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| 1 | Strategies to tackle the challenges of external beam radiotherapy for liver tumors显示文摘Primary and metastatic liver cancer is an increasingly common and difficult to control disease entity.Radiation offers a non-invasive treatment alternative for these patients who often have few options and a poor prognosis.However,the anatomy and aggressiveness of liver cancer poses significant challenges such as accurate localization at simulation and treatment,management of motion and appropriate selection of dose regimen.This article aims to review the options available and provide information for the practical implementation and/or improvement of liver cancer radiation programs within the context of stereotactic body radiotherapy and image-guided radiotherapy guidelines.Specific patient inclusion and exclusion criteria are presented given the significant toxicity found in certain sub-populations treated with radiation.Indeed,certain sub-populations,such as those with tumor thrombosis or those with larger lesions treated with transarterial chemoembolization,have been shown to have significant improvements in outcome with the addition of radiation and merit special consideration.Implementing a liver radiation programrequires three primary challenges to be addressed:(1) immobilization and motion management;(2) localization;and(3) dose regimen and constraint selection.Strategies to deal with motion include simple internal target volume(ITV) expansions,non-gated ITV reduction strategies,breath hold methods,and surrogate marker methods to enable gating or tracking.Localization of the tumor and organs-at-risk are addressed using contrast infusion techniques to take advantage of different normal liver and cancer vascular anatomy,imaging modalities,and margin management.Finally,a dose response has been demonstrated and dose regimens appear to be converging.A more uniform approach to treatment in terms of technique,dose selection and patient selection will allow us to study liver radiation in larger and,hopefully,multicenter randomized studies. | Michael I Lock Jonathan Klein Hans T Chung Joseph M Herman Edward Y Kim William Small Nina A Mayr Simon S Lo | 2017 | World Journal of Hepatology2017，9，14： | 2 |
| 2 | Generation of meat-like flavourings from enzymatic hydrolysates of proteins from Brassica sp显示文摘 | GUO X TIAN S SMALL D M | 2010 | Food Chemistry2010，119，1： | 1 |
| 3 | Oxidative stress, anti-oxidant therapies and chronickidney disease 显示文摘 | Small D M Coombes J S Bennett N | 2012 | Nephrology (Carlton)2012，17，4： | 1 |
| 4 | 显示文摘 | Small S M Bourges M Mol Liq | 1966 | Crystals1966，1，： | 1 |
| 5 | The development and testing of an instrument to measure successful aging显示文摘 | Troutman M Nies MA Small S | 2011 | Research in Gerontological Nursing2011，4，3： | 1 |
| 6 | Comparative infuence of pH and heat on whey protein isolate inprotecting Lactobacillus plantarum A17 during spray drying显示文摘 | Khem S Bansal V Small D M | 2016 | Food Hydrocolloid2016，54，： | 1 |
| 7 | The Future is Now: Prospective Temporal Self Appraisals among Defensive Pessi mists and Optimists显示文摘 | Sanna L J Chang E C Carter S E Small E M | 2006 | Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin2006，32，6： | 1 |
| 8 | Noninvasive,transcranial and localized opening of the blood-brain barrier using focused ultrasound in mice显示文摘 | Choi J J Pernot M Small S A | | 0，，01： | 1 |
| 9 | Incorporating exposure models in probabilistic assessment of the risks of premature mortality from particulate matter 显示文摘 | Yeh S Small M J | 2002 | Exp Sci & Env Epi2002，12，： | 1 |
| 10 | Multidetector-row CT angiography for preoperative evaluationof potential laparoscopic renal donors:how accurate are we?显示文摘 | NAMASIVAYAM S SMALL W C KALRA M K | 2006 | Clin Imaging2006，30，2： | 1 |
| 11 | Situation awareness in anesthesiology显示文摘 | Gaba D M Howard S K Small S D | 1995 | Human Factors1995，37，1： | 1 |
| 12 | Identifying sets of key nodes for placing sensors in dynamic water distribution networks显示文摘 | Xu J Fischbeck P S Small M J | 2006 | J Water Resour Plann Manage2006，134，4： | 1 |
| 13 | Oxidative stress, anti-oxidant therapies and chronic kidney disease 显示文摘 | Small D M Coombes J S Bennett N | 2012 | Nephrology2012，17，4： | 1 |
| 14 | Pattern of olfactory bulb innervation returns after recovery from reversible peripheral deafferentation显示文摘 | CUMMINGS D M EMGE D K SMALL S L | 2000 | J Comp Neurol2000，421，3： | 1 |
| 15 | Prolactin releasing peptide (PrRP) stimulates luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) via a hypothalamic mechanism in male rats显示文摘 | SEAL L J SMALL C J KIM M S | 2000 | Endocrinology2000，141，5： | 1 |
| 16 | The develop- ment and testing of an instrument to measure successful aging显示文摘 | Troutman M Nies M A Small S | 2011 | Res Gerontol Nurs2011，4，3： | 1 |
| 17 | Three-dimen- sional imaging provides valuable clinical data to aid in unilate- ral tissue expander-implant breast Reconstruction 显示文摘 | TEPPER O M KARP N S SMALL K | 2008 | The Breast Journal2008，14，6： | 1 |
| 18 | Development of anal ducts and glands with reference to the pathogenesis of anorectal disease显示文摘 | Hill M R Small C S Hunt G M | 1949 | Arch P athol1949，47，1： | 1 |
| 19 | Activity, localisation and thermal inactivation of deteriorative enzymes in Australian carrot(Daucus carota L)varieties显示文摘 | Vora H M Kyle W S Small D M | 1999 | J Sei Food Agile1999，79，8： | 1 |
| 20 | Computation of Stable and Unstable Manifolds of Hyperbolic Trajectories in Two Dimensioual,A Periodically Time Dependent Vector Fields显示文摘 | MANCHO A M SMALL D WIGGINS S LDE K | | 0，，： | 1 |
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