesel,and treated with ordinary Portland cement(CEM I).Four different binder dosages,5%,10%,15% and 20%(m/m) and different water contents ranging from 13%-19% dry weight were used in order to find a safe operating envelope for the treatment process.The pH-dependent leaching behaviour of the treated soil was monitored over an 84-day period using a 3-point acid neutralisation capacity(ANC) test.The monolithic leaching test was also conducted.Geotechnical properties such as unconfined compressive strength(UCS),hydraulic conductivity and porosity were assessed over time.The treated soils recorded lower leachate concentrations of Ni and Zn compared to the untreated soil at the same pH depending on binder dosage.The binder had problems with Pb stabilisation and TPH leachability was independent of pH and binder dosage.The hydraulic conductivity of the mixes was generally of the order,10-8 m/sec,while the porosity ranged from 26%-44%.The results of selected performance properties are compared with regulatory limits and the range of operating variables that lead to acceptable performance described. | Reginald B. Kogbara Abir Al-Tabbaa Yaolin Yi Julia A. Stegemann | 2012 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2012，24，9： | 8 |
| 15 | THE CASE STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF CO_2 IN CAVE ATMOSPHERE ON STABILITY OF SPELEOTHEM SCENERY IN YAOLIN CAVE, ZHEJIANG PROVINCE, CHINA显示文摘Because of the development of tourist activities and the facilities in the show cave, the closed system of show cave has been changed into the complicated open system. The great number of the visitors and the landscape lights give great deal of thermoenergy to the show cave system, especially the high intensive lights make the temperature nearby goes up very fast and reduce the humidity. After the visitors leaving and the lights switching off, the temperature goes down and humidity increases even upto saturation, the condensation taken place. In the dry seasons, the cave humidity is relative low, even down to 40 50 percent. The administrations of show cave rushes the water to clean the touristic trails and keep the high humidity as to protect the cave environment. Under the function of artificial readjustment, the humidity of Yaolin cave atmosphere reaches to 97-100 percent throughtout the year. | Song Linhua Yang Jingrong Lin Junshu Group of Karstology and Speleology, Institute of Geography, CAS, Beijing 100101 People’s Republic of ChinaWang Laihong Administration of Yaolin Cave, Tonglu County, Zhejiang Province, 311500 People’s Republic | 1997 | Journal of Geographical Sciences1997，7，3： | 8 |
| 16 | Application of flow driven pore-network crack model to Zipingpu reservoir and Longmenshan slip显示文摘The study has analyzed the relationship between the water-drainage sluice process of reservoir, stress triggers and shadows of earthquake and porosity variability of fault slip zone. First, the pore pressure, pressure gradient, viscous stress and Reynolds stress to reservoir-earthquake fault slip problem are analyzed, and these are un-negligible factors of the extended coulomb failure stress under ultra-high temperature and pressure condition. Second, the porosity tensor and permeability tensor are studied, the relationship between Zipingpu reservoir and Longmenshan slip has been analyzed, and the extended viscous stress and Reynolds stress as function of time and infiltration process are obtained. Last, some primary conclusions about the flow-solid coupled facture mechanism to the Zipingpu reservoir and Longmenshan slip problem are presented, which can help understand the flow-solid coupled facture mechanism of reservoir-coseismic fault slip problem. | ZHU BoJing LIU Chang SHI YaoLin SUN DongSheng ZHANG Kai | 2011 | Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy)2011，54，8： | 8 |
| 17 | Feasibility of Estimating Heavy Metal Contaminations in Floodplain Soils Using Laboratory-Based Hyperspectral Data—A Case Study Along Le’an River, China显示文摘It is necessary to estimate heavy metal concentrations within soils for understanding heavy metal contaminations and for keeping the sustainable developments of ecosystems.This study,with the floodplain along Le'an River and its two branches in Jiangxi Province of China as a case study,aimed to explore the feasibility of estimating concentrations of heavy metal lead(Pb),copper(Cu) and zinc(Zn) within soils using laboratory-based hyperspectral data.Thirty soil samples were collected,and their hyperspectral data,soil organic matters and Pb,Cu and Zn concentrations were measured in the laboratory.The potential relations among hyperspectral data,soil organic matter and Pb,Cu and Zn concentrations were explored and further used to estimate Pb,Cu and Zn concentrations from hyperspectral data with soil organic matter as a bridge.The results showed that the ratio of the first-order derivatives of spectral absorbance at wavelengths 624 and 564 nm could explain 52% of the variation of soil organic matter;the soil organic matter could ex-plain 59%,51% and 50% of the variation of Pb,Cu and Zn concentrations with estimated standard errors of 1.41,48.27 and 45.15 mg·kg-1;and the absolute estimation errors were 8%-56%,12%-118% and 2%-22%,and 50%,67% and 100% of them were less than 25% for Pb,Cu and Zn concentration estimations.We concluded that the laboratory-based hyperspectral data hold potentials in esti-mating concentrations of heavy metal Pb,Cu and Zn in soils.More sampling points or other potential linear and non-linear regression methods should be used for improving the stabilities and accuracies of the estimation models. | LIU Yaolin LI Wei WU Guofeng XU Xinguo | 2011 | Geo-Spatial Information Science2011，14，1： | 7 |
| 18 | Dynamic mechanisms of earthquake-triggered landslides显示文摘Earthquake-triggered landslides usually cause great disasters,and yet their dynamic mechanisms remain poorly understood.This paper will derive a general conceptual landslide model from the geometric and kinematic features of the most landslide masses triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.Kinematic characteristics and dynamic processes are simulated here by means of finite element method(FEM)based on the dynamic process of the discontinuous deformable body.The calculated results presented the whole course of landslide motion,and displayed some typical kinematic characteristics such as initiation,sliding,ejection,collision,flying in the air,and climbing of landslides.The simulation result also shows that,under combined seismic inertial forces and gravity,landslides will start to slip once it overcomes the friction between the sliding mass and slip-bed,then it will move from slow to fast along the slippery bed until it ejects from the slip-bed.Moreover,the high frequencies and serious damages by landslides in the Wenchuan earthquake are caused by the strong ground motion on the mountain slopes in and around the epicenter that was dramatically amplified owing to both resonances produced by the seismic event and topographical amplification by seismic motion.In addition,the modeling results suggest that the direction,amplitude,frequency,and duration of strong ground motion have a great influence on the stability of landslide mass.Therefore,the study helps us better understand dynamic mechanism of landslides,seismic hazard assessment,and dynamic earthquake triggering. | ZHU ShouBiao SHI YaoLin LU Ming XIE FuRen | 2013 | Science China Earth Sciences2013，56，10： | 7 |
| 19 | Thermal convection thinning of the North China Craton: Numerical simulation显示文摘We used two-dimensional numerical simulations to investigate small-scale convection in the upper mantle-lithosphere system with depthand temperature-dependent viscosity. Our aim was to examine the mechanism of craton thinning by thermal convection. The model domain is 700 km deep and 700 km wide with a resolution of 71×71 nodes and 160000 markers. The velocity boundary conditions are free-slip along all the boundaries. A thermal insulation condition was applied at the two side walls, with constant temperatures for the top and bottom boundaries. We assumed an initial temperature of 273 K at the upper boundary and 1673 K at the lower boundary, and 1573 K at the bottom of the lithosphere (200 km depth) for the thick, cold, and stable North China Craton (NCC). We calculated the thermal evolution in the upper mantle when the temperature at its bottom is raised because of lower mantle convection or plumes. The temperature at the bottom of the upper mantle was set at 1773, 1873, 1973, and 2073 K for different models to study the temperature effect on the lithospheric thinning processes. Our end-member calculations show that with the bottom boundary raising the lithosphere can be thinned from a depth of 200 km to a depth of between 100 and 126.25 km. The thinning rates are at mm/y order of magnitude, and the thinning timescale is about 10 Ma. | QIAO YanChao GUO ZiQi SHI YaoLin | 2013 | Science China Earth Sciences2013，56，5： | 7 |
| 20 | Suitability Evaluation of Rural Settlements Based on Accessibility of Production and Living: A Case Study of Tingzu Town in Hubei Prov- ince of China显示文摘Rural settlements are the main carriers of agriculture, rural areas and farmers; thus, optimizing the production and living space of rural settlements is highly significant to rural development. Taking the effective allocation of resources as the starting point, a suitability evaluation system of rural settlements, based on accessibility of production and living, was proposed in this study to provide scientific basis for the optimization of production and living space. The accessibility of production and living was measured by an improved two-step floating catchment area method, which considered proximity and availability based on the inclination of rural residents. The suitability evaluation system consisted of traditional suitability evaluation and newly proposed limiting factor identification based on the loss score proportion of suitability. Tingzu Town of Hubei Province, China, was chosen as the case study area. Based on the results of the suitability evaluation system, corresponding suggestions on rural land consolidation, industry division, as well as the layout of health care and education facilities were proposed to optimize the production and living space of rural settlements in Tingzu Town. It is found that the suitability evaluation based on accessibility of production and living is more scientific and accurate than the traditional ones which significantly overestimate production and living convenience. Moreover, the limiting factor identification can help us put forward suggestions according to local conditions and bring about the highly targeted optimization of production and living space of rural settlements. | LIU Yaolin YE Qingqing LI Jiwei KONG Xuesong JIAO Limin | 2016 | Chinese Geographical Science2016，26，4： | 7 |
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