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| 1 | Management of postoperative spinal infections显示文摘Postoperative surgical site infection(SSI) is a common complication after posterior lumbar spine surgery. This review details an approach to the prevention,diagnosis and treatment of SSIs. Factors contributing to the development of a SSI can be split into three categories:(1) microbiological factors;(2) factors related to the patient and their spinal pathology; and(3) factors relating to the surgical procedure. SSI is most commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The virulence of the organism causing the SSI can affect its presentation. SSI can be prevented by careful adherence to aseptic technique,prophylactic antibiotics,avoiding myonecrosis by frequently releasing retractors and preoperatively optimizing modifiable patient factors. Increasing pain is commonly the only symptom of a SSI and can lead to a delay in diagnosis. C-reactive protein and magnetic resonance imaging can help establish the diagnosis. Treatment requires acquiring intra-operative cultures to guide future antibiotic therapy and surgical debridement of all necrotic tissue. A SSI can usually be adequately treated without removing spinalinstrumentation. A multidisciplinary approach to SSIs is important. It is useful to involve an infectious disease specialist and use minimum serial bactericidal titers to enhance the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. A plastic surgeon should also be involved in those cases of severe infection that require repeat debridement and delayed closure. | Vishal Hegde Dennis S Meredith Christopher K Kepler Russel C Huang | 2012 | World Journal of Orthopedics2012，3，11： | 17 |
| 2 | Safe laparoscopic cholecystectomy:Adoption of universal culture of safety in cholecystectomy显示文摘The incidence of biliary injury after laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC) has shown a declining trend though it may still be twice that as with open cholecystectomy. Major biliary or vasculobiliary injury is associated with significant morbidity. As prevention is the best strategy, the concept of a culture of safe cholecystectomy has been recently introduced to educate surgeons and apprise them of basic tenets of safe performance of LC. Various aspects of safe cholecystectomy include:(1) thorough knowledge of relevant anatomy, various anatomical landmarks, and anatomical variations;(2) an understanding of the mechanisms involved in biliary/vascular injury, the most important being the misidentification injury;(3) identification of various preoperative and intraoperative predictors of difficult cholecystectomy;(4) proper gallbladder retraction;(5) safe use of various energy devices;(6) understanding the critical view of safety, including its doublet view and documentation;(7) awareness of various error traps(e.g., fundus first technique);(8) use of various bailout strategies(e.g., subtotal cholecystectomy) in difficult gallbladder cases;(9) use of intraoperative imaging techniques(e.g., intraoperative cholangiogram) to ascertain correct anatomy; and(10) understanding the concept of time-out.Surgeons should be facile with these aspects of this culture of safety in cholecystectomy in an attempt to reduce the incidence of biliary/vascular injury during LC. | Vishal Gupta Gaurav Jain | 2019 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery2019，11，2： | 15 |
| 3 | MicroRNA aberrations:An emerging field for gallbladdercancer management显示文摘Gallbladder cancer(GBC) is infrequent but most lethal biliary tract malignancy characterized by an advanced stage diagnosis and poor survival rates attributed to absence of specific symptoms and effective treatment options. These necessitate development of early prognostic/predictive markers and novel therapeutic interventions. Micro RNAs(mi RNAs) are small, noncoding RNA molecules that play a key role in tumor biology by functioning like tumor suppressor- or oncogenes and their aberrant expression are associated with the pathogenesis of several neoplasms with overwhelming clinical implications. Since mi RNA signature is tissue specific, here, we focused on current data concerning the mi RNAs abberations in GBC pathogenesis. In GBC, mi RNAs with tumor suppressor activity(mi R-135-5p, mi R-335, mi R-34 a, mi R-26 a, mi R-146b-5p, Mir-218-5p, mi R-1, mi R-145, mir-130a) were found downregulated, while those with oncogenic property(mi R-20 a, mi R-182, mir-155) were upregulated. The expression profile of mi RNAs was significantly associated with GBC prognosis and prediction, and forced over-expression/ inhibition of these mi RNAs was shown to affect tumor growth and development. Further, differential expression of mi RNAs in the blood samples of GBC patients suggest mi RNAs as promising noninvasive biomarker. Thus, mi RNAs represent potential candidate for GBC management, though many hurdles need to be overcome before mi RNAs therapy can be clinically applied to GBC prevention and treatment. | Vishal Chandra Jong Joo Kim Balraj Mittal Rajani Rai | 2016 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2016，22，5： | 14 |
| 4 | Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 — tumor marker: Past, present, andfuture显示文摘Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) is a cell surface glycoprotein complex mostcommonly associated with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Koprowskifirst described it in 1979 using a mouse monoclonal antibody in a colorectalcarcinoma cell line. Historically, it is one of the most commonly used tumormarkers for diagnosing, managing, and prognosticating PDAC. Additionally,elevated CA 19-9 levels are used as an indication for surgery in suspected benignpancreatic conditions. Another common application of CA 19-9 in the biliary tractincludes its use as an adjunct in diagnosing cholangiocarcinoma. However, itsclinical value is not limited to the hepatopancreatobiliary system. The reality isthat the advancing literature has broadened the clinical value of CA 19-9. Thepotential value of CA 19-9 in patients' workup extends its reach to gastrointestinalcancers – such as colorectal and oesophageal cancer – and further beyond thegastrointestinal tract - including urological, gynecological, pulmonary, andthyroid pathologies. Apart from its role in investigations, CA 19-9 presents apotential therapeutic target in PDAC and acute pancreatitis. In a bid toconsolidate its broad utility, we appraised and reviewed the biomarker’s currentutility and limitations in investigations and management, while discussing thepotential applications for CA 19-9 in the works for the future. | Tsinrong Lee Thomas Zheng Jie Teng Vishal G Shelat | 2020 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery2020，12，12： | 12 |
| 5 | Sequential organ failure assessment score is superior to other prognostic indices in acute pancreatitis显示文摘BACKGROUND Acute pancreatitis(AP)is a common surgical condition,with severe AP(SAP)potentially lethal.Many prognostic indices,including;acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II score(APACHE II),bedside index of severity in acute pancreatitis(BISAP),Glasgow score,harmless acute pancreatitis score(HAPS),Ranson’s score,and sequential organ failure assessment(SOFA)evaluate AP severity and predict mortality.AIM To evaluate these indices'utility in predicting severity,intensive care unit(ICU)admission,and mortality.METHODS A retrospective analysis of 653 patients with AP from July 2009 to September 2016 was performed.The demographic,clinical profile,and patient outcomes were collected.SAP was defined as per the revised Atlanta classification.Values for APACHE II score,BISAP,HAPS,and SOFA within 24 h of admission were retrospectively obtained based on laboratory results and patient evaluation recorded on a secure hospital-based online electronic platform.Data with<10%missing data was imputed via mean substitution.Other patient information such as demographics,disease etiology,and patient outcomes were also derived from electronic medical records.RESULTS The mean age was 58.7±17.5 years,with 58.7%males.Gallstones(n=404,61.9%),alcohol(n=38,5.8%),and hypertriglyceridemia(n=19,2.9%)were more common aetiologies.81(12.4%)patients developed SAP,20(3.1%)required ICU admission,and 12(1.8%)deaths were attributed to SAP.Ranson’s score and APACHE-II demonstrated the highest sensitivity in predicting SAP(92.6%,80.2%respectively),ICU admission(100%),and mortality(100%).While SOFA and BISAP demonstrated lowest sensitivity in predicting SAP(13.6%,24.7%respectively),ICU admission(40.0%,25.0%respectively)and mortality(50.0%,25.5%respectively).However,SOFA demonstrated the highest specificity in predicting SAP(99.7%),ICU admission(99.2%),and mortality(98.9%).SOFA demonstrated the highest positive predictive value,positive likelihood ratio,diagnostic odds ratio,and overall accuracy in predicting SAP,ICU admission,and mortality.SOFA and Ranson’s score demonstrated the highest area under receiver-operator curves at 48 h in predicting SAP(0.966,0.857 respectively),ICU admission(0.943,0.946 respectively),and mortality(0.968,0.917 respectively).CONCLUSION The SOFA and 48-h Ranson’s scores accurately predict severity,ICU admission,and mortality in AP,with more favorable statistics for the SOFA score. | Thomas Zheng Jie Teng Jun Kiat Thaddaeus Tan Samantha Baey Sivaraj K Gunasekaran Sameer P Junnarkar Jee Keem Low Cheong Wei Terence Huey Vishal G Shelat | 2021 | World Journal of Critical Care Medicine2021，10，6： | 9 |
| 6 | Blumgart's technique of pancreaticojejunostomy: Analysis of safety and outcomes显示文摘Background: Blumgart's pancreaticojejunostomy(PJ) has been described with low pancreatic leak rates. This study aimed to evaluate our experience with this technique regarding the pancreatic leak and other perioperative outcomes. Methods: We performed a single-center retrospective analysis of a cohort of 81 patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy in our department from January 2011 to February 2018. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of a clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula(CR-POPF) and analysis of its risk factors. Results: The CR-POPF rate was 12.3%. Fistula risk score(FRS) was the only significant risk factor for the occurrence of overall POPF in multivariate analysis. However, none of the other factors including FRS was found to be significantly associated with CR-POPF risk. A strong positive correlation was found between the CR-POPF and the incidence of delayed gastric emptying, post-pancreatectomy hemorrhage and increased length of hospital stay. Conclusion: Blumgart's technique is a safe technique of pancreatico-enteric anastomosis with low rates of CR-POPF. CR-POPF with this technique is independent of most of the preoperative and intraoperative factors. Therefore, this technique can be used for all types of the pancreas with consistently good results. | Vishal Gupta Saket Kumar Vivek Gupta Pradeep Joshi Rahul Rahul Rakesh Kumar Yadav Amit Dangi Abhijit Chandra | 2019 | Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International2019，18，2： | 8 |
| 7 | Helicobacter pylori:Does it add to risk of coronary artery disease显示文摘Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) is a known pathogen implicated in genesis of gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric carcinoma and gastric lymphoma. Beyond the stomach, the organism has also been implicated in the causation of immune thrombocytopenia and iron deficiency anemia. Although an area of active clinical research, the role of this gram negative organism in causation of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease(CAD) remains enigmatic. CAD is a multifactorial disease which results from the atherosclerosis involving coronaryarteries. The major risk factors include age, diabetes mellitus, smoking, hypertension and dyslipidemia. The risk of coronary artery disease is believed to increase with chronic inflammation. Various organisms like Chlamydia and Helicobacter have been suspected to have a role in genesis of atherosclerosis via causation of chronic inflammation. This paper focuses on available evidence to ascertain if the role of H. pylori in CAD causation has been proven beyond doubt and if eradication may reduce the risk of CAD or improve outcomes in these patients. | Vishal Sharma Amitesh Aggarwal | 2015 | World Journal of Cardiology2015，7，1： | 7 |
| 8 | 热烫温度和时间对魔芋片干燥动力学和品质的影响(摘选) | Vishal Kumar Manish Kumar Sanjay Kumar | 2012 | 农业工程2012，2，4： | 6 |
| 9 | Anticancer activity of Tephrosia purpurea and Ficus religiosa using MCF 7 cell lines显示文摘Objective:To investigate anticancer activity of different fractions of Tephrosia purpurea[TP] (Sharapunkha,Fabaceae) and Ficus religiosa[FR](Peepal,Moraceae).Methods:The fractions of TP and FR were prepared and tested for in vitro anticancer activity using human MCF 7 cell line by trypan blue exclusion method.Results:The result showed that among all these fractions of TPI.TPIII.FRI and FRIII showed better anticancer activity compared to other fractions.The IC50 value for TPI(152.4μM),TPIII(158.71μM).FRI(160.3μM) and for FRIII(222.7μM) was observed.Conclusions:The present study shows anticancer potential of TP and FR fractions in MCF 7 cell line. | Vishal Gulecha Thangavel Sivakuma | 2011 | Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine2011，4，7： | 6 |
| 10 | Enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity of samarium-doped zinc oxide nanostructures显示文摘In the present work,we have synthesized samarium doped zinc oxide nanostructures(Zn1-xSmxO;x=0.00,0.02,0.04 and 0.06) via chemical precipitation method and studied their structural,morphological,optical and photocatalytic properties.X-ray diffraction(XRD) patterns,PL and Raman spectra results indicate that the undoped and Sm-doped ZnO nanostructures are crystallized in a hexagonal wurtzite structure.FESEM images show that the morphology of the sample changes from cubical to hexagonal nanostructures with increase in Sm3+doping concentration.The EDX spectra confirm the incorporation of Sm3+ion in ZnO.The influence of Sm3+doping on the structure,morphology,absorption,emission and photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanostructures were investigated systematically.The addition of Sm3+ion leads to a red shift in the optical energy band gap from 3.19 to 2.67 eV and hence,increases the visible light absorption ability.The presence of E2(H) and E1(LO) modes in microRaman spectra confirms the crystallinity and defects in the samples.The detailed photocatalytic experiments reveal that Sm-doped ZnO nanostructures show the maximum photodegradation efficiency for Methylene blue(MB) dye for x=0.04,i,e.,94.94%,under visible light irradiation.The photocatalytic efficiency improves by 6.98 times when ZnO is doped with rare earth metal ion(Sm3+) and is a potential candidate for practical applications.The investigation demonstrates that as-synthesized nano-sized photocatalysts act as an efficient photocatalyst for the degradation of MB dye. | Sukriti Prakash Chand Vishal Singh | 2020 | Journal of Rare Earths2020，38，1： | 5 |
| 11 | Coagonist of glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon receptors ameliorates kidney injury in murine models of obesity and diabetes mellitus显示文摘AIM To investigate the role of glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1)/glucagon receptors coagonist on renal dysfunction associated with diabetes and obesity. METHODS Chronic high-fat diet fed C57 BL/6 J mice, streptozotocintreated high-fat diet fed C57 BL/6 J mice and diabeticC57 BLKS/J db/db mice were used as models of diabetes-induced renal dysfunction. The streptozotocintreated high-fat diet fed mice and db/db mice were treated with the GLP-1 and glucagon receptors coagonist(Aib2 C24 Chimera2, 150 μg/kg, sc) for twelve weeks, while in chronic high-fat diet fed mice, coagonist(Aib2 C24 Chimera2, 150 μg/kg, sc) treatment was continued for forty weeks. Kidney function, histology, fibrosis, inflammation, and plasma biochemistry were assessed at the end of the treatment. RESULTS Coagonist treatment decreased body weight, plasma lipids, insulin resistance, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, urinary albumin excretion rate and renal lipids. In kidney, expression of lipogenic genes(SREBP-1 C, FAS, and SCD-1) was decreased, and expression of genes involved in β-oxidation(CPT-1 and PPAR-α) was increased due to coagonist treatment. In plasma, coagonist treatment increased adiponectin and FGF21 and decreased IL-6 and TNF-?. Coagonist treatment reduced expression of inflammatory(TNF-α, MCP-1, and MMP-9) and pro-fibrotic(TGF-β, COL1 A1, and α-SMA) genes and also improved histological derangement in renal tissue.CONCLUSION Coagonist of GLP-1 and glucagon receptors alleviated diabetes and obesity-induced renal dysfunction by reducing glucose intolerance, obesity, and hyperlipidemia. | Vishal J Patel Amit A Joharapurkar Samadhan G Kshirsagar Brijesh K Sutariya Maulik S Patel Hiren M Patel Dheerendra K Pandey Rajesh H Bahekar Mukul R Jain | 2018 | World Journal of Diabetes2018，9，6： | 5 |
| 12 | Radiofrequency ablation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma:The past,the present and the future显示文摘Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC)is one of the most aggressive cancers with a grim overall 5-year survival rate of 5%.Advances in surgical techniques,critical care,molecular diagnosis,diagnostic imaging,endosonology and adjuvant therapy have improved outcomes;but still more needs to be achieved.There is an urgent need to discover new avenues that may impact survival.Radiofrequency ablation(RFA)has attracted attention as an adjunctive treatment in PDAC.A review of English literature in Pub Med was done using the MESH terms for PDAC and RFA.All the articles were reviewed and core information was tabulated for reference.After a comprehensive review of all articles the data was evaluated to discover the role of RFA in PDAC management.Indications,contraindications,feasibility,success rate,safety,complications and impact on survival were reviewed and are discussed further.RFA appears to be an attractive option for nonmetastatic locally advanced PDAC.RFA is feasible but has a significant morbidity.At the present time the integration of RFA into the management of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is evolving.It should be considered as having a complimentary role to current standard therapy in the multimodal management care model.It is likely that indications and patient selection for pancreatic RFA will expand. | Garvi J Pandya Vishal G Shelat | 2015 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology2015，7，2： | 5 |
| 13 | Epidemiology of pelvic fractures in adults: Our experience at a tertiary hospital显示文摘Purpose: Pelvic fractures are severe injuries and are often associated with multiple system injuries, exacerbating the overall outcome. In India, the incidence of pelvic fractures is on a rise due to suboptimal roads and traffics but related literature regarding the overall epidemiology of these injuries is scarce and scanty. Our aim was to study the epidemiology of patients admitted with pelvic fractures at a level 1 trauma centre in India. Methods: A 16-month (between September 2015 and December 2016) prospective observational study was carried out on trauma patients with pelvic fractures at a level 1 trauma centre of a tertiary care hospital. Demography of patients, mechanism of injuries and complications were recorded prospectively. Results: We observed 75 patients who presented with pelvic fractures, where 56 were males and 19 were females. Mean age of the study populationwas 37.57 years. Road traffic accidents were the most common mode of injuries. Lateral compression injuries were the most common pattern. Associated injuries frequently encountered were lower extremities and acetabulum fractures, blunt abdominal trauma, urogenital injuries and head injuries. Out of the 75 patients, 52 were treated surgically and 23 were managed by conservative methods. Associated injuries of the extremities, head, abdomen and urogenital system indicated a longer hospital stay. Conclusion: Pelvic fractures, although belong to a relatively rare trauma subset, cause a high morbidity and mortality with considerable burden on the economy. Proper road safety training and driving etiquettes along with its strict implementation in true sense and spirit are the need of the hour. | Subhajit Ghosh Sameer Aggarwal Vishal Kumar Sandeep Patel Prasoon Kumar | 2019 | Chinese Journal of Traumatology2019，22，3： | 5 |
| 14 | Pharmacological properties of Datura stramonium L. as a potential medicinal tree:An overview显示文摘India has a great wealth of various naturally occurring plant drugs which have great potential pharmacological activities.Datura stramonium(D.stramonium is one of the widely well known folklore medicinal herbs.The troublesome weed,D.stramonium is a plant with both poisonous and medicinal preperties and has been proven to have great pharmacological potential with a great utility real usage in folklore medicine.D.stromonium has been scientifically proven to contain alkaloids,tannins,carbohydrates and proteins.This plant has contributed various pharmacological actions in the scientific field of Indian systems of medicines like analgesic and antiasthmatic activities.The present paper presents an exclusive review work on the ethnomedical,phytochemical,pharmacological activities of this plant. | Priyanka Soni Anees Ahmad Siddiqui Jaya Dwivedi Vishal Soni | 2012 | Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine2012，2，12： | 5 |
| 15 | Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio:A prognostic tool in patients with inhospital cardiac arrest显示文摘BACKGROUND In-hospital cardiac arrest(IHCA) portends a poor prognosis and survival to discharge rate. Prognostic markers such as interleukin-6, S-100 protein and high sensitivity C reactive protein have been studied as predictors of adverse outcomes after return of spontaneous circulation(ROSC); however; these variables are not routine laboratory tests and incur additional cost making them difficult to incorporate and less attractive in assessing patient's prognosis. The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio(NLR) is a marker of adverse prognosis for many cardiovascular conditions and certain types of cancers and sepsis. We hypothesize that an elevated NLR is associated with poor outcomes including mortality at discharge in patients with IHCA.AIM To determine the prognostic significance of NLR in patients suffering IHCA who achieve ROSC.METHODS A retrospective study was performed on all patients who had IHCA with the advanced cardiac life support protocol administered in a large urban community United States hospital over a one-year period. Patients were divided into two groups based on their NLR value(NLR < 4.5 or NLR ≥ 4.5). This cutpoint was derived from receiving operator characteristic curve analysis(area under the curve = 0.66) and provided 73% positive predictive value, 82% sensitivity and42% specificity for predicting in-hospital death after IHCA. The primary outcome was death or discharge at 30 d, whichever came first.RESULTS We reviewed 153 patients with a mean age of 66.1 ± 16.3 years; 48% were female.In-hospital mortality occurred in 65%. The median NLR in survivors was 4.9(range 0.6-46.5) compared with 8.9(0.28-96) in non-survivors(P = 0.001). A multivariable logistic regression model demonstrated that an NLR above 4.55[odds ratio(OR) = 5.20, confidence interval(CI): 1.5-18.3, P = 0.01], older age(OR= 1.03, CI: 1.00-1.07, P = 0.05), and elevated serum lactate level(OR = 1.20, CI:1.03-1.40, P = 0.02) were independent predictors of death.CONCLUSION An NLR ≥ 4.5 may be a useful marker of increased risk of death in patients with IHCA. | Vishal H Patel Philip Vendittelli Rajat Garg Susan Szpunar Thomas LaLonde John Lee Howard Rosman Rajendra H Mehta Hussein Othman | 2019 | World Journal of Critical Care Medicine2019，8，2： | 5 |
| 16 | latrogenic brachial artery injury during anterolateral plat- ing of humeral shaft fracture显示文摘 | Vishal Kumar Prateek Behera Sameer Aggarwal Umesh Kumar Meena | 2013 | Chinese Journal of Traumatology2013，16，6： | 4 |
| 17 | Dengue and its effects on liver显示文摘Dengue has emerged as an important arboviral disease with significant impact on the disease burden in population residing in tropical countries. Dengue is spread by the bite of Aedes mosquito. The virus seems to have some hepatotoxic effects. Affliction of liver in form of derangements in the liver function tests is common and may include mild elevations in serum bilirubin, elevated transaminases and derangements in serum albumin. Although asymptomatic in most cases, clinical manifestations like jaundice, and acute liver failure(ALF) may occasionally complicate the clinical picture. Indeed, dengue has been implicated as an important cause of ALF in endemic countries. The present review focuses on the hepatic manifestations and the pathogenesis of the liver injury in dengue. | Jayanta Samanta Vishal Sharma | 2015 | World Journal of Clinical Cases2015，3，2： | 4 |
| 18 | Jejunal diverticulosis is not always a silent spectator:A report of 4 cases and review of the literature显示文摘Jejunal diverticulosis (JD) is a rare clinical entity. The potential complications of this condition are discussed here through a series of cases presented to our centre. A retrospective analysis of four cases, which were diagnosed and treated, was performed. These included two cases of gastrointestinal haemorrhage, one case of perforation and one case of enterolith obstruction. All of these cases were secondary to jejunal diverticulosis and treated surgically. This was accompanied by a literature search to identify the different modalities for diagnosis and treatment of this condition. JD is rare and may lead to a diagnostic delay. Awareness of the wide spectrum of potential complications can prevent this delay. | Vishal Arun Patel Helen Jefferis Ben Spiegelberg Quamar Iqbal Ashish Prabhudesai Simon Harris | 2008 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2008，14，38： | 4 |
| 19 | Undiagnosed Hoffa fracture of medial femoral condyle presenting as chronic pain in a post-polio limb显示文摘有未经触动的侧面的大腿骨的髁的中间的大腿骨的髁的孤立的花冠骨折是极其稀罕的。怀疑的一个高索引在 undisplaced 破裂的情况下特别为早诊断是必要的。这里,我们在作为长期的疼痛介绍的脊髓灰质炎以后的手足报导中间的 Hoffa 骨折的一个案例。鉴于骨质疏松症和骨状的发育不全,在脊髓灰质炎的迟了的 sequelae 影响的手足的如此的破裂的管理是特别地有问题的。破裂通过中间的 parapatellar 关节切开术被接近,固定在 anteroposterior 方向用完了 cannulated cancellous 螺丝钉。联合在 16 被完成;星期。 | Aditya Krishna Mootha Priyanka Majety Vishal Kumar | 2014 | Chinese Journal of Traumatology2014，17，3： | 4 |
| 20 | 在糖尿病的 nephropathy 吸烟: 在燃料坦克的火花吗?显示文摘 Diabetic nephropathy is associated with high morbidity and mortality and the prevalence of this disease is continuously increasing worldwide.Long-term diabetes increases the likelihood of developing secondary complications like nephropathy,the most common cause of end stage renal disease.Usually,other factors like hypertension,alcoholism and smoking also partly contribute to the progression of diabetic nephropathy.Among this,cigarette smoking in diabetes has been repeatedly confirmed as an independent risk factor for the onset and progression of diabetic nephropathy.Various studies suggest that smoking is a major fuel in the development of high oxidative stress and subsequently hyperlipidemia,accumulation of advanced glycation end products,activation of the renin angiotensin system and Rho-kinase,which are observed to play a pathogenic role in the progression of diabetic nephropathy.Furthermore,cigarette smoking in diabetic patients with vascular complications produces a variety of pathological changes in the kidney,such as thickening of the glomerular basement membrane and mesangial expansion with progression in glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis,which ultimately results in end stage renal failure.Strong associations are consistently found between chronic cigarette smoking and diabetic microvascular complications.A diverse group of studies unveil potentialmechanisms that may explain the role of cigarette smoking in the progression of diabetic nephropathy.Tremendous efforts are being made to control smoking mediated progression of diabetic nephropathy,but no promising therapy is yet available.The present review critically discusses the possible detrimental role of chronic cigarette smoking in the progression of diabetic nephropathy and various possible pharmacological interventions to attenuate the exacerbation of diabetic nephropathy. | Vishal Arvind Chakkarwar | 2012 | World Journal of Diabetes2012，3，12： | 4 |
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