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| 1 | Strategies to tackle the challenges of external beam radiotherapy for liver tumors显示文摘Primary and metastatic liver cancer is an increasingly common and difficult to control disease entity.Radiation offers a non-invasive treatment alternative for these patients who often have few options and a poor prognosis.However,the anatomy and aggressiveness of liver cancer poses significant challenges such as accurate localization at simulation and treatment,management of motion and appropriate selection of dose regimen.This article aims to review the options available and provide information for the practical implementation and/or improvement of liver cancer radiation programs within the context of stereotactic body radiotherapy and image-guided radiotherapy guidelines.Specific patient inclusion and exclusion criteria are presented given the significant toxicity found in certain sub-populations treated with radiation.Indeed,certain sub-populations,such as those with tumor thrombosis or those with larger lesions treated with transarterial chemoembolization,have been shown to have significant improvements in outcome with the addition of radiation and merit special consideration.Implementing a liver radiation programrequires three primary challenges to be addressed:(1) immobilization and motion management;(2) localization;and(3) dose regimen and constraint selection.Strategies to deal with motion include simple internal target volume(ITV) expansions,non-gated ITV reduction strategies,breath hold methods,and surrogate marker methods to enable gating or tracking.Localization of the tumor and organs-at-risk are addressed using contrast infusion techniques to take advantage of different normal liver and cancer vascular anatomy,imaging modalities,and margin management.Finally,a dose response has been demonstrated and dose regimens appear to be converging.A more uniform approach to treatment in terms of technique,dose selection and patient selection will allow us to study liver radiation in larger and,hopefully,multicenter randomized studies. | Michael I Lock Jonathan Klein Hans T Chung Joseph M Herman Edward Y Kim William Small Nina A Mayr Simon S Lo | 2017 | World Journal of Hepatology2017，9，14： | 2 |
| 2 | Parameter and process significance in mechanistic modeling of cellulose hydrolysis显示文摘 | Rotter B E Barry D A Gerhard J I Small J S | 2009 | Bioresource Technol2009，99，13： | 1 |
| 3 | A prospective study of complications related to mandibular third molar surgery显示文摘 | Osborn T P Fredefickson G Small I A | 1985 | J Oral Maxillofac Surg1985，43，10： | 1 |
| 4 | A rapid high-throughput method for the detection and quantification of RNA editing based on high- resolution melting of amplicons显示文摘 | Chateigner B A L Small I | 2007 | Nucleic Acids Res2007，35，17： | 1 |
| 5 | A comment on 'subsidisation of urban public transport and the mohring effect 显示文摘 | Savage I Small K A | 2010 | Journal of Transport Economics and Policy2010，44，3： | 1 |
| 6 | Pentatricopeptide repeat proteins in plants显示文摘 | BARKAN A SMALL I | 2014 | Plant Biology2014，65，： | 1 |
| 7 | Plant RNA editing显示文摘 | CHATEIGNER-BOUTIN A L SMALL I | 2010 | RNA Biology2010，7，： | 1 |
| 8 | Does Britain or the United States have the right gasoline tax? 显示文摘 | Parry I W H Small K A | 2005 | The American Economic Review2005，95，4： | 1 |
| 9 | A PORR domain protein required for rpl2 and ccmFc intron splicing and for the biogenesis of c-type cytochromes in Arabidopsis mitochondria显示文摘 | des Francs-Small CC Kroeger T Zmudjak M Ostersetzer-Biran O Rahimi N Small I Barkan A | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 10 | A Principled Taxonomy of Soft ware Visualizatio显示文摘 | Price B A Baecker R Small I | 1993 | Journal of Visual Languages and Compu- ting1993，4，3： | 1 |
| 11 | Water sorption in resin-modified glass ionomer cements: an in vitro comparison with other materials 显示文摘 | Small I C B Watson T F Chadwick A V | 1998 | Biomaterials1998，19，6： | 1 |
| 12 | The impact of coagulopathy on traumatic splenic injuries 显示文摘 | Smalls N Obirieze A Ehanire I | 2015 | Am J Surg2015，210，4： | 1 |
| 13 | The effects of vegetation removal by grass carp and herbicides on the water chemistry of four Florida lakes显示文摘 | Small J W Richard D I Osborne J A | 1985 | Freshwater Biology1985，15，5： | 1 |
| 14 | Preparation of adenosine nucleotide derivatives suitable for affinity chromatography显示文摘 | Trayer I P Trayer H R Small D A P | 1974 | Biochem J1974，139，3： | 1 |
| 15 | A comment on ' subsidisation of urban public transport and the mohring effect' 显示文摘 | Savage I Small K A | 2010 | Journal of Transport Economics and Policy2010，44，3： | 1 |
| 16 | A principled taxonomy of software visualization 显示文摘 | Price B A Baecker R M Small I S | 1993 | Visual Languages and Computing1993，3，3： | 1 |
| 17 | Quantitative detection of Fusarium pathogens and their mycotoxins in South African maize显示文摘 | BOUTIGNYA A L BEUKESA I SMALL I | 2012 | Plant Pathology2012，61，3： | 1 |
| 18 | Quantitative detection of Fusarium pathogens and their mycotoxins in South African maize 显示文摘 | Boutigny A L Beukes I Small I | 2012 | Plant Pathol2012，61，： | 1 |
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